Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports最新文献_第6页

On-site non-Destructive identification of Dushan jade using portable Raman, pXRF, FTIR, and NIR 使用便携式拉曼、pXRF、傅立叶变换红外和近红外对独山玉进行现场非破坏性鉴定

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104820

Dian Chen , Jingxiang Zhai , Baotong Qiao , Wugan Luo

Dushan jade, renowned as one of China’s ‘Four Famous Jades’, has a storied reputation, yet its historical application remains inadequately understood. The lack of scientific analysis of ancient Dushan jade artifacts has led to considerable ambiguity regarding its historical use. To address this gap, scientific identification is imperative. Given the extensive number of suspected Dushan jade artefacts, a rapid and portable analytical approach is essential. In this study, we employed portable Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and near-infrared (NIR) devices to analyze ancient Dushan jad samples from three Yangshao culture sites in the Nanyang Basin and to compare them with modern Dushan jade specimens for comparison. Raman spectroscopy successfully identified anorthite and zoisite in both ancient and modern samples, consistent with the contemporary mineralogical definition of Dushan jade. Elemental analysis revealed that the primary components were SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, and Fe₂O₃, while the trace elements included V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Sr and Ba. Infrared spectra also showed similarities to anorthite and zoisite, with distinctive features observed in specific bands. Importantly, the indicators from ancient samples align with those of modern Dushan jade, confirming that consistency of composition and the reliability of these identifying markers. The presence of materials from diverse locations suggests a broad distribution of Dushan jade artifacts within Nanyang Basin. Further research with more extensive data could illuminate the formation and evolution of jade culture in the Central Plains, highlighting the significance of this study in advancing our understanding of Dushan jade.

独山玉被誉为中国 "四大名玉 "之一，声名远播，但人们对它的历史用途却了解甚少。由于缺乏对古代独山玉器的科学分析，导致其历史用途相当模糊。要弥补这一缺陷，科学鉴定势在必行。鉴于疑似独山玉器的数量众多，一种快速、便携的分析方法至关重要。在这项研究中，我们采用了便携式拉曼光谱、X射线荧光、傅立叶变换红外和近红外设备，对南阳盆地三个仰韶文化遗址出土的古代独山玉样品进行了分析，并与现代独山玉标本进行了对比。拉曼光谱成功地在古代和现代样品中鉴定出了阳起石和黝帘石，与当代独山玉的矿物学定义相一致。元素分析显示，主要成分为 SiO2、Al2O3、CaO 和 Fe2O3，微量元素包括 V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Sr 和 Ba。红外光谱也显示出与阳起石和黝帘石的相似性，并在特定波段观察到明显特征。重要的是，古代样品的指标与现代独山玉的指标一致，证实了成分的一致性和这些识别标志的可靠性。来自不同地点的材料表明独山玉器在南阳盆地分布广泛。利用更广泛的数据开展进一步研究，可以揭示中原地区玉文化的形成和演变过程，从而凸显本研究在推进我们对独山玉认识方面的重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Petrological characterization for material provenance of haniwa earthenware from mounded tombs in the Kibi region, Japan 对日本木部地区土墩墓出土的谷和陶器进行岩石学特征描述以确定材料来源

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104813

Toshio Nozaka , Naoya Ohbayashi , Yuki Toda , Kanako Sugiura , Takahiro Nozaki , Osamu Kimura , Naoko Matsumoto , Akira Seike

To determine the provenance of the materials used in the production of haniwa earthenware unearthed from mounded tombs (kofun) in the Kibi region (modern Okayama Prefecture) during the Kofun period (late 3rd – 6th century CE) of Japan, we carried out petrological analyses of haniwa sherds, including optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and electron-probe analysis. The 25 haniwa sherds analyzed from 12 representative mounded tombs are composed of mineral and rock inclusions with variable grain size set in a clay matrix. The dominant inclusions are quartz, K-feldspar, and plagioclase, associated with minor amounts of amphibole, volcanic glass, and granitic rocks in all the haniwa sherds, and small amounts of hornfels, quartz rock, and accessory minerals, including mica, ilmenite, and chromite, in some of the sherds. Amphibole and plagioclase have compositional variations indicative of the mixing of tephra and granitic components. The compositions of volcanic glass inclusions are similar to those of the Aira-Tanzawa and Kikai-Akahoya tephras widely distributed in southwestern Japan. Bulk chemical compositions show magmatic differentiation trends, which are variable between individual tombs. From these results, it is concluded that the paste materials of haniwa in the Kibi region were commonly derived from weathered granitic rocks mixed with minor amounts of three widespread tephras. The variations of chemical and mineralogical compositions are probably the reflection of local geologic settings, suggesting the presence of specific mining sites of paste materials around each tomb. The mining sites could be located at the bases of hills of granitic rocks covered by widespread tephras and in some cases, near the flood plain of big river systems.

