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Modelling Count Data in Psychological Research: An Applied Tutorial
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-09 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70018
Miranda A. Too, Udi Alter, David B. Flora

Across subfields of psychology, researchers frequently encounter count variables (i.e., non-negative integer values, which result from counted measurements). Although count variables are common in psychological research (e.g., frequency of behaviours or symptoms), researchers may not be aware of appropriate statistical procedures for modelling and drawing inferences from count data. Specialised regression techniques (i.e., generalised linear models and zero-augmented models) have been developed for the unique properties of count data, but they can seem inaccessible to non-technical audiences because of their departure from more familiar methods. Assuming a basic knowledge of linear regression, this tutorial aims to demystify count regression approaches and empower researchers to apply these methods to their own count data, using free, open-source statistical software (i.e., R). This tutorial takes researchers step-by-step through the implementation of count regression methods in applied research, imparting them with the knowledge to confidently implement these techniques.

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引用次数: 0
Patterns of Change in Healthcare Use and Cost Before and During Psychotherapy
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-09 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70020
Refael Yonatan-Leus, Maayan Abargil, Shmuel Shulman, Rena Cooper-Kazaz

Previous research has found an increase in healthcare costs before psychotherapy, followed by a decrease thereafter—a pattern also observed in our sample. However, research on the patterns of change is still lacking. Healthcare quarterly cost patterns of change were examined in a field study of 1508 patients before and during outpatient psychotherapy. Several models assess the patterns of change of the entire sample and in subgroups of those undergoing prolonged psychiatric treatment versus the rest. An exponential pattern (increasing rate of change) had the best fit during the waiting period for the prolonged psychiatric treatment group. A linear pattern was selected for the rest. A logarithmic pattern (decreasing rate of change) best fits the prolonged pharmacotherapy group during therapy. A linear pattern was selected for the rest. The economic implication of the findings is that the prolonged psychiatric treatment group is expected to have the highest return on investment when the waiting period for treatment is shortened. This unique pattern of change may also be a marker of increasing distress in this group while waiting for treatment and the rapid effect that the start of psychotherapy has on this. Therefore this group should be the focus of attention.

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引用次数: 0
Mathematics Self-Efficacy of Brazilian High School Students: A Mixed-Methods Approach Study
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70019
Roberto Tadeu Iaochite, Mayara Mota da Matos, Roraima Alves da Costa Filho, Roberta Gurgel Azzi, Ana Cecília de Medeiros Maciel

This study examines the mathematics self-efficacy of 833 high school students from four Brazilian public schools. Using an exploratory cross-sectional design with a mixed-methods approach, students completed online instruments including a sociodemographic questionnaire, scales measuring various self-efficacy domains (mathematics, self-regulated learning, social and emotional) and open-ended questions about their perceived attributes in learning mathematics. Multiple regression analysis revealed that student characteristics and self-efficacy domains collectively explained 47.4% of the variance in mathematics self-efficacy. Qualitative analysis revealed the complex nature of mathematics self-efficacy, emphasising students' perceptions of their strengths and weaknesses in learning. The study underscores the significant influence of student characteristics and self-efficacy domains, highlighting the importance of mixed-methods approaches for deeper insights and guiding future educational interventions.

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引用次数: 0
Admiration and Malicious Envy Among Chinese Adolescents: Differences in Retrospection and Anticipation
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70014
Haiping Hao, Qiao Hu, Lieketseng Joyce Rakoro, Wei Liao, Tingting Huang, Houchao Lyu

