Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports最新文献_第5页

First archaeobotanical evidence of bruchid beetle infestation of Vachellia seeds from the Christian site of Banganarti, Sudan 第一个考古植物学证据，证明在苏丹班加纳蒂的基督教遗址发现了毛茛甲虫侵染瓦切利亚种子的证据

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105591

Hamad Mohamed Hamdeen , Karolina Resnerová , Maha A. Kordofani , Michał Dzik , Jakub Dušek , Alena Říhová

In this study, we present the first archaeobotanical evidence for bruchid beetle (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) infestation of Vachellia trees from the Christian site at Banganarti, located on the right bank of the Nile in Northern Sudan. Since 2019, extensive systematic archaeobotanical sampling has been conducted in the NECH and SSCH sectors of the site. A total of 63 soil samples were collected, subjected to flotation, and sieved using 2.0 and 0.5 mm mesh sizes. Subsequent processing and identification were performed using light microscopy, multidetector computed tomography (CT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Identification, based on anatomical and morphological comparisons with reference collections, revealed a diverse assemblage of domesticated and wild plants. In two selected Vachellia seed samples, BA-19 P211 and BA-19-P113, CT and SEM analyses revealed characteristic internal features indicative of bruchid beetle infestation. Infestation traces were observed in a total of eight seeds of V. nilotica and six seeds of V. tortilis. Two of the best-preserved specimens from each species were selected for SEM imaging. The scans provided evidence of larval tunnels and internal boreholes, confirming bruchid larval development within the seed coat and subsequent emergence via perforation of the seed surface. These findings extend the record of insect–plant interactions in Sub-Saharan Africa and highlight their implications for human–plant relationships during the Christian period.

在这项研究中，我们提出了第一个考古植物学证据，证明在位于苏丹北部尼罗河右岸的Banganarti基督教遗址的Vachellia树中有bruchid甲虫（金龟子科：bruchia科）侵染。自2019年以来，在该遗址的NECH和SSCH部分进行了广泛系统的考古植物学采样。共收集63份土壤样品，进行浮选，并使用2.0和0.5 mm的筛孔尺寸进行筛选。随后的处理和鉴定使用光学显微镜、多探测器计算机断层扫描（CT）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）进行。根据与参考资料的解剖和形态比较，鉴定显示驯化和野生植物的组合多样化。在选取的BA-19 P211和BA-19- p113两个Vachellia种子样本中，CT和SEM分析显示了表明糙皮甲虫侵染的特征性内部特征。共有8个nilotica种子和6个tortilis种子被侵染。从每个物种中选择两个保存最好的标本进行扫描电镜成像。扫描结果提供了幼虫通道和内部钻孔的证据，证实了在种皮内发育的粗口幼虫，随后通过种子表面穿孔出现。这些发现扩展了撒哈拉以南非洲昆虫与植物相互作用的记录，并强调了它们对基督教时期人类与植物关系的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Pottery production, cultural interaction, and technological evolution: a multi-method analysis of the Xueshan pottery assemblage from Neolithic Northern China 陶器生产、文化互动和技术演变：中国北方新石器时代雪山陶器组合的多方法分析

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105596

Mengtong Zhang , Tao Wang , Jincheng Yu

The discovery of Xueshan phase I and Phase II cultures excavated from the Changping Xueshan site in Beijing is significant for a deeper understanding of the cultural pattern of the late Neolithic period in North China and its interactions with surrounding regions. However, since only a brief summary of the site has been published, it is still poorly understood. To gain deeper insights into the pottery production and cultural interactions of the late Neolithic period in North China, we conducted a multidisciplinary study of the pottery unearthed from the site. Using X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques, combined with the pottery making technology analysis, this study investigated the production techniques and cultural exchanges of the pottery artifacts excavated from the Xueshan site. The spectroscopic analysis results indicate that the choice of pottery raw materials for both coarse-paste and fine-paste pottery in the two phases of the Xueshan site is not significantly different, suggesting a common source. However, the talc-tempered pottery, which is frequently found in Phase I, appears to have been subject to special selection. The pottery making technology analysis shows that the pottery manufacturing techniques of Xueshan Phase Ⅱ culture are clearly more advanced than those of Xueshan Phase Ⅰ culture, reflecting the development of manual production technology over time. In combination with the chemical composition data, the pottery also reveals characteristics associated with neighboring cultures, reflecting the cultural exchanges that occurred during that period.