为了确定日本甲文时代（公元 3 世纪晚期至 6 世纪）贵比地区（今冈山县）土墩墓（甲文）出土的花纹陶器的制作材料来源，我们对花纹陶器碎片进行了岩石学分析，包括光学显微镜、X 射线衍射仪、X 射线荧光光谱仪和电子探针分析。从 12 座具有代表性的土墩墓中分析出的 25 件谷和陶器由粘土基质中不同粒度的矿物和岩石包裹体组成。主要的包裹体是石英、钾长石和斜长石，在所有的花岗岩残片中还有少量闪石、火山玻璃和花岗岩，在一些残片中还有少量角闪石、石英岩和附属矿物，包括云母、钛铁矿和铬铁矿。闪石和斜长石的成分变化表明混合了火山碎屑和花岗岩成分。火山玻璃包裹体的成分与广泛分布于日本西南部的 Aira-Tanzawa 和 Kikai-Akahoya 喷发岩的成分相似。大块化学成分显示出岩浆分异趋势，不同墓葬之间存在差异。从这些结果可以得出结论，木部地区的花岗岩糊状材料通常来自风化花岗岩，并掺杂了少量三种广泛分布的辉绿岩。化学成分和矿物成分的变化可能是当地地质环境的反映，这表明每个墓葬周围都有特定的糊状物开采点。这些采矿点可能位于被广泛喷发的花岗岩覆盖的山丘底部，有些还位于大河水系的冲积平原附近。

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引用次数: 0

Electron paramagnetic resonance and discriminant analysis of white pigment used by Early Neolithic potters in the Eastern Romanian Plain 东罗马尼亚平原新石器时代早期陶工使用的白色颜料的电子顺磁共振和判别分析

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104810

Vasile Bercu , Octavian G. Duliu , Bogdan Manea , Vasile Opris , Ana Emandi , Diana Persa , Leonard Gebac , Catalin Tuta , Valentin Parnic , Pavel Mirea , Theodor Ignat , Catalin Lazar

To evidence the reciprocal influence and material exchanges between Early Neolithic to Middle Chalcolithic communities from Romanian Plane, the white pigments of 103 ceramic fragments was investigated by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). All investigated fragments showed a complex EPR spectrum due to the superposition, in different proportions, of the Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺ as well as iron ferromagnetic clusters EPR spectra. This permitted to develop a new procedure for extracting a set of five numerical parameters to quantify recorded spectra, parameters which were the basis for a Discriminant Analysis able to compare them by sites or by cultural traditions. In this way, it was evidenced that the first Neolithic people (Starčevo-Criș) utilized multiple raw material sources, while the more recent communities (Vădastra, Hamangia, Boian, Gumelnița) relied on more localized sources. This indicates an accumulation of knowledge about the raw material sources in the area, leading to the utilization of those with optimal technological properties. This accumulation of know-how by Chalcolithic communities is linked to complex processes of population movements from Anatolia, as well as the ancestral and descendant prehistoric populations that inhabited the same sites in different time horizons. Thus, the archaeometric analysis proposed by this study offers indirect proxies regarding the behaviors of Neolithic and Chalcolithic communities that inhabited the Romanian Plain over 2000 years (ca. 6200–3800 cal BCE).