Previous studies have shown that anticipation induces stronger emotions than retrospection, a phenomenon known as temporal emotion asymmetry. However, prior research has been limited to Western contexts. Since Eastern populations often emphasise the past more than their Western counterparts, temporal emotion asymmetry may manifest differently. Therefore, we examined the temporal asymmetry of admiration and malicious envy among Chinese adolescents. We conducted five experiments: Actual events from a self-perspective (Experiment 1; N = 76), hypothetical events from a self-perspective (Experiment 2; N = 74), time travel from a self-perspective (Experiment 3; N = 96), forced-choice from a self-perspective (Experiment 4; N = 94) and forced-choice from an other-perspective (Experiment 5; N = 164). The results showed that admiration exhibited a past bias, with retrospection eliciting stronger admiration than anticipation. In contrast, malicious envy exhibited different patterns of temporal asymmetry. When the threat of future negative events was high, malicious envy exhibited a future bias; however, as this threat weakened, it shifted toward a past bias. These findings provide insights into the boundary effects of temporal emotion asymmetry. We recommend that, when fostering admiration in Chinese adolescents, greater emphasis should be placed on guiding them to recall others' accomplishments.

{"title":"Admiration and Malicious Envy Among Chinese Adolescents: Differences in Retrospection and Anticipation","authors":"Haiping Hao,&nbsp;Qiao Hu,&nbsp;Lieketseng Joyce Rakoro,&nbsp;Wei Liao,&nbsp;Tingting Huang,&nbsp;Houchao Lyu","doi":"10.1002/ijop.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Previous studies have shown that anticipation induces stronger emotions than retrospection, a phenomenon known as temporal emotion asymmetry. However, prior research has been limited to Western contexts. Since Eastern populations often emphasise the past more than their Western counterparts, temporal emotion asymmetry may manifest differently. Therefore, we examined the temporal asymmetry of admiration and malicious envy among Chinese adolescents. We conducted five experiments: Actual events from a self-perspective (Experiment 1; <i>N</i> = 76), hypothetical events from a self-perspective (Experiment 2; <i>N</i> = 74), time travel from a self-perspective (Experiment 3; <i>N</i> = 96), forced-choice from a self-perspective (Experiment 4; <i>N</i> = 94) and forced-choice from an other-perspective (Experiment 5; <i>N</i> = 164). The results showed that admiration exhibited a past bias, with retrospection eliciting stronger admiration than anticipation. In contrast, malicious envy exhibited different patterns of temporal asymmetry. When the threat of future negative events was high, malicious envy exhibited a future bias; however, as this threat weakened, it shifted toward a past bias. These findings provide insights into the boundary effects of temporal emotion asymmetry. We recommend that, when fostering admiration in Chinese adolescents, greater emphasis should be placed on guiding them to recall others' accomplishments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Psychology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Albert Bandura: The Man I Have Known and His Merits
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70012
Gian Vittorio Caprara

Albert Bandura, one of the most influential psychologists, passed away on 26 July 2021. His scientific merits have been acknowledged across various domains of inquiry, thereby attesting to his relevance for understanding people's agentic role in shaping and improving their life. The purpose of this special issue was to honour Bandura's contribution to psychological science through a collection of articles from several researchers around the globe whose scientific interests are rooted in Bandura's theoretical conceptualisations, ranging from self-efficacy beliefs to moral disengagement.

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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Impulsivity Traits on Commission Errors of Prospective Memory
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70013
Yunfei Guo, Jiaru Tu, Mingyuan Wang, Jiaqun Gan, Yimin Li

Repeated execution of a prospective memory (PM) task that has already been completed is known as a commission error of the PM. Due to defects in attentional impulsiveness and motor impulsiveness, impulsive individuals may differ from non-impulsive individuals when making PM commission errors. This study explored the effect of impulsivity traits on PM commission errors under different ongoing task difficulties (Experiment 1) and different response conveniences (Experiment 2). The results of Experiment 1 showed that the impulsive group had more PM commission errors than the non-impulsive group under both the low-difficulty condition and the high-difficulty condition, indicating that the effect of impulsivity traits on PM commission errors is not affected by the difficulty of ongoing tasks. However, the results of Experiment 2 showed that the impulsive group only had more PM commission errors than the non-impulsive group under the convenient response condition, indicating that the effect of impulsivity traits on PM commission errors is affected by the response convenience.