北京昌平雪山遗址出土的雪山一期和二期文化，对于深入了解华北地区新石器时代晚期的文化格局及其与周边地区的相互作用具有重要意义。然而，由于只发布了该网站的简短摘要，人们对它的了解仍然很少。为了更深入地了解中国北方新石器时代晚期的陶器生产和文化互动，我们对该遗址出土的陶器进行了多学科研究。利用x射线荧光光谱（XRF）和x射线衍射（XRD）技术，结合制陶工艺分析，对雪山遗址出土陶器的制作工艺和文化交流进行了研究。光谱分析结果表明，雪山遗址两期粗膏陶和细膏陶的制陶原料选择没有显著差异，表明其来源相同。然而，在第一阶段经常发现的滑石回火陶器似乎是经过特殊选择的。制陶技术分析表明，雪山期Ⅱ文化的制陶技术明显比雪山期Ⅰ文化先进，反映了手工制作技术的发展。结合化学成分数据，陶器还揭示了与邻近文化相关的特征，反映了那个时期发生的文化交流。

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引用次数: 0

Shifting foodways in Central Anatolia: A millenium of macrolithic artefacts at Tepecik-Çiftlik (6800/6700–5800/5700 cal BCE) 安纳托利亚中部食物方式的变化：泰佩西克-Çiftlik（公元前6800/6700-5800/5700 cal BCE）一千年的宏观石器制品

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105575

Jaroslav Řídký , Daniel Pilař , Kristina Doležalová , Aleš Bajer , Yasin Gökhan Çakan

Central Anatolia played an important role in the process of the Neolithization of Southwest Asia and Europe. Its diverse landscape offers a wealth of natural and raw material resources, as evidenced by several long-term researched Neolithic sites. One of the key sites of this period is Tepecik-Çiftlik, where the same area was used for settlement for a thousand years. Previous results of element and isotopic analysis of numerous human bones suggest changing trends in the dietary habits of Neolithic communities on various construction-chronological levels of the site. Using morphometry, use-wear analysis and statistical methods, the aim of this study was to determine whether these trends are also reflected in the composition of macrolithic artefacts, a significant portion of which are related to food preparation. The assemblage divided into nine morphometric classes and especially into paired sets – lower and upper stones, mortars and pestles – proves considerable variability in quantity and preservation across the three best preserved levels designated as Level 2, 3, and 5/4. Improvements in the quantity and shape variability of the paired sets used for grinding-milling and pounding are most noticeable in Late Neolithic Level 3, where diverse analyses in human bones suggest an increased consumption of plants. Three other similarly rich Neolithic assemblages from the Anatolian Peninsula were compared in order to determine whether identical shapes and dimensions of ‘typical Neolithic’ food preparation tools could be confirmed during this important period, when domesticated resources began to be widely used. The results show various tool compositions at different sites.

安纳托利亚中部在西南亚和欧洲新石器化过程中发挥了重要作用。其多样的景观提供了丰富的自然和原材料资源，几个长期研究的新石器时代遗址证明了这一点。这一时期的重要遗址之一是Tepecik-Çiftlik，在那里，同一地区被用作定居点长达一千年。先前对许多人类骨骼进行的元素和同位素分析结果表明，在该遗址不同的建筑年代水平上，新石器时代社区饮食习惯的变化趋势。利用形态计量学、使用磨损分析和统计方法，本研究的目的是确定这些趋势是否也反映在宏观石器文物的组成中，其中很大一部分与食物制备有关。该组合分为9个形态测量类，特别是成对的组合-下层和上层石头，臼和杵-证明了数量和保存在三个保存最好的级别上的相当大的变化，即2级，3级和5/4级。在新石器时代晚期的第3阶段，用于研磨和敲打的配对组的数量和形状可变性的改进最为明显，对人类骨骼的各种分析表明，植物的消耗增加了。研究人员比较了来自安纳托利亚半岛的另外三个类似的丰富的新石器时代组合，以确定在这一重要时期，驯化资源开始被广泛使用，是否可以证实“典型的新石器时代”食物制备工具的形状和尺寸相同。结果表明，不同地点的工具成分不同。