为了证明罗马尼亚平原新石器时代早期到旧石器时代中期族群之间的相互影响和物质交流，我们利用电子顺磁共振（EPR）对 103 块陶瓷碎片的白色颜料进行了研究。由于 Mn2+、Fe3+ 和铁磁簇 EPR 光谱的叠加比例不同，所有被研究的碎片都显示出复杂的 EPR 光谱。这样就可以开发出一种新的程序，提取一组五个数字参数来量化记录的光谱，这些参数是判别分析的基础，能够按遗址或文化传统对它们进行比较。通过这种方法，可以证明最早的新石器时代人类（Starčevo-Criș）利用多种原材料来源，而较近的族群（Vădastra、Hamangia、Boian、Gumelnița）则依赖于更多的本地化来源。这表明该地区积累了有关原材料来源的知识，从而利用了具有最佳技术特性的原材料。夏尔科石器群落的这种知识积累与来自安纳托利亚的复杂人口迁移过程有关，也与在不同时期居住在同一遗址的史前先民和后代有关。因此，本研究提出的考古计量分析为居住在罗马尼亚平原 2000 多年（约公元前 6200-3800 年）的新石器时代和旧石器时代族群的行为提供了间接的代用指标。

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引用次数: 0

Analyzing lime mortars from a historic construction in Magán (Toledo, Spain): Insights into mineralogy and firing temperatures 分析马甘（西班牙托莱多）历史建筑中的石灰砂浆：矿物学和烧制温度的启示

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104812

Isabel del Hierro , Francisco Reyes-Téllez , Raquel Herrera , Javier Lillo , Josefa Ortiz-Bustos , Yolanda Pérez-Cortes , Alberto Polo-Romero , Gonzalo Viñuales-Ferreiro

Mortar samples from the remains of a nearly vanished structure in the village of Magán (Toledo, Spain) have been investigated. Their mineralogical and chemical composition have been analyzed to understand the building technology of their historical period and the functionality of the original structure. Furthermore, a wide range of characterization techniques has been employed in the investigation regarding the amount of information they can provide and assess their effectiveness in the field. Chemical characterization of the mortar samples has been performed by XRD and XRF and completed with TGA studies. FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy, together with ²⁸Si and ²⁷Al-MAS-NMR and Microscopy Studies complete these characterization studies. Although the samples possess similar composition, since the predominant mineralogy is quartz, feldspars, and phyllosilicates, the differences discovered let us establish a relationship between chemical data and petrographic mineralogical data, and the source of materials.

我们对来自马甘村（西班牙托莱多）一处几近消失的建筑遗迹的灰泥样本进行了调查。通过分析其矿物学和化学成分，了解了历史时期的建筑技术和原始结构的功能。此外，在调查中还采用了多种表征技术，以了解这些技术所能提供的信息量，并评估其在现场的有效性。通过 XRD 和 XRF 对灰泥样品进行了化学表征，并完成了 TGA 研究。傅立叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱，以及 28Si 和 27Al-MAS-NMR 和显微镜研究完成了这些表征研究。虽然样品的成分相似，因为主要矿物成分是石英、长石和植硅酸盐，但所发现的差异让我们确定了化学数据与岩相矿物学数据以及材料来源之间的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Dental evidence of textile-related task activities in the Bronze Age site of Laderas del Castillo (Alicante, Spain) 拉德拉斯-德尔卡斯蒂略青铜时代遗址（西班牙阿利坎特）中与纺织相关活动的牙齿证据

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104818

Alejandro Romero , Ricardo E. Basso Rial , Francisco Javier Jover Maestre , Maria Herrero-Otal , Daniel R. Cuesta-Aguirre , Elena Fiorin , Assumpció Malgosa , Patxuka de Miguel Ibáñez , Juan A. López Padilla

The burial 7 from the Argaric site of Laderas del Castillo (Alicante, Spain), dating from the 2nd millennium BC, included a skeleton associated with a carinated vessel indicative of social recognition. Anthropological and DNA-based methods were combined to determine that the individual corresponds to a young female. Macro- and scanning microscopic analyses revealed morphologically uniform labial notches with smooth and polished enamel on maxillary central incisors, which suggest tooth-tool use involving craft tasks. Plant fibers entrapped in dental calculus suggest that the individual was involved in textile and craft production, most likely working with flax or hemp. These findings provide new and direct insights into the use of teeth as tools related to crafts involving threads and are valuable for assessing the social division of labor within the Argaric prehistoric populations from Southeastern Iberia.