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引用次数: 0
Reciprocal Associations Between Positivity and Positive Affect During the COVID-19 Pandemic
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70008
Mariagiovanna Caprara, Antonio Contreras, Juan C. Suárez-Falcón, Gian Vittorio Caprara, Pilar Pozo, Emilia Cabras, Simone Tavolucci, Guido Alessandri

In this study, the associations between positivity and positive affect were examined at five time points between January 2020 and September 2021, a period of turmoil associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from 1401 students (73.45% women) attending an online university in Spain, commencing at the outbreak of the pandemic and then at four different time points up to the time it was considered to have been controlled. The results of a cross-lagged panel model revealed that participants who maintained higher general positivity were also those who reported more intense overall positive affect. At the same time, above-average positive affect predicted higher-than-usual levels of positivity. By pointing to the reciprocal relationships between positivity and positive affect, the results corroborate and go beyond previous findings by highlighting a virtuous cycle in which positivity and positive affect reciprocally influence each other over time. These data are in accordance with a dynamic view of how self-focused, positive evaluative dispositions and chronic positive affective states operate in concert to enhance adaptation and well-being. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.

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引用次数: 0
Latent Profile Analysis of Moral Foundations: Emotional and Decisional Forgiveness Approaches to Models of Morality
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70009
Sebastian Binyamin Skalski-Bednarz, Loren L. Toussaint, Anna Kwiatkowska, Adrianna Mendrek

This study delves into the intricate relationship between morality and episodic forgiveness (i.e. emotional and decisional), guided by moral foundations theory. Survey data were collected from 927 English-speaking Canadians, aged 18–57, using the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, Decision to Forgive Scale, and Emotional Forgiveness Scale. Employing latent profile analysis, the research revealed three distinct moral foundation profiles—high moralists, individuators, and neutrals—each linked to different levels of decisional and emotional forgiveness. Further analysis using MANOVA and follow-up ANOVAs indicated that the high moralist group exhibited higher scores in both forgiveness dimensions compared to the individuator and neutral groups, whereas the individuator group reported higher emotional forgiveness than the neutrals. These findings illuminate the significance of moral development in forgiving and underscore the utility of moral profiling based on moral foundations theory in predicting episodic forgiveness.

{"title":"Latent Profile Analysis of Moral Foundations: Emotional and Decisional Forgiveness Approaches to Models of Morality","authors":"Sebastian Binyamin Skalski-Bednarz,&nbsp;Loren L. Toussaint,&nbsp;Anna Kwiatkowska,&nbsp;Adrianna Mendrek","doi":"10.1002/ijop.70009","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijop.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study delves into the intricate relationship between morality and episodic forgiveness (i.e. emotional and decisional), guided by moral foundations theory. Survey data were collected from 927 English-speaking Canadians, aged 18–57, using the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, Decision to Forgive Scale, and Emotional Forgiveness Scale. Employing latent profile analysis, the research revealed three distinct moral foundation profiles—high moralists, individuators, and neutrals—each linked to different levels of decisional and emotional forgiveness. Further analysis using MANOVA and follow-up ANOVAs indicated that the high moralist group exhibited higher scores in both forgiveness dimensions compared to the individuator and neutral groups, whereas the individuator group reported higher emotional forgiveness than the neutrals. These findings illuminate the significance of moral development in forgiving and underscore the utility of moral profiling based on moral foundations theory in predicting episodic forgiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":48146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Psychology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ijop.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Role of Gratitude in Appreciative Joy's Contribution to Subjective Well-Being
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70010
Rong Wang, Jingyi Zhou, Yang Zhang, Xiaodan Gu, Xianglong Zeng

Appreciative joy is one of four immeasurables emphasised in Buddhism. There are similarities and differences between appreciative joy and gratitude, but their combined roles in improving subjective well-being (SWB) are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between appreciative joy and gratitude and their contribution to SWB. Study 1 utilised a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the relationships among appreciative joy, gratitude, and SWB. Study 2 used a randomised controlled trial to explore the effects of a four-week appreciative joy meditation (AJM) training and the underlying mechanisms. The results of Study 1 indicated a moderate positive correlation between appreciative joy and gratitude, and gratitude partially mediated the appreciative joy–SWB relationship. Study 2 further supported the idea that AJM training could increase appreciative joy and gratitude at the one-month follow-up. Furthermore, changes in gratitude caused by the intervention were mediated by appreciative joy. However, since SWB significantly improved at post-measures, we cannot conclude that appreciative joy and gratitude mediated the intervention effect on SWB. Our findings expand the underlying mechanisms of appreciative joy beyond interpersonal domains and highlight the importance of gratitude in understanding the effects of the Buddhist four immeasurable meditations.