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引用次数: 0

Feces, fragrance and medicine chemical evidence of ancient therapeutics in a Roman unguentarium 罗马墓室中古代疗法的粪便、香味和药物化学证据

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105589

Cenker Atila , İlker Demirbolat , Rana Babaç Çelebi

Fecal-based pharmacological treatments are widely attested in Greco-Roman medical texts, yet no direct chemical evidence has until now supported their practical application. This study presents the first molecular confirmation of such practices through GC–MS/FID analysis of organic residues from a Roman glass unguentarium (artifact no. 4027) excavated in Pergamon, a major center of Roman medicine. The vessel’s contents revealed a distinctive blend of human fecal biomarkers (including coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol) and aromatic compounds such as carvacrol, a major constituent of thyme oil. These results align with classical prescriptions that combined dung with odor-masking agents to enhance patient compliance −practices noted in the works of Galen, Dioscorides, and Pliny the Elder.

By integrating archaeometric analysis with historical and philological research, the study reframes Roman unguentaria as vehicles not only for cosmetics, but also for socially managed therapeutic substances. The findings contribute critical empirical support for the pharmacological use of excrement in antiquity and offer a replicable interdisciplinary model for investigating ancient medicine. In light of contemporary interest in microbiome-based therapies, this evidence also prompts a reconsideration of early traditions once dismissed as marginal or irrational.

以粪便为基础的药理学治疗在希腊罗马医学文献中得到广泛证实，但直到现在还没有直接的化学证据支持其实际应用。本研究首次通过GC-MS /FID分析了罗马玻璃瓮（人工制品号no. 1）的有机残留物，证实了这种做法。公元4027年在罗马主要医学中心佩加蒙出土的。该容器的内容物显示了一种独特的人类粪便生物标志物（包括粪前列醇和24-乙基粪前列醇）和芳香族化合物（如香芹酚，百里香油的主要成分）的混合物。这些结果与经典处方相一致，这些处方将粪便与气味掩蔽剂结合起来，以提高患者的依从性——盖伦、迪奥斯科里德斯和老普林尼的作品中提到的做法。通过将考古分析与历史和语言学研究相结合，该研究将罗马龙葵重新定义为不仅是化妆品的载体，而且是社会管理的治疗物质。这些发现为古代粪便的药理作用提供了关键的经验支持，并为研究古代医学提供了一个可复制的跨学科模型。鉴于当代对基于微生物组的疗法的兴趣，这一证据也促使人们重新考虑曾经被视为边缘或非理性的早期传统。

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引用次数: 0

The development of early polychrome porcelain in China under microstructural view 显微结构视野下中国早期彩瓷的发展

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105587

Siwen Xu , Renfang Wang , Jingjing Cui , Yimin Yang

Polychrome porcelain appeared in China about 1700 years ago; however, the decoration techniques of early polychrome porcelains remain unclear, and the underlying physics and chemistry are still poorly understood. A representative example is Diancai celadon, a type of celadon with brown spot decorations that marks the earliest phase of Chinese polychrome porcelain from the 3rd century CE. Subsequent productions at Changsha kiln and other sites developed much richer polychrome decorations, motivating the exploration of the inheritance and development of the polychrome porcelain craftsmanship. In this study, Diancai celadons were characterized microscopically. It is firstly reported that the inglaze technique was used for brown decorations. The interface between the liquid pigment phase and porous unfired glaze phase resulted in a coffee-ring effect on the surface of some samples. The light brown region formed by this effect contains ε-Fe₂O₃, here identified as the earliest known artificially synthesized occurrence of ε-Fe₂O₃. The technological parallels between the inglaze brown decorations of early Diancai wares and later Changsha kiln wares offers valuable insights into the inter-regional inheritance and evolution of ceramic production.