拉德拉斯德尔卡斯蒂略阿尔加里克遗址（西班牙阿利坎特）出土的 7 号墓葬可追溯到公元前两千年，其中包括一具骸骨和一个刻有刻痕的器皿，这表明了社会对该骸骨的认可。人类学和 DNA 方法相结合，确定该骸骨为年轻女性。宏观和扫描显微镜分析表明，上颌中切牙上有形态一致的唇形凹槽，珐琅质光滑锃亮，这表明使用牙具从事手工艺工作。牙结石中夹杂的植物纤维表明，该个体参与了纺织品和工艺品的生产，很可能使用亚麻或大麻。这些发现提供了关于使用牙齿作为与涉及线的工艺有关的工具的新的直接见解，对于评估伊比利亚东南部阿尔加里克史前人群的社会分工非常有价值。

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引用次数: 0

What is a good shape? Analysing variability in early Neolithic spherical vessels from Kuyavia (Poland) using geometric morphometrics 什么是好形状？利用几何形态计量学分析库亚维亚（波兰）新石器时代早期球形器皿的可变性

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104807

Joanna Pyzel , Stefan Suhrbier

The pottery of the first Central European farmers associated with the LBK is remarkably homogeneous: most vessels belong to a typologically single form of the so-called spherical vessels. The paper presents the application of geometric morphometrics combined with further explanatory data analysis such as redundancy analysis to investigate the morphological differentiation within this group and the factors that influenced it. Kuyavia in the Polish lowlands was used as a case study and compared with the upland loess regions of Silesia and western Lesser Poland as potential areas of origin and contact of the Kuyavian LBK communities. The variation in the shapes of spherical vessels concerns mainly the proportion of height and width, as well as the degree of openness of the rim and the width of the vessel base. In the early phase, LBK vessels are homogeneous throughout the study area, their shape depends on the ware group, which may be related to different functions of the vessels. Over time, these differences blur, while regional variability becomes important. Within Kuyavia, two groups are visible: eastern and western. Regionalisation, visible in the shape of vessels, does not correlate with the pottery decoration, which is homogeneous for the whole of Kuyavia. The observed differences are probably an expression of various learning networks and therefore different groups, which, however, shared a common identity expressed in pottery decoration.

与浐灞河流域相关的第一批中欧农民的陶器具有明显的同质性：大多数器皿在类型学上属于所谓的球形器皿的单一形式。本文介绍了几何形态计量学与冗余分析等进一步解释性数据分析相结合的应用，以研究这一群体内部的形态分化及其影响因素。本文以波兰低地的库亚维亚（Kuyavia）为个案研究对象，并将其与西里西亚（Silesia）和小波兰西部的高地黄土地区进行比较，后者是库亚维亚枸杞科群落的潜在起源和接触地区。球形器皿形状的变化主要涉及高度和宽度的比例，以及边缘的开阔程度和器底的宽度。在早期阶段，整个研究区域的枸杞科器皿都是同质的，它们的形状取决于器皿群，这可能与器皿的不同功能有关。随着时间的推移，这些差异逐渐模糊，而地区差异变得重要。在库亚维亚（Kuyavia）地区，可以看到两组器物：东部器物和西部器物。从器皿形状上可以看出的地区性与陶器装饰并不相关，因为整个库亚维亚地区的陶器装饰都是相同的。观察到的差异可能是不同学习网络的表现，因此也是不同群体的表现，但这些群体在陶器装饰上具有共同的特征。

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引用次数: 0

Establishing life trajectories for British and Irish Middle Bronze Age palstave axes 确定英国和爱尔兰青铜时代中期掌状石斧的生命轨迹

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104811

Miriam Andrews , Tomas Polcar , Jo Sofaer , Alistair W.G. Pike

This paper presents the results of chemical characterisation, metallography, metalwork wear-analysis, and damage assessment conducted on 102 British and Irish Middle Bronze Age (c. 1500–1000 BCE) tin-bronze palstave axes. There is uncertainty regarding the role of palstave axes; they very likely facilitated ongoing forest clearances, yet expressed often in hearsay, is the ‘pristine’ nature of their recovery condition. A better appreciation of underlying metallurgy, combined with insight from prior experimentation with replica palstave axes, has allowed a more nuanced evaluation of wear characteristics and use-intensity. This, alongside available contextual data, has permitted the life trajectories of prehistoric palstave axes found within the archaeological record to be determined, highlighting a common narrative of preparation for, and minimal application in, functional use, with preservation favoured over destruction at deposition, as well as the considerable variability presented within their life histories.

