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Does not-for-profit corporatization of local public services improve performance?
IF 3.8 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22667
José M. Alonso, Rhys Andrews
The corporatization of local public services is an increasingly common public management reform worldwide. This study investigates whether a shift from in-house to not-for-profit corporatized service provision can result in improvements across multiple dimensions of performance. To do so, we examine the staggered adoption of Arms-Length Management Organizations (ALMOs) to provide social housing by a third of English local governments during the period 2000 to 2008. Utilizing a Differences-in-Differences (DiD) with Multiple Time Periods (MTP) approach, we find that corporatized social housing outperformed in-house provision on service quality, citizen satisfaction, and environmental sustainability, with little evidence of worse achievements on other performance dimensions. Event history analysis suggests performance benefits emerged around 2 years after corporatization occurred. Our study therefore implies that not-for-profit corporatization is potentially an effective strategy for improving local public service performance.
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引用次数: 0
IF 2.3 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22651
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引用次数: 0
Social infrastructure and left‐behind places by JohnTomaney, MaeveBlackman, LucyNatarajan, DimitriosPanayotopoulos‐Tsiros, FlorenceSutcliffe‐Braithwaite, and MyfanwyTaylor. Taylor & Francis, 2024, 108 pages. $48.99 (paperback). ISBN 978‐1032710051. 社会基础设施和遗留的地方由JohnTomaney, MaeveBlackman, LucyNatarajan, DimitriosPanayotopoulos‐Tsiros, FlorenceSutcliffe‐Braithwaite和MyfanwyTaylor。泰勒和弗朗西斯出版社,2024,108页。48.99美元(平装)。ISBN 978还是1032710051。
IF 3.8 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-12-31 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22666
Ihsan Manshur Putra, Rahayu Lestari, Fauziah Istiqomah Abdunnafi
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引用次数: 0
One threshold doesn't fit all: Tailoring machine learning predictions of consumer default for lower‐income areas 一个阈值并不适合所有人:为低收入地区定制消费者违约的机器学习预测
IF 3.8 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-12-31 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22662
Vitaly Meursault, Daniel Moulton, Larry Santucci, Nathan Schor
Improving fairness across policy domains often comes at a cost. However, as machine learning (ML) advances lead to more accurate predictive models in fields like lending, education, healthcare, and criminal justice, policymakers may find themselves better positioned to implement effective fairness measures. Using credit bureau data and ML, we show that setting different lending thresholds for low‐ and moderate‐income (LMI) neighborhoods relative to non‐LMI neighborhoods can equalize the rate at which equally creditworthy borrowers receive credit. ML models alone better identify creditworthy individuals in all groups but remain more accurate for the majority group. A policy that equalizes access via separate thresholds imposes a cost on lenders, but this cost is outweighed by the substantial gains from ML. This approach aligns with the motivation behind existing laws such as the Community Reinvestment Act, which encourages lenders to meet the credit needs of underserved communities. Targeted Special Purpose Credit Programs could provide the opportunity to prototype and test these ideas in the field.
提高政策领域的公平性往往需要付出代价。然而,随着机器学习(ML)的进步,在贷款、教育、医疗保健和刑事司法等领域产生了更准确的预测模型,政策制定者可能会发现自己更有能力实施有效的公平措施。利用信用局数据和机器学习,我们表明,相对于非LMI社区,为低收入和中等收入(LMI)社区设置不同的贷款门槛可以使信用良好的借款人获得信贷的比率相等。单独的ML模型可以更好地识别所有组中的信誉良好的个人,但对于大多数组仍然更准确。通过不同的门槛来平等获得贷款的政策会给贷款人带来成本,但这种成本被ML带来的巨大收益所抵消。这种方法与《社区再投资法》(Community Reinvestment Act)等现行法律背后的动机一致,该法案鼓励贷款人满足服务不足社区的信贷需求。有针对性的特殊目的信贷项目可以为这些想法提供原型和实地测试的机会。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of inter-municipal cooperation on social assistance programs: Evidence from housing allowances in England 城市间合作对社会救助计划的影响:来自英国住房补贴的证据
IF 3.8 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22664
Thomas Elston, Germà Bel, Han Wang
Decentralized implementation of means-tested social assistance programs requires significant organizational capacity among local governments. For other types of local public service, like refuse collection and utilities provision, inter-municipal cooperation has proven capable of reducing the cost of subnational policy implementation, especially for smaller municipalities. But few impact evaluations test whether the same benefits can be achieved for less capital-intensive and more co-produced services, like social assistance. Moreover, most evaluations focus on production costs alone, despite the potential trade-off with service quality. We analyze panel data describing both the cost and quality of housing allowance administration for 314 local authorities in England between 2009 and 2019, during which time 80 switched from autonomous services to inter-municipal cooperation. Using coarsened exact matching and stacked difference-in-differences, we find no evidence of short-term savings after cooperation, and only weak indications thereafter. We also observe declining processing speeds, increased maladministration, and signs of reduced payment accuracy, though mostly these are temporary effects. Altogether, these results suggest that, in this setting, inter-municipal cooperation may be unsuited to labor-intensive public services; that short- and long-term effects can differ; and that, even in the absence of a profit motive, quality shading remains a risk in cooperation reforms.