彩瓷大约在1700年前出现在中国；然而，早期多彩瓷的装饰技术仍不清楚，其潜在的物理和化学仍然知之甚少。典型的例子是滇彩青瓷，一种带有棕色斑点装饰的青瓷，标志着公元3世纪中国彩瓷的最早阶段。长沙窑和其他窑址的后续生产发展了更丰富的彩绘装饰，推动了对彩绘陶瓷工艺传承和发展的探索。本研究对滇彩青瓷进行了显微表征。这是首次报道将釉料技术用于棕色装饰。液态颜料相与多孔未烧制釉相之间的界面导致部分样品表面出现咖啡环效应。这一作用形成的浅棕色区域含有ε-Fe2O3，这是已知最早的人工合成的ε-Fe2O3产状。早期电彩器物与后来长沙窑器物釉面棕色装饰在技术上的相似之处，为陶瓷生产的跨区域传承和演变提供了宝贵的见解。

{"title":"The development of early polychrome porcelain in China under microstructural view","authors":"Siwen Xu , Renfang Wang , Jingjing Cui , Yimin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polychrome porcelain appeared in China about 1700 years ago; however, the decoration techniques of early polychrome porcelains remain unclear, and the underlying physics and chemistry are still poorly understood. A representative example is Diancai celadon, a type of celadon with brown spot decorations that marks the earliest phase of Chinese polychrome porcelain from the 3rd century CE. Subsequent productions at Changsha kiln and other sites developed much richer polychrome decorations, motivating the exploration of the inheritance and development of the polychrome porcelain craftsmanship. In this study, Diancai celadons were characterized microscopically. It is firstly reported that the inglaze technique was used for brown decorations. The interface between the liquid pigment phase and porous unfired glaze phase resulted in a coffee-ring effect on the surface of some samples. The light brown region formed by this effect contains ε-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, here identified as the earliest known artificially synthesized occurrence of ε-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The technological parallels between the inglaze brown decorations of early Diancai wares and later Changsha kiln wares offers valuable insights into the inter-regional inheritance and evolution of ceramic production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 105587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

“From blue to red: first evidence of heat treatment in the production of Minoan serpentinite vases through non-invasive study and experimental petrology” “从蓝色到红色：通过非侵入性研究和实验岩石学发现米诺斯蛇纹岩花瓶生产过程中热处理的第一个证据”

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105557

Killian Regnier , Antoine Triantafyllou , Jean-Philippe Perrillat , Charlotte Langohr , Gilles Montagnac , Clémentine Fellah , Jérôme Bascou , Anne-Christine Da Silva

The intentional heat treatment of stone to alter its appearance remains a largely understudied practice in archaeology, and its identification in the archaeological record is often challenging. By combining portable and non-invasive X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and magnetic susceptibility (pMS) analyses with controlled heating experiments on local serpentinite used in Minoan (Bronze Age Crete) contexts, this study presents the first documented evidence of intentional heating in the production of stone vases. It also proposes a replicable analytical framework broadly applicable, yet particularly suited to ultramafic lithologies. It focuses on a unique assemblage from the late Protopalatial period at Quartier Mu, Malia (Crete, 1800–1700 BCE), where twenty-five serpentinite vases exhibit a distinct red coloration.

Macro-petrographic observations and pXRF analyses confirm that the red vases consist of serpentinite and show no trace of added pigments. pMS values are significantly lower in the red serpentinite vases than in the blueish (unheated) ones, which is consistent with the effect of heating samples of Cretan serpentinite in our experimental results. In our high-temperature heating experiments, the red coloration is driven by the natural transformation of magnetite into low-magnetic iron oxides at temperatures above 700 °C under oxidising conditions. The application of this thermal threshold, combined with contextual evidence showing no signs of large-scale burning, allows us to reject the hypothesis of accidental firing.

These findings provide new insights into Minoan stone-vase production, identifying heat treatment as a deliberate technological choice at Quartier Mu. More broadly, the methodology illustrates how experimental petrology and non-invasive techniques can together highlight ancient heat-related practices while preserving the artifacts.