本文介绍了对 102 件英国和爱尔兰青铜时代中期（约公元前 1500-1000 年）锡青铜垛斧进行化学特征描述、金相分析、金属制品磨损分析和损坏评估的结果。掌状石斧的作用尚不确定；它们很有可能为正在进行的森林清理提供了便利，但其复原状况的 "原始 "性质却往往是道听途说。通过对基本冶金学的深入了解，并结合之前对仿制掌状石斧的实验，可以对磨损特征和使用强度进行更细致的评估。这样，再加上现有的背景数据，就可以确定在考古记录中发现的史前掌状石斧的生命轨迹，突出了为功能性使用做准备和最低限度应用的共同叙事，在沉积时更倾向于保存而不是破坏，以及在其生命历程中呈现出的相当大的变异性。

引用次数: 0

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104793

Omar Larentis , Enrica Tonina , Massimo Venturini , Ilaria Gorini

Skeletal dysplasias are a broad family of genetic disorders, often challenging to diagnose even in clinical literature without molecular analysis. Some cases of possible skeletal dysplasia have also been identified in osteoarchaeological samples, although achieving a definitive diagnosis is fraught with difficulties. This paper presents the analysis of the osteological remains of AZ-III-3, discovered in the archaeological context of the Church of Sant’Antonio and Eusebio in Azzio (Varese province, Italy). The study aims to demonstrate that even with limited skeletal elements, a diagnosis can be hypothesised using macroscopic morphometric and radio diagnostic techniques. These methods, compared with clinical and paleopathological literature, have allowed for the identification of a rare Italian case of dwarfism-related skeletal dysplasia. This contribution seeks to address the biocultural presence of individuals affected by these skeletal dysplasias, listing and discussing all published Italian cases, including that of AZ-III-3, whose chronological framework was established through both archaeological context analysis and ¹⁴C dating.

骨骼发育不良是一种广泛的遗传性疾病，即使没有分子分析，在临床文献中也很难诊断。在骨考古样本中也发现了一些可能存在骨骼发育不良的病例，但要做出明确诊断却困难重重。本文介绍了对在阿齐奥（意大利瓦雷泽省）圣安东尼奥和尤西比奥教堂的考古环境中发现的 AZ-III-3 号遗骸的分析。该研究旨在证明，即使骨骼成分有限，也可以通过宏观形态计量和无线电诊断技术进行诊断。这些方法与临床和古病理学文献相比较，确定了一个罕见的意大利侏儒症相关骨骼发育不良病例。这篇论文试图探讨受这些骨骼发育不良影响的个体的生物文化存在，列出并讨论了所有已发表的意大利病例，包括 AZ-III-3 病例，其年代框架是通过考古背景分析和 14C 测定建立的。

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引用次数: 0

Microscope agnosticism and the characterization of sedimentary abrasion of flint stone tools 显微镜不可知论与燧石石器沉积磨损的特征描述

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104806

Guillermo Bustos-Pérez , Andreu Ollé

The surface of lithic stone tools from Paleolithic archaeological sites can undergo a range of different postdepositional alterations, including sedimentary erosion induced by water displacement or wind. The surface of flint artifacts can reflect these alterations as changes in texture. Microscopic analyses and grayscale images can be employed to obtain quantitative data to help determine the degree to which the surfaces of flint stone tools have been altered. However, surface quantitative values depend directly on the image capturing system of each microscope. This raises the question of whether the quantitative values are actually capturing the evolution of the surface, whether they are dependent on the type of microscope and its image capturing system, and whether the detection of the degree of abrasion might vary depending on the type of microscope. The present work sought to determine whether data extracted from images from two different microscopes point to the same trends in surface change due to postdepositional alterations. Surface photographs of a sample of 25 flakes were taken using a Dino-Lite Edge 3.0 AM73915MZT and a 3D Optical Profiler Sensofar S neox 090. These flakes represented three different stages of alteration (fresh, ten hours of experimentally-induced sedimentary erosion, and geological neocortex). Results from grayscale images indicate that, despite yielding different numeric ranges, the quantitative values of the images from both types of microscope reflect the same trends in surface change. The classification accuracy of the three stages of erosion did not vary between microscopes.