分散实施经经济情况调查的社会援助项目需要地方政府具备强大的组织能力。对于其他类型的地方公共服务,如垃圾收集和公用事业提供,城市间的合作已证明能够降低地方政策执行的成本,特别是对较小的城市而言。但很少有影响评估能检验资本密集度较低、合作生产较多的服务(如社会救助)是否也能获得同样的效益。此外,大多数评价只关注生产成本,而不顾与服务质量的潜在权衡。我们分析了2009年至2019年期间英格兰314个地方政府住房补贴管理成本和质量的面板数据,在此期间,80个地方政府从自治服务转向城市间合作。采用粗化精确匹配和差中差叠加的方法,我们没有发现合作后短期储蓄的证据,合作后只有微弱的迹象。我们还观察到处理速度下降、管理不善增加以及支付准确性降低的迹象,尽管这些大多是暂时的影响。总之,这些结果表明,在这种情况下,城市间的合作可能不适合劳动密集型的公共服务;短期和长期的影响是不同的;而且,即使在没有利润动机的情况下,质量阴影仍然是合作改革的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Not a border crisis, but a labor market crisis: The often overlooked “pull” factor of U.S. border crossings 不是边境危机,而是劳动力市场危机:这是经常被忽视的美国边境过境的“拉动”因素
IF 3.8 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22665
Dany Bahar
This study investigates the link between Southwest U.S. border crossings and labor market tightness, measured by the job openings to unemployed ratio, over nearly 25 years (2000 to 2024). Analyzing monthly data, it finds a strong positive correlation, suggesting that increased border crossings strongly align with greater job availability. Exploiting data across different presidential administrations reveals no statistically significant differences in this relationship, regardless of the President's party. The findings suggest a natural economic adjustment mechanism in which crossings naturally decrease as the labor market cools.
这项研究调查了近25年来(2000年至2024年)美国西南部边境口岸与劳动力市场紧张之间的联系,以就业机会与失业人口的比例来衡量。通过分析月度数据,它发现了强烈的正相关关系,表明越境人数的增加与就业机会的增加密切相关。利用不同总统任期的数据发现,无论总统属于哪个政党,这种关系在统计上都没有显著差异。研究结果表明,在一种自然的经济调整机制中,随着劳动力市场降温,交叉点自然会减少。
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引用次数: 0
Long-term impacts on education of a cash transfer during early life 早期现金转移对教育的长期影响
IF 3.8 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22663
Juanita Bloomfield, José María Cabrera
We evaluate the long-term effects of receiving the Uruguayan Plan de Atención Nacional a la Emergencia Social (PANES), a large unconditional cash transfer program, on outcomes for young and unborn children. We use a rich dataset that matches program administrative data to vital natality data and educational records 8 to 12 years after the beginning of the program. Overall, we find small and barely significant effects on educational attainment and delay. Among children exposed to the program during early childhood (between ages 0 and 5), the results show significant beneficial effects for those with low birth weight.
