Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports最新文献_第3页

Woodland around Early Neolithic settlement in the Carpathian Foothills. A charcoal analysis from Biskupice site 18 (southern Poland)

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105063

Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo , Marta Korczyńska-Cappenberg , Anna Głód

The archaeological excavations at Biskupice site 18 uncovered the remains of at least five Early Neolithic houses associated with the Linear Pottery Culture. This site represents the earliest known stable settlement in the Wieliczka Foothills, dating back to approximately 5200–5000 BCE, marking the initial presence of agrarian societies in this region of the Carpathian Foothills. At Early Neolithic sites located in loess areas, the density of plant remains, including wood charcoal, is typically low per litre of sediment. To obtain a representative sample of anthracological material, a large number of samples were collected during the excavation from all archaeological features. In total, 1,453 samples, amounting to 4,359 L of sediment, were analysed. Despite this extensive effort, only over 2,450 charcoal fragments were recovered. However, these fragments provided sufficient data to reconstruct the local vegetation. This study discusses two possible phases of occupation, highlighting the dominance of oak (Quercus sp.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior), which are the most abundant taxa, alongside a relatively high percentage of maple (Acer sp.) and hazel (Corylus avellana). A slight shift in wood charcoal composition is observed between the older and younger phases, with an increase in pine (Pinus sylvestris) and members of the Rosaceae family, suggesting changes in wood availability or a growing openness of the local woodlands. The anthracological analysis indicates that the primary vegetation types include mixed deciduous forests with oak-dominated communities in higher elevations, and oak-ash-elm woodlands along watercourses. The data suggest that ash played a prominent role in the deciduous woodlands of the local foothills during the Atlantic phase, a phenomenon that has not previously been observed at Early Neolithic archaeological sites in the Carpathian Foothills.

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引用次数: 0

Archaeometric analysis of marbles located in the construction of the roof from the Traianeum of Italica (Santiponce, Seville, Spain)

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105065

Sebastián Vargas-Vázquez , Esther Ontiveros-Ortega , José Beltrán-Fortes

In this paper, an archaeometric study undertaken on the marble materials that were part of the roof of the Traianeum of Italica (Santiponce, Seville, Spain) is presented. This is one of the most important buildings in Italica from the Hadrianic period. The materials analyzed consist of imbrices, fragments of tegula, and a gargoyle belonging to the cornice of this building. Its objective is to identify the origin of the marble used in its production and consequently expand our knowledge about the use of stone materials in the Traianeum. The petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic (C and O) analyses of the samples were compared with data from other pieces from the Traianeum, previously studied, as well as with material stone from local quarries of Almadén de la Plata (Seville), among others. The results indicate the use of Carrara marble in the elaboration of the Sanctuary’s roofs and confirm the importance of this material in Italica in Hadrian’s time. The application of a multi-method approach has made it possible to establish criteria for the differentiation between these marbles, in which geochemical and isotopic data play a key role. Geochemical differences have been observed in the Carrara marble used in the construction of the temple and the portico, and there is a need to use several chemical analysis methods in combination to cover the widest range of detection of both major and trace chemical elements. Finally, the importance of prior knowledge of archaeological materials, their proper registration, and setting is indicated since, due to the overlapping of data that may be presented by the different analysis techniques, these aspects may be key to the correct identification of the origin of the marbles of antiquity.

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引用次数: 0

Early copper production by the last hunter-gatherers

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105051

Üftade Muşkara , Seda Karayünlü Bozbaş , Mustafa B. Telli , Ayşin Konak

The “Neolithic transformation” is characterized by major changes in human history, including advancements in cognitive skills, technological knowledge, social organization, and the establishment of permanent settlements with elaborate architecture. Around 12,000 years ago, Anatolia became a key region as hunter-gatherer communities transitioned to a settled lifestyle. Its rich natural resources, including lithic raw materials and metal ores, played a crucial role in supporting early human settlement and technological advancements. The origins of metallurgy have generally been classified following a sequence of technological development influenced by social and cultural organization. The artifacts related to copper production at Gre Fılla were examined using a multi-analytical approach, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), inductively coupled mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and handheld X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). The results support the hypothesis that prehistoric experimentation likely played a role in leading to different pathways of development in each region. Our findings suggest a multifaceted picture of the early Neolithic period in Eurasia, including the spread of innovation packages, local traditions, and adaptations.