旧石器时代考古遗址出土的石器表面会发生一系列不同的沉积后变化，包括水流或风力引起的沉积侵蚀。燧石器物的表面可以通过纹理的变化反映出这些变化。显微分析和灰度图像可用于获取定量数据，帮助确定燧石石器表面的改变程度。然而，表面定量值直接取决于每台显微镜的图像捕捉系统。这就提出了一个问题：定量值是否真正捕捉到了表面的演变，是否取决于显微镜的类型及其图像捕捉系统，以及磨损程度的检测是否会因显微镜的类型而有所不同。本研究试图确定从两种不同显微镜的图像中提取的数据是否指向相同的沉积后改变导致的表面变化趋势。我们使用 Dino-Lite Edge 3.0 AM73915MZT 和 3D 光学轮廓仪 Sensofar S neox 090 拍摄了 25 个薄片样本的表面照片。这些薄片代表了三个不同的蚀变阶段（新鲜、实验诱发的十小时沉积侵蚀和地质新皮质）。灰度图像的结果表明，尽管产生的数值范围不同，但两种显微镜图像的定量值反映了相同的表面变化趋势。不同显微镜对三个侵蚀阶段的分类准确性没有差异。

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引用次数: 0

Archaeometallurgical characterization of Greco-Roman copper-based and iron nails from Tel Abu Seify, North Sinai, Egypt 埃及北西奈 Tel Abu Seify 出土的古希腊罗马时期铜钉和铁钉的考古冶金特征分析

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104815

Mohamed Abdelbar , Ahmed Roshdy Elsakhry

The current study focuses on the investigation of a collection of copper alloy and iron nails discovered amid numerous metal artifacts in the archaeological excavations of Tel Abu Seify, North Sinai, Egypt. This site, identified as a shipbuilding and repair facility, dates back to the Greco-Roman era (Circa 332BCE–A.D. 641). Different analytical methods were employed to ascertain the composition of the alloys, manufacturing techniques, and characteristics of the corrosion products in the nails. A range of techniques were utilized to achieve this goal, including optical and metallographic microscopy, X-ray radiography, portable X-ray fluorescence, SEM-EDS, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that 19 of the examined nails were composed of copper alloy, except for two nails made of iron. The analysis revealed that the tin bronze nails were predominantly composed of copper, with a minor presence of tin (4.3 wt%), lead (4.7 wt%), and traces of iron and arsenic. Additionally, the iron nails were made of low-carbon iron alloys. Microscopic examination indicated that the nails were manufactured via cold hammering. The patina observed on the copper nails encompassed cuprite, atacamite, clinoatacamite, antlerite, and cerussite, often interspersed with the soil residues. The rust surfaces of the iron nails comprised hematite, magnetite, goethite, akaganeite, and lepidocrocite. The iron nails and some copper nails exhibited partial or total mineralization, whereas most copper nails remained in good condition, generally retaining their metallic cores.

本研究的重点是调查在埃及西奈半岛北部 Tel Abu Seify 考古发掘中，在众多金属文物中发现的一批铜合金和铁钉。该遗址被认定为造船和维修设施，其历史可追溯到希腊罗马时代（约公元前 332 年-公元 641 年）。我们采用了不同的分析方法来确定合金的成分、制造技术以及钉子中腐蚀产物的特征。为实现这一目标，采用了一系列技术，包括光学显微镜和金相显微镜、X 射线射线照相术、便携式 X 射线荧光仪、扫描电子显微镜、微拉曼光谱仪和 X 射线衍射仪。结果表明，除两枚铁钉外，19 枚受检铁钉均由铜合金组成。分析表明，锡青铜钉主要由铜组成，少量含有锡（4.3 重量%）、铅（4.7 重量%）以及微量的铁和砷。此外，铁钉由低碳铁合金制成。显微镜检查表明，铁钉是通过冷锤打制而成的。在铜钉上观察到的铜锈包括铜绿石、金星石、金星石、鹿角石和铈石，通常与土壤残留物交织在一起。铁钉的锈面由赤铁矿、磁铁矿、鹅铁矿、赤铁矿和鳞片铁矿组成。铁钉和一些铜钉出现了部分或全部矿化现象，而大多数铜钉则保存完好，一般都保留了金属内核。

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引用次数: 0