{"title":"The Role of Gratitude in Appreciative Joy's Contribution to Subjective Well-Being","authors":"Rong Wang,&nbsp;Jingyi Zhou,&nbsp;Yang Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaodan Gu,&nbsp;Xianglong Zeng","doi":"10.1002/ijop.70010","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ijop.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Appreciative joy is one of four immeasurables emphasised in Buddhism. There are similarities and differences between appreciative joy and gratitude, but their combined roles in improving subjective well-being (SWB) are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between appreciative joy and gratitude and their contribution to SWB. Study 1 utilised a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the relationships among appreciative joy, gratitude, and SWB. Study 2 used a randomised controlled trial to explore the effects of a four-week appreciative joy meditation (AJM) training and the underlying mechanisms. The results of Study 1 indicated a moderate positive correlation between appreciative joy and gratitude, and gratitude partially mediated the appreciative joy–SWB relationship. Study 2 further supported the idea that AJM training could increase appreciative joy and gratitude at the one-month follow-up. Furthermore, changes in gratitude caused by the intervention were mediated by appreciative joy. However, since SWB significantly improved at post-measures, we cannot conclude that appreciative joy and gratitude mediated the intervention effect on SWB. Our findings expand the underlying mechanisms of appreciative joy beyond interpersonal domains and highlight the importance of gratitude in understanding the effects of the Buddhist four immeasurable meditations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48146,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Psychology","volume":"60 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Self-Efficacy Throughout Higher Education: A Latent Growth Analysis 自我效能感贯穿高等教育:一个潜在增长分析。
IF 3.3 3区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.70005
Diana Aguiar Vieira, Regina F. Alves

As students progress through university, they are simultaneously preparing for their professional lives alongside their academic learning. The transition from university studies to the labour market is a process that begins in education and continues after graduation until graduates have adapted to their working roles. Preparing to work requires that students conclude their studies and face several challenges posed by job searching and adaptation to the role of a worker. Previous research indicates that self-efficacy may contribute to success in academic performance and positive work-related outcomes after graduation. Using a three-wave longitudinal design, this study explores the academic and transition-to-work self-efficacy developmental trajectories of university students. Multivariate latent growth analysis was conducted on two cohorts of 204 and 261 undergraduates, respectively. The results indicate that academic and transition-to-work self-efficacy increased over time in both cohorts. Additionally, initial academic self-efficacy and its change positively predicted the initial transition-to-work self-efficacy and its change, respectively. This study contributes to the understanding of the interconnectedness between academic and transition-to-work self-efficacy trajectories. Implications for practice, limitations and future research are also discussed.

随着学生在大学的进步,他们在学术学习的同时也在为他们的职业生涯做准备。从大学学习到劳动力市场的过渡是一个从教育开始并在毕业后继续的过程,直到毕业生适应了他们的工作角色。准备工作要求学生完成学业,面对求职和适应工人角色带来的一些挑战。先前的研究表明,自我效能感可能有助于毕业后学业成绩的成功和积极的工作成果。摘要本研究采用三波纵向设计,探讨大学生学业自我效能感与工作过渡自我效能感的发展轨迹。分别对204名和261名大学生进行多变量潜在生长分析。结果表明,随着时间的推移,学业和工作过渡的自我效能感在两个队列中都有所增加。此外,初始学业自我效能感及其变化对初始工作过渡自我效能感及其变化具有正向预测作用。本研究有助于了解学业自我效能与职场过渡自我效能之间的关联性。对实践的启示,局限性和未来的研究进行了讨论。
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International Journal of Psychology
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