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引用次数: 0

Lively landscapes: Sex- and age-related differences in diet and land use characterising a Late Bronze-Early Iron Age community from Tilburg, the Netherlands

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105054

Barbara Veselka , Tessi Löffelmann , Hannah F. James , Joris Brattinga , Arjan Louwen , Guy De Mulder , Lucas Meurkens , Charlotte Sabaux , Guido van den Eynde , Christophe Snoeck

The Late Bronze-Early Iron Age (LBA-EIA) urnfield of Tilburg-Udenhoutseweg yielded 229 cremation graves with various features. This large cemetery is a unique opportunity to reconstruct LBA-EIA population dynamics in the southeast of the Netherlands, where few of such large urnfields have been excavated. The combination of demographic data, strontium isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) of 109 selected cremation deposits, spatial organisation, and radiocarbon dates allows for the reconstruction of the social organisation of the past population from Tilburg-Udenhoutseweg. Although no age- or sex related pattern in spatial organisation or radiocarbon dating could be observed, the difference between the nonadult mean ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of the diaphysis (0.7112), the female mean (0.7107), and the male mean (0.7099), is statistically significant. Both females and nonadults have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr that suggest a divergent diet, indicating age- and sex-related local/regional mobility and/or preferential landscape use, whereby a strict sense of patrilocality appears to be lacking. One nonadult yielded ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr currently not found in the Netherlands (0.7146), suggesting the existing social networks to span across a large area, potentially towards the south of Belgium. Future study of the grave goods will increase our understanding of the extend of the social networks and the exchange of people, goods, and ideas.

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引用次数: 0

Experimental insights into different funerary burning conditions on Crete island, Greece

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105067

Ioannis Chatzikonstantinou , Kristóf Fülöp , Sotiria Chronaki , Christophe Snoeck , Evangelia Kiriatzi , Sevasti Triantaphyllou

The study of cremations in archaeology has presented significant challenges, particularly when examining the diverse burning conditions that can affect the combustion of the human body. The application of modern experimental methods can enhance our understanding of the use and technology of fire in the manipulation of skeletal remains. In the context of the TEFRA project, two burning events were conducted in Crete (one outdoor and one furnace pyre) involving the incineration of animal carcasses and skeletal remains in different stages of decomposition until complete calcination. In the open fire experiment, dry olive wood was used as fuel without any artificial intervention, while in the furnace experiment, the same wood was burned but a flame-torch was used as a booster at the beginning of the process. This paper presents an attempt to comprehend different burning dynamics through the recognition of external and internal factors that can influence fire intensity. The key results can be summarized as follows: (a) stable high temperatures can be achieved for many hours in both open (up to 1016.8 °C) and close-type (up to 862 °C) pyres involving the combustion of olive wood as a fuel; (b) the burning environment can affect the time necessary until the calcination of the skeleton, regardless of its stage of decomposition; (c) outdoor pyres are susceptible to external environmental factors such as weather, humidity, and wind intensity, which can result in greater temperature fluctuations; (d) increased personal presence and basic pyrotechnical knowledge are essential for any burning event, including the selection of appropriate fuel, the construction of an effective pyre, and the management of the fire during the burning process.

