Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports最新文献_第10页

Bridging space and theory: trends in Czech spatial archaeology in the 21st century 空间与理论的桥梁：21世纪捷克空间考古学的发展趋势

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105524

Peter Tkáč , Jan Kolář

This paper provides a systematic review of Czech spatial archaeology, focusing on its theoretical and methodological development since 2000. We address three main research questions: (1) Are certain regions or prehistoric periods over- or underrepresented in settlement pattern studies? (2) To what extent do Czech archaeologists use spatial approaches for interpreting past societies rather than merely describing archaeological evidence? (3) How has settlement pattern research in the Czech Republic evolved methodologically and theoretically? To answer these questions, we compiled a database of 67 relevant studies published mostly in the last 20 years, enabling quantitative analyses of spatial and temporal coverage, methodological trends, and theoretical influences. The dataset includes publications focusing on the territory of the Czech Republic from the Mesolithic to the Early Medieval period, comprising case studies examining spatial relations between archaeological sites and/or their relations with the surrounding environment. Using statistical analyses, GIS-based approaches, and network analysis, we identify key theoretical and methodological developments and persisting trends in the field. We examine how Czech spatial archaeologists conceptualize their research and how they are incorporated within the European and global archaeological trends. Our findings revealed not only regional differences in Czech spatial archaeology, but also differences in research traditions. Furthermore, certain periods and regions attracted more attention from archaeologists than others. We also managed to track the influence of Evžen Neustupný’s work from the 1980 s to the present day.

本文对捷克空间考古学进行了系统的回顾，重点关注其自2000年以来的理论和方法发展。我们解决了三个主要的研究问题：(1)在定居模式研究中，某些地区或史前时期的代表性是否过高或过低？(2)捷克考古学家在多大程度上使用空间方法来解释过去的社会，而不仅仅是描述考古证据？(3)捷克共和国的聚落格局研究在方法论和理论上是如何演变的？为了回答这些问题，我们编制了一个数据库，其中包括过去20年发表的67项相关研究，从而可以对时空覆盖、方法趋势和理论影响进行定量分析。该数据集包括集中于中石器时代至中世纪早期捷克共和国领土的出版物，包括研究考古遗址之间空间关系和/或其与周围环境关系的案例研究。使用统计分析、基于gis的方法和网络分析，我们确定了该领域的关键理论和方法发展以及持续趋势。我们研究捷克空间考古学家如何概念化他们的研究，以及他们如何纳入欧洲和全球考古趋势。我们的发现不仅揭示了捷克空间考古的地区差异，也揭示了研究传统的差异。此外，某些时期和地区比其他时期和地区更吸引考古学家的关注。我们还设法追踪了Evžen Neustupný的工作从1980年代到现在的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Chemical composition of glass rings and bracelets from the Santana Convent (Lisboa) and the Santa Maria do Castelo Church (Torres Novas). A short contribution to 16th – 1st half of 17th century glassmaking in Portugal 桑塔纳修道院（里斯本）和圣玛丽亚城堡教堂（托雷斯新）的玻璃戒指和手镯的化学成分。对葡萄牙17世纪16 -上半叶玻璃制作的简短贡献

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105521

Dana Rohanová , Rosa Varela Gomes , Mário Varela Gomes , Sylwia Siemianowska

The archaeological excavations of the areas where the Santana Convent (Lisbon, 16th–19th c.) and the Church of Santa Maria do Castelo (Torres Novas, 14th–20th c.) once stood, brought to new light of their structures, as well as thousands of different types of artefacts. Amongst them, numerous glasses find, included ring and bracelet fragments were found. The aim of this article is the technological and technical study of characteristics of a selected glass rings and bracelets in the context of other finds of this type from Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula. The presented results of chemical composition analyses will undoubtedly contribute to a better understanding of Portuguese glassmaking in the 16th and 17th centuries.

对桑塔纳修道院（里斯本，公元16 - 19世纪）和圣玛丽亚城堡教堂（托里斯诺瓦斯，公元14 - 20世纪）所在地的考古发掘，使人们对它们的结构以及数千种不同类型的人工制品有了新的认识。在其中，发现了许多玻璃杯，包括戒指和手镯的碎片。本文的目的是在葡萄牙和伊比利亚半岛的其他此类发现的背景下，对选定的玻璃戒指和手镯的特征进行技术和技术研究。毫无疑问，化学成分分析的结果将有助于更好地了解16世纪和17世纪的葡萄牙玻璃制造。

引用次数: 0

To be or not to be an engraving: testing photogrammetry and DEM for identifying or disproving fine prehistoric engravings 是或不是一个雕刻：测试摄影测量和DEM识别或反驳精细史前雕刻

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105530

Alfredo Sánchez-Hernández , Dídac Roman , Inés Domingo

Final Palaeolithic art is often defined by extremely fine engravings, barely visible to the naked eye, posing persistent challenges for accurate identification and interpretation. These challenges are especially critical for assemblages like that of Cova Matutano (Vilafamés, Castelló), a key archaeological site in the Iberian Mediterranean region long used as a reference for the relative dating of Final Palaeolithic rock art lacking direct chronological markers. The reliability of such frameworks depends not only on stratigraphic integrity but also on the accuracy and objectivity of documentation.