在考古学中，故意对石头进行热处理以改变其外观的做法在很大程度上仍未得到充分研究，而且在考古记录中对其进行鉴定往往具有挑战性。通过将便携式和非侵入性x射线荧光（pXRF）和磁化率（pMS）分析与米诺斯（青铜时代克里特岛）环境中使用的当地蛇纹岩的受控加热实验相结合，本研究首次提出了在石花瓶生产中故意加热的文献证据。它还提出了一个可复制的分析框架，广泛适用，但特别适合超镁质岩性。它的重点是来自玛丽亚（克里特岛，公元前1800-1700年）的穆区（Quartier Mu）原始时期晚期的独特组合，其中25个蛇纹岩花瓶呈现出明显的红色。宏观岩石学观察和pXRF分析证实，红色花瓶由蛇纹岩组成，没有显示添加色素的痕迹。红色蛇纹石花瓶的pMS值明显低于蓝色（未加热）花瓶，这与我们实验结果中加热克里特岛蛇纹石样品的效果一致。在我们的高温加热实验中，红色是由磁铁矿在氧化条件下在700°C以上的温度下自然转化为低磁性氧化铁所驱动的。这个热阈值的应用，结合上下文证据显示没有大规模燃烧的迹象，使我们能够拒绝意外射击的假设。这些发现为米诺斯石花瓶的生产提供了新的见解，确定了热处理是穆区故意的技术选择。更广泛地说，该方法说明了实验岩石学和非侵入性技术如何在保护文物的同时突出古代与热有关的实践。

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引用次数: 0

A semi-quantitative archaeothermometer based on feldspar and volcanic glass compositions in ancient ceramics from the Kibi region, Japan 基于日本Kibi地区古代陶瓷中长石和火山玻璃成分的半定量考古温度计

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105566

Toshio Nozaka , Naoya Ohbayashi , Yuki Toda , Taiji Anami , Kanako Sugiura , Takahiro Nozaki , Osamu Kimura , Naoko Matsumoto , Akira Seike

In this study, we analyzed the chemical compositions of feldspar and volcanic glass clasts in haniwa from kofuns and Sue ware from the Sabukaze kiln site, both in the Kibi region, southwestern Japan, to estimate the thermal conditions of ceramic firing in the 5th–8th centuries CE. Based on the coexistence of molten and unmolten feldspar rims, the solidus temperatures were estimated at ∼ 1050°C–1150°C for haniwa and ∼ 1150°C–1200°C for Sue ware. Volcanic glass compositions changed systematically during firing, showing increases in K₂O and decreases in Na₂O. From these observations, we propose a semi-quantitative archaeothermometer using variations in the K/Na molar ratio of volcanic glass within a ceramic matrix. This approach can be applied to investigate the development of kiln-firing in the Kibi region, the existence of haniwa potters employing different firing methods, variation in heat input for producing Sue vessels of differing sizes or functions, and temperature-controlled practices in Sue ware production.

在这项研究中，我们分析了来自日本西南部Kibi地区Sabukaze窑遗址的kofuns和Sue窑遗址的长石和火山玻璃碎屑的化学成分，以估计公元5 - 8世纪陶瓷烧制的热条件。基于熔融长石和未熔融长石边缘的共存，估计haniwa的固相温度为~ 1050°C - 1150°C， Sue ware的固相温度为~ 1150°C - 1200°C。火山玻璃的组成在烧制过程中发生了系统的变化，表现为K2O的增加和Na2O的减少。根据这些观察，我们提出了一种半定量的考古温度计，使用陶瓷基体中火山玻璃的K/Na摩尔比的变化。这种方法可以应用于研究Kibi地区窑烧的发展，使用不同烧制方法的haniwa陶工的存在，生产不同尺寸或功能的苏容器的热量输入的变化，以及苏器生产中的温度控制实践。

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引用次数: 0

The pressure record underfoot: Using ground penetrating radar to obtain pressure patterns of buried footprints 脚底压力记录：利用探地雷达获取埋藏脚印的压力模式

