International Journal of Psychology最新文献

The importance of distinguishing between proactive and reactive aggression has been widely debated, yet a comprehensive comparison of their differences remains limited. As such, it is urgent to investigate whether these two forms of aggression represent distinct, separable constructs, each with its own unique influencing factors and functional roles. To address this, we employed network analysis and bridge analysis techniques, utilising self-report measures to investigate this. Our findings confirmed the existence of two separate aggression categories: proactive and reactive aggression. Through community detection analysis of 16 aggression-related variables, we identified three unique communities, corresponding to proactive aggressiveness, reactive aggression, and common influencing factors. This highlighted the diverse psychobiological profiles of proactive and reactive aggression. Furthermore, bridge analysis revealed distinct differences in their functional roles: proactive aggression exhibited a stronger bridge strength, while reactive aggression demonstrated the highest bridge betweenness. These findings highlighted the unique functional profiles of proactive and reactive aggression. Overall, our study provides evidence of the independence of proactive and reactive aggression and offers insights into the distinct influencing factors and functional profiles of each.

Using samples from Turkey and Germany, which at a country level differ along individualism–collectivism and vertical–horizontal focus, the present study, through measurement-invariant scales and multigroup SEM analysis, found that vertical collectivism and vertical individualism, which generally predict reduced well-being across groups and individuals, indicate unhealthy Big-Five personality factor levels for individuals in a country only when the country sample scores higher on these dimensions. Horizontal focus linked with improved well-being was more characteristic of the German than the Turkish sample and predicted adaptive personality factor levels linked with well-being equally in both country samples. Individuals' cultural self-construal deviance scores from their country sample mean did not produce any significant effects in any country sample. Both countries' individualism and collectivism predicted a healthy personality profile when connected with horizontal focus. The results show that cultural fit could be unhealthy when the cultural dimension (e.g., vertical focus) defining fit predicts reduced well-being and aversive outcomes across individuals and societies, with implications for the subjective well-being of individuals with a migration background in adapting to a host culture such as individuals of Turkish origin in Germany or Syrian refugees in Turkey.

In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on the impact of pain on impulsive choice. Some studies suggested that pain leads to shortsightedness, while others found no effect of pain conditions on impulsive choice. Based on the dual system theory of decision-making, this study proposed that moderate levels of social pain might prompt individuals to adopt forward-looking and predictive responses, think more rationally and process relevant information about future rewards through an analytical system to make long-term decisions. Additionally, this study included a framework variable to investigate whether the perception of monetary gain in a gain scenario and loss aversion in a loss scenario could regulate the influence of social pain on impulsive choice. This study found that moderate levels of social pain led to a long-term view, which provided implications for human survival and evolution. Drawing upon the influence of social pain intensity and different frameworks, this study investigated the impact of social pain on impulsive choice, thereby contributing to advancements in pain research.

Greenspace exposure enhances children's emotional well-being (greater happiness and fewer emotional problems), and the extent of this enhancement depends on their temperament characteristics. However, much of what we know comes from population-wide studies that compare how children differ from each other in terms of overall greenspace exposure. This study used a 14-day daily diary method to examine how children's temperament moderates the within-child associations between greenspace exposure and emotional well-being in daily life. This study included 461 children (211 boys; M_age = 10.56 years, SD = 0.85 years) along with their parents. Multilevel models revealed that the positive association between daily greenspace exposure and same-day happiness was stronger among children with higher levels of negative affectivity/lower levels of effortful control than among children with lower levels of negative affectivity/higher levels of effortful control. At the person level, children with higher levels of negative affectivity were more likely to exhibit greater happiness when exposed to greenspace for longer periods than were children with lower levels of negative affectivity. Our findings underscore the need for prevention and intervention efforts that promote greenspace exposure and take children's temperament into account to increase their emotional well-being.