我们评估了接受乌拉圭Atención国家社会紧急情况计划(PANES)的长期影响,这是一项大型无条件现金转移计划,对幼儿和未出生儿童的结果。我们使用丰富的数据集,将项目管理数据与项目开始后8至12年的重要出生数据和教育记录相匹配。总的来说,我们发现受教育程度和延迟的影响很小,几乎不显著。在儿童早期(0至5岁)接触该计划的儿童中,结果显示对出生体重低的儿童有显著的有益效果。
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引用次数: 0
Occupational licensing and income inequality in the states 各州的职业许可与收入不平等
IF 3.8 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22660
Wendy Chen, William W. Franko, Robert J. McGrath
The decades-long rise of economic inequality in the U.S. has led to a growing body of literature examining the role of policy in shaping income differences. We examine one such policy: occupational licensing regulations. Licensing can restrict employment and reduce market competition, which can then inflate wages for those in licensed professions. Existing research demonstrates that occupational licensure does increase wages in specific industries, leading some scholars to argue that licensing makes income inequality worse. We add nuance by arguing that the effect of licensing on inequality is dependent on which occupation classes experience the largest wage premiums. Using a comprehensive over-time database of state licensing regulations, we first demonstrate that medium- and low-wage jobs garner larger wage premiums than high-wage occupations. Second, consistent with this result we then show that the occupational licensing regulations have the overall effect of reducing state income inequality. This research contributes to our understanding of the causes of growing inequality and how public policy can shape economic disparities through sometimes unintended and indirect ways.
几十年来,美国经济不平等现象不断加剧,因此越来越多的文献研究政策在形成收入差异方面的作用。我们研究了其中一项政策:职业许可法规。职业许可可以限制就业,减少市场竞争,从而抬高持证职业从业者的工资。现有研究表明,职业许可确实会提高特定行业的工资,因此一些学者认为许可会加剧收入不平等。我们认为,许可对不平等的影响取决于哪些职业类别的工资溢价最大,从而增加了细微差别。我们利用一个全面的州许可法规超时空数据库,首先证明了中低工资工作比高薪职业获得了更大的工资溢价。其次,与这一结果相一致,我们还证明了职业许可法规具有减少州收入不平等的整体效果。这项研究有助于我们理解日益加剧的不平等现象的原因,以及公共政策如何通过有时意想不到的间接方式影响经济差距。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of alimony on married women's labor supply and fertility: Evidence from state-level reforms 赡养费对已婚妇女劳动力供给和生育率的影响:来自州一级改革的证据
IF 3.8 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22661
Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Jennifer Roff
Reforms that reduce spousal support after divorce are generally thought to reduce the bargaining power of alimony recipients as well as their incentives to participate in the traditional model of household specialization. Using the U.S. Time Use Survey and exploiting a series of recent reforms in several U.S. states that reduced the rights of eligible spouses, we find that wives surprised by the reforms reacted by increasing their labor supply, but the adjustment mechanism varied by educational group. While college educated wives' labor supply increased at the expense of time spent on housework and childcare, wives with less than a college degree sacrificed personal care and leisure time. Effects for men are generally smaller and not statistically significant. We also find a reduction in the rate of new births following the reforms, with the effect being much more pronounced in the case of women with a university education, suggesting that part of the difference in time use may be attributable to differences in preferences and the cost of children by educational levels. Since children are a marital public good, our results imply a decrease in marriage-specific investment. The estimated effects are robust to various sensitivity tests and are greater in couples with a high-income differential and therefore more exposed to changes in alimony laws.
人们普遍认为,减少离婚后配偶赡养费的改革会降低赡养费领取者的讨价还价能力以及她们参与传统家庭专业化模式的积极性。我们利用美国时间利用调查(U.S. Time Use Survey),并利用美国几个州最近进行的一系列改革(这些改革降低了符合条件的配偶的权利),发现对改革感到惊讶的妻子们的反应是增加她们的劳动力供给,但调整机制因教育群体而异。受过大学教育的妻子在增加劳动供给的同时牺牲了家务和育儿时间,而大学以下学历的妻子则牺牲了个人护理和休闲时间。对男性的影响一般较小,在统计上也不显著。我们还发现,改革后新生儿的出生率有所下降,这对受过大学教育的女性的影响更为明显,这表明时间使用上的部分差异可能归因于不同教育水平的偏好和子女成本的差异。由于子女是一种婚姻公共产品,我们的结果意味着婚姻特定投资的减少。估计的影响对各种敏感性测试都是稳健的,而且对高收入差异的夫妇影响更大,因此更容易受到赡养费法律变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Credible climate policy must account for political and economic realities 可信的气候政策必须考虑政治和经济现实
IF 2.3 3区 管理学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22654
Elizabeth Pancotti, Todd N. Tucker
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
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