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105592

Michael Everett, Sarah Maryon, Abigail Hunt, Hannah Strehlau, Sally Reynolds, Matthew Bennett

Fossilised trackways are a key source of evidence for reconstructing how ancient humans and animals moved across the landscape. The morphology of tracks is of particular importance because it allows inferences to be made about plantar pressure and therefore mechanics of motion of the track maker. However, the typical methods of excavation and photogrammetry used to document these tracks can be time consuming and may not be ideal at sensitive sites. This paper explores the use of ground penetrating radar to record the morphology of human tracks buried in soft sediment at White Sands National Park, New Mexico. The results demonstrate that a record of plantar pressure is preserved in the radar data and that this record might be a more direct measure of pressure than the typical proxy of footprint depth. This suggests that ground penetrating radar is a strong choice of method in ichnological studies.

化石足迹是重建古代人类和动物如何在这片土地上移动的关键证据来源。轨道的形态是特别重要的，因为它允许推断足底压力，因此力学运动的轨道制造商。然而，用于记录这些足迹的典型挖掘和摄影测量方法可能非常耗时，并且在敏感地点可能不理想。本文探讨了使用探地雷达记录埋在新墨西哥州白沙国家公园软沉积物中的人类足迹的形态。结果表明，雷达数据中保留了足底压力的记录，并且该记录可能比典型的足迹深度代理更直接地测量压力。这表明，在技术研究中，探地雷达是一种强有力的选择。

引用次数: 0

Feeding the first centralized empire: dietary shifts and the rise of the Qin Empire through stable isotope analysis from the Yijia site (Shaanxi, China) 供养第一个中央集权帝国：从陕西彝家遗址的稳定同位素分析看饮食变化与秦帝国的崛起

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105572

Ting Ma , Kejia Huang , Lu Jiang , Liugen Lin , Yanpeng Wang , Yi Guo

The Qin state, which later established the first unified empire in China, has long been studied for its political and military strategies. However, the role of dietary patterns and agricultural practices in its ascendancy remains underexplored. This study combines new stable isotope analysis of human remains from the Yijia site (陕西西安宜家遗址) (n = 77) with a systematic review of published Qin period data (n = 626), aiming to investigate subsistence strategies during its expansion. Individuals from the Yijia site exhibited δ¹³C values ranged from −13.2‰ to −8.4‰ (mean ± SD; −10.4 ± 1.1‰), indicating dietary diversity with a predominant consumption of millet. The δ¹⁵N values ranged from 7.6‰ to 11.1‰ (mean ± SD; 9.1 ± 0.7‰), suggesting diverse intake of animal protein, with a predominance of consumption from pigs. A phased analysis of the Yijia site allowed further investigation into the differences in C and N values by period, gender, and burial type. Additionally, a systematic review of published Qin-period stable isotope data (n = 626) indicates a shift in δ¹³C values from a diversified diet in the early (–23.3‰ to −7.1‰, −12.6 ± 3.8‰, n = 52) and mid-Qin periods (−14.6‰ to −7.5‰, −10.2 ± 1.3‰, n = 123) to a predominantly millet-based diet during the late-Qin (−20.6‰ to −7‰, −9.9 ± 2.4‰, n = 451). This transition reflects the intensification of millet agriculture, which likely played a growing role in the Qin’s unification of China. Concurrently, advancements in livestock husbandry and millet-based agriculture provided a robust material foundation for the rise of the Qin state. These changes indicate that the increased reliance on millet and the expansion of millet-based agriculture were pivotal in establishing the economic base that supported the Qin’s ascent.