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引用次数: 0

From artists to miners: A multiperiod human prehistoric activity inside the “Hall of the Hinds” in Arenaza cave (Northern Spain)

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105061

Diego Garate , María Ángeles Medina-Alcaide , Iñaki Intxaurbe , Martin Arriolabengoa , Verónica Fernández-Navarro , Sergio Salazar , Karen L. Steelman , Rudolph G. Banny

The Arenaza Cave (Galdames, Basque Country) is known for the extensive archaeological site found in its vestibule and the parietal art on its inner walls. A very long sequence of human occupation is noteworthy, from at least the Gravettian to the Roman period. In addition, the cave was the subject of iron mining explorations during the 19th century and part of the 20th century, causing a profound transformation of its interior morphology. Even so, four sectors with Palaeolithic parietal art have been preserved inside, with the “Hall of the Hinds” standing out, not only because of the number of paintings but also because of its difficult access after a long and narrow gallery at a considerable distance from the entrance to the cave. To archaeologically contextualise the artistic activity, a programme was developed that included two archaeological surveys and the dating of black charcoal marks on the walls. The results obtained show the absence of archaeological materials linked to the execution of the art, dated stylistically between ca. 31 and 26 ka. On the other hand, two different episodes have been detected: one dated to the Late Bronze Age (3.5 ka) and the other to the Roman period (4th century CE). Black marks on the walls are also associated with these two episodes. In other words, despite the recondite and inaccessible nature of the decorated space, an intense and varied multi-period activity can be detected, reflecting the diachronic complexity that the internal archaeological contexts of the cavities can present.

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive palaeoecological study of humic deposits and loess profiles as a tool for understanding past human-environmental relationships at Tripolye Culture Gordineşti II-Stînca goală site, Northern Moldova

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105057

Piotr Kittel , Mirosław Makohonienko , Karina Apolinarska , Alexandra Golyeva , Daniel Okupny , Artur Ginter , Ryszard Krzysztof Borówka , Joanna Rennwanz , Mateusz Kramkowski , Grzegorz Poręba , Agnieszka Szymak , Dalia Pokutta , Ghenadie Sîrbu , Małgorzata Rybicka

This study investigates palaeoenvironmental changes during the late 4th and early 3rd millennium BC in N Moldova, focusing on the Gordineşti II-Stînca goală archaeological site. The research employs broad spectrum of bioindicators of non-siliceous and siliceous origin as well as geochemical and sedimentary analyses of dry, humic and mineral deposits. The comprehensive results of studied geoarchives underscores the intricate interplay between environmental conditions and anthropogenic influences on Late Tripolye Culture communities. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the Eneolithic communities, highlighting the importance of alternative analytical approaches and detailed investigations into environmental changes and subsistence strategies in N Moldova during the specified period. The analysed profiles of dry terrestrial habitats represent bioarchives of restricted palaeoecological bioindicators. The record of subfossil plant and animal remains showed scarce representation in both analysed sequences, which was associated with dry conditions. The results demonstrate a predominance of open vegetation at the Gordineşti II-Stînca goală site during pre-occupation, Late Tripolye Culture settlement in 2nd half of 4th mil. BC, and in the post-settlement phases. Local environmental conditions at the hillfort area may not have been suitable for plant cultivation due to the lithological situation. This area might have been used rather for extensive grazing. The forest cover was in the surrounding areas, including slopes of the site promontory. Our results demonstrate that dry mineral and humic deposits including archaeological layers in semi-arid areas could store useful archives for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological reconstructions.

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引用次数: 0

Experimental use-wear on non-flint tools: Unraveling butchering processes at the Cueva Des-Cubierta site (Pinilla del Valle, Spain)

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105056

Ana Álvarez-Fernández , Belén Márquez , Rebeca García-González , Juan Luis Arsuaga , Alfredo Pérez-González , Enrique Baquedano

The Cueva Des-Cubierta site (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid, Spain) contains a peculiar association of crania from large horned herbivores, which were deposited over generations by Neanderthals. To understand the anthropogenic modification of the crania, an experimental program has been carried out from multiple perspectives, with functionality being one of them. This paper presents the results obtained during the creation of a microwear reference collection using raw materials other than flint, such as quartzite, quartz, and porphyry.