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of self-determination theory (SDT) research over 25 years of scholarly work (1998–2023) published in the Scopus database and comprising over 3706 publications. Using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix, this analysis identified the trends in SDT research covering core trending topics, authors, and institutional networks, as well as emerging themes, among others. The study highlights the theory's evolution from a focus on intrinsic motivation to its broader application today, covering both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and extended organisational outcomes such as well-being and engagement. Key findings reveal that with the rise in the digital work environment, there has been a surge in publication post-2018, and attention has diversified in terms of adapting SDT to meet the evolving psychological needs of employees in the contemporary work environment. Additionally, SWOT analysis uncovers SDT's strengths in its foundational emphasis on three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and its adaptability across diverse fields. The findings reveal the potential for cross-disciplinary integration between diverse areas in human resource management and organisational behaviour. Nonetheless, the study also reveals key limitations in operationalising SDT in high-pressure work environments and cross-cultural adaptability. As such, the study suggests future directions for research in exploring the theory's role in the digital work setting and its potential in supporting the psychological well-being of employees by addressing the evolving workplace, changing workplace dynamics, and addressing the evolving psychological needs of employees.

Adult attachment style shapes how people perceive and regulate social relationships. Prior research has shown differences in emotion regulation strategy use across attachment styles but lacks evidence on their temporal dynamics. This preliminary investigation examined 30 female participants (14 avoidant, 16 secure; ages 18–25 years) using event-related potentials (ERP) to investigate neural responses during cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in response to romantic conflict images. Participants were categorized based on experience in close relationships (ECR) scale scores using ±1 SD cutoffs and completed viewing, reappraisal, and suppression conditions while EEG was recorded. Late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA across two temporal windows: early regulation (300–500 ms) and late regulation (500–800 ms). Results showed that in early phases (300–500 ms), expressive suppression reduced LPP while reappraisal increased it for avoidant individuals; for secure individuals, only reappraisal reduced LPP. In later phases (500–800 ms), expressive suppression led to stronger LPP in avoidant individuals, while both strategies reduced LPP for secure individuals, with reappraisal also improving pleasantness ratings. These findings suggest that expressive suppression has an earlier but less lasting effect for avoidant attachment, whereas reappraisal yields earlier and more sustained regulation for secure attachment.

This research investigates how gender earnings inequality influences women's self-objectification and explores the mediating role of status anxiety. Across three studies with Chinese women, we tested the hypothesis that perceived earnings inequality heightens status anxiety, which in turn promotes self-objectification. In Study 1, survey data revealed a positive correlation between perceived gender earnings inequality and self-objectification. Study 2 employed an experimental design to manipulate gender earnings inequality and demonstrated that the effect of gender earnings inequality on self-objectification was mediated by increased status anxiety. In Study 3, we experimentally reduced status anxiety and found that doing so attenuated the impact of perceived gender earnings inequality on self-objectification. Across all studies, the effects were modest but consistent. These findings contribute to objectification theory by identifying status anxiety as a psychological mechanism linking structural gender inequality to women's self-objectification. Moreover, the results underscore the importance of addressing status-based concerns to mitigate the psychological consequences of gendered economic disparities.

Academic achievement, depressive symptoms and learning difficulty have become globally important issues closely related to adolescents. However, there is currently limited understanding of the nature and direction of the relationship between academic achievement, depressive symptoms and learning difficulty, particularly in the context of Chinese education. Based on two-wave longitudinal survey data, this study examines the relationship between depressive symptoms, learning difficulty and academic achievement in a sample of Chinese middle school students (N = 8615). Using cross-lagged models, the results show that depressive symptoms significantly negatively predict academic achievement, and there is a significant bidirectional negative relationship between learning difficulty and academic achievement. This finding highlights the importance of low depressive symptoms and learning difficulty in predicting high academic achievement. The conclusions deepen our understanding of the relationships between these variables and provide empirical support for practical educational and psychological interventions.

This study investigates the connections between language acculturation, group relations, and life satisfaction among first-generation immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel. We operationalised language acculturation as using the native (Russian) and the new (Hebrew) languages in everyday life outside of work (communicating with relatives and friends, reading, using the internet, and watching movies). We included positive (social support from immigrants and the majority) and negative (discrimination) aspects of group relations in the model. The study used a stratified sample (n = 848, 45% male, with an average time in Israel of 28 years). In general, immigrants used more Hebrew than Russian. However, usage varied across different fields: Russian was more frequently used for communicating with relatives and friends, while Hebrew was more frequently used for reading, using the internet, and watching movies. In addition, using one language conflicted with using the other. Using Hebrew was directly and indirectly (through its positive connection with social support from the majority) connected to satisfaction with life. Using Russian was associated with stronger support from immigrants but also with stronger discrimination. Using Russian was not directly or indirectly connected to satisfaction with life. The pertinence of the acculturation theory to language acculturation is discussed.