秦国，后来在中国建立了第一个统一的帝国，长期以来一直被研究其政治和军事战略。然而，饮食模式和农业实践在其优势中的作用仍未得到充分探讨。本研究结合了新的稳定同位素分析出网站的人类遗骸(陕西西安宜家遗址)(n = 77)的系统回顾发表秦时期数据(n = 626),旨在探讨生存策略在其扩张。宜嘉遗址个体的δ13C值为- 13.2‰~ - 8.4‰（平均±SD； - 10.4±1.1‰），表明其饮食多样性，主要以谷子为食。δ15N值为7.6‰~ 11.1‰（平均值±SD； 9.1±0.7‰），表明动物蛋白的摄取量多样，以猪为主要来源。对伊家遗址进行阶段性分析，进一步调查不同时期、性别和埋葬类型的C和N值差异。此外，对已发表的秦代稳定同位素数据（n = 626）的系统回顾表明，秦代的δ13C值从秦代早期（-23.3‰至- 7.1‰，- 12.6±3.8‰，n = 52）和秦代中期（- 14.6‰至- 7.5‰，- 10.2±1.3‰，n = 123）的多样化饮食转变为秦代晚期（- 20.6‰至- 7‰，- 9.9±2.4‰，n = 451）的以谷子为主的饮食。这种转变反映了小米农业的集约化，这可能在秦朝统一中国的过程中发挥了越来越大的作用。与此同时，畜牧业和以小米为基础的农业的进步为秦国的崛起提供了坚实的物质基础。这些变化表明，对小米依赖的增加和以小米为基础的农业的扩张是建立支持秦朝崛起的经济基础的关键。

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引用次数: 0

Non-invasive chemical characterisation of archaeological ochres from the early 4th millennium BCE forager graves and settlements in Finland 公元前4千年早期芬兰采集者坟墓和定居点考古赭石的非侵入性化学特征

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105584

Elisabeth Holmqvist , Maria Lahtinen , Marja Ahola

In the early 4th millennium BCE, the region of modern-day Finland was inhabited by pottery-using foragers, the Typical Comb Ware culture (TCW) people, who lived in village-like clusters of semi-subterranean houses and buried their dead in ochre-coloured graves. Here, we report the results of the analyses of archaeological ochre samples from burial and domestic contexts at eight TCW sites across Finland using non-invasive energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Our comparative characterisation of the archaeological ochres aimed to distinguish whether 1) a signature ochre composition per site/community could be chemically discriminated; 2) similar ochre chemical fingerprints are detected in both burial and domestic settings in specific regional contexts; 3) the chemical data indicates shared ochre procurement strategies or ochre exchange among the studied communities or regions; and 4) how ochre was used as part of TCW mortuary practices. Based on our study, non-invasive ED-XRF of archaeological ochre samples enables the characterisation of a limited set of elemental concentrations; however, statistical analysis of log₁₀ Fe-normalised concentration values allowed us to identify compositional groups in our dataset that correlate with the site location clusters or specific archaeological or geological phenomena. Hence, we propose that this result indicates regionalised ochre procurement and, in some cases, inter-regional, two-way transport of ochre, which may have specific, cross-regionally desired characteristics. Simultaneously, our results also highlight the deliberate use of different types of ochre within ritualized practices.

公元前4千年早期，现代芬兰地区居住着使用陶器的采集者，他们是典型的梳器文化（TCW）人，他们住在类似村庄的半地下房屋群中，并将死者埋葬在赭色的坟墓中。在这里，我们报告了使用非侵入性能量色散x射线荧光（ED-XRF）和扫描电子显微镜与能量色散光谱（SEM-EDS）对芬兰八个TCW遗址的埋葬和家庭环境中的考古赭石样本进行分析的结果。我们对考古赭石的比较特征旨在区分1)每个遗址/群落的标志性赭石组成是否可以化学区分；2)在特定的区域背景下，在墓葬和家庭环境中都检测到类似的赭石化学指纹；(3)化学数据表明，研究社区或地区之间存在共享的赭石采购策略或赭石交换；4)赭石如何被用作TCW太平间的一部分。根据我们的研究，考古赭石样品的非侵入性ED-XRF可以表征有限的元素浓度；然而，对log10铁归一化浓度值的统计分析使我们能够在数据集中识别与遗址位置集群或特定考古或地质现象相关的成分组。因此，我们认为这一结果表明赭石的区域化采购，在某些情况下，赭石的跨区域、双向运输可能具有特定的、跨区域的期望特征。同时，我们的研究结果还强调了在仪式化实践中故意使用不同类型的赭石。

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