It has been possible to obtain a sample of experimental use traces that we consider characteristic of the complex butchering activity. Specifically, one type of striation seems particularly characteristic of this type of work on large herbivores. The performance of the different types of raw materials is also described, confirming that all the materials used in the experiment—and thus by Neanderthals—have sufficient durability to perform these tasks, regardless of size.

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引用次数: 0

Full vector archaeomagnetic dating of an Early Iron Age archaeological settlement: El Castillar site (Navarra, northern Spain)

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105059

Eva Vernet , Ángel Carrancho , Manuel Calvo-Rathert , Leyre Arróniz , Yuhji Yamamoto , María Felicidad Bógalo , Héctor Juan Fonseca de la Torre

During the course of the excavations of the Early Iron Age site of El Castillar (northern Spain), a well-preserved burnt level was discovered. The wide time interval provided by four ¹⁴C dates (ca. 800–––416 BCE) offered a good opportunity to perform a full-vector archaeomagnetic study to date the last heating and site abandonment. These studies analyze the remanent magnetization acquired by ferromagnetic minerals after a heating event. For this purpose, eight magnetically oriented hand blocks were collected, and we performed a suite of rock-magnetic experiments and X-ray diffraction analyses along with paleomagnetic and archaeointensity determinations with the Thellier-Coe and Tsunakawa-Shaw methods. Paleomagnetic analyses yielded a mean direction of Declination = 14.9˚ and Inclination = 58.6˚ (α₉₅ = 4.1˚, k = 214, n = 7/8). Successful archaeointensity results were obtained with the Thellier-Coe method, which yielded a mean intensity value of 64.3 ± 1.8 µT (VADM = (10.8 ± 0.3)*10²² Am²). The main magnetic carrier is magnetite with Mg-cation substitutions. A full-vector archaeomagnetic dating, using the SCHA.DIF.4 k geomagnetic model and the Iberian Iron Age PSVC (at 95 % confidence), suggested different compatible age intervals. The youngest is the archaeologically most consistent one, which narrows the dating range to only a few decades according to the Iberian − Iron Age PSVC (685–––655 yr BCE). The relatively high intensity values obtained are compatible with the occurrence of the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly (LIAA) in Western Europe, although not at its highest values. The potential of archaeomagnetism over other dating techniques to accurately date Early Iron Age combustion events is demonstrated.

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引用次数: 0

Cremated human remains from Palaepaphos-Skales: A case study from the iron age of Cyprus

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105062

Natalie M. Branca, Kirsi O. Lorentz

This paper explores the practice of cremation in Early Iron Age Cyprus by examining cremated human remains from the Palaepaphos-Skales necropolis. Cremation was rare in Cyprus, first appearing at the onset of the Iron Age. Most cremation burials are isolated occurrences within cemeteries where inhumation predominated. Moreover, few cremated human remains in Cyprus have been thoroughly examined from a bioarchaeological perspective. Even in cases where bioarchaeological studies have been conducted, little attention has been given to the taphonomic processes related to fire or thermal exposure and their potential to shed light on the cremation process itself. Palaepaphos-Skales is a large necropolis containing hundreds of tombs dating to the first half of the Iron Age (Cypro-Geometric period), within which at least eleven urn cremation burials have been discovered, offering the possibility for a site-specific investigation of the use of cremation as a funerary practice. Bioarchaeological analysis of seven urn cremation burials was carried out to assess the demographic, biological, and taphonomic characteristics of the cremated individuals. The results show that the individuals were exposed to similar thermal conditions and suggest that the cremations likely occurred while the bodies were still fleshed, soon after death. The practice appears to have been reserved exclusively for adults or mature individuals. While the cremations from Skales share similarities with those in the wider eastern Mediterranean region, the evidence suggests that, despite its rarity in Cyprus, cremation remained deeply rooted in local funerary traditions. Cremated individuals were treated as integral members of the community, just like those who were inhumed.

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引用次数: 0