This study applies a refined high-precision recording protocol—integrating close-range photogrammetry and GIS-based analysis of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)—to three representative pieces from the Matutano collection. This workflow enables submillimetric detection and quantification of very fine engravings, revealing detailed morphological features, variations in groove depth, width, and cross-sectional profiles, as well as intentional artistic choices and technical adaptation to material constraints.

Our analysis shows that several motifs previously described in the literature—including an anthropomorphic figure—were either misidentified or result from natural surface features rather than deliberate engravings with creative or representational intent. These findings lead to a revision of the site’s iconographic record, bringing it more closely in line with the broader Final Palaeolithic artistic canon.

Beyond the reinterpretation of Cova Matutano, this study highlights the value of microtopographic analysis for improving the reliability of stylistic comparisons used in relative dating. The proposed method offers a replicable framework for reassessing other engraved assemblages and contributes to more accurate interpretations of prehistoric artistic and technological behaviour.

最终的旧石器时代艺术通常被定义为极其精细的雕刻，肉眼几乎看不见，对准确的识别和解释提出了持续的挑战。这些挑战对于像Cova Matutano （vilafamsamacs, Castelló）这样的组合尤其重要，这是伊比利亚地中海地区的一个重要考古遗址，长期以来被用作最终旧石器时代岩石艺术相对年代的参考，缺乏直接的年代标记。这种框架的可靠性不仅取决于地层的完整性，而且取决于文献的准确性和客观性。本研究采用了一种精细的高精度记录协议，将近景摄影测量和基于gis的数字高程模型（dem）分析集成到Matutano收集的三个代表性作品中。该工作流程可以对非常精细的雕刻进行亚毫米级的检测和量化，揭示详细的形态特征，凹槽深度，宽度和横截面的变化，以及有意的艺术选择和对材料限制的技术适应。我们的分析表明，先前文献中描述的几个主题-包括拟人化的人物-要么是错误识别的，要么是自然表面特征的结果，而不是具有创造性或代表性意图的故意雕刻。这些发现导致了对该遗址图像记录的修订，使其更接近于更广泛的最终旧石器时代艺术经典。除了对Cova Matutano的重新解释之外，本研究还强调了显微地形分析在提高相对测年中使用的风格比较可靠性方面的价值。所提出的方法为重新评估其他雕刻组合提供了一个可复制的框架，并有助于更准确地解释史前艺术和技术行为。

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引用次数: 0

An insight into Late Glacial fire-making toolkits: Two chert strike-a-lights at Le Colombier II rock shelter (Ardèche, France) 冰期晚期生火工具的洞察：Le Colombier II岩石掩蔽处的两个燧石点燃的灯（法国ard<s:1> che）

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105528

Eugénie Gauvrit Roux , Pierre-Antoine Beauvais , Mikaël Guiavarc’h , Alain Moréac , Simon Puaud

While evidence of the daily use of fire during the Paleolithic is abundantly represented by hearth features, charcoals, or burnt faunal and lithic remains, west European fire-making tools are widely unknown. Specific traditions, however, yield quite often chert strike-a-light tools, and allow a glimpse into a very long technical history: these include the Mousterian of Acheulian Tradition in southwestern France and the Late Glacial in northern Europe. This study presents two specimens of chert strike-a-lights with use-wear and residues from Le Colombier II rock shelter (Ardèche, southern France) dated to the Upper Magdalenian period. This multi-proxy analysis combined traceological, petro-archaeological, and chemicophysical analysis (Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDS). Results show that the residues correspond to a sulphuric iron such as pyrite (FeS₂) altered to hematite (Fe₂O₃), with partial loss of the sulphur component due to alteration processes like pseudomorphosis or perimorphosis. The causes of residue alteration can include water circulation, pH, and biological activity. While the Late Glacial archaeological record suggested that southern France was nearly devoid of chert strike-a-lights, the specimens from Le Colombier II prove otherwise. Extended comparisons allow us to question the scarcity of Paleolithic strike-a-lights in Europe and the reality of a pyrotechnical shift during the Late Glacial period. This study contributes to reconstructing the long and non-linear history of fire-making toolkits, which are essential in cold environments but for which evidence is so rare for the Ice Ages.

虽然旧石器时代日常使用火的证据大量体现在壁炉特征、木炭或燃烧过的动物和石器遗迹上，但西欧的造火工具却鲜为人知。然而，特定的传统往往产生燧石轻击工具，并允许一瞥很长的技术历史：这些包括法国西南部的阿舍利传统的穆斯特和北欧的晚冰期。本研究展示了来自Le Colombier II岩石避难所（法国南部ard che）的两个带有使用磨损和残留物的燧石打灯标本，其年代可追溯到上马格达莱期。这种多代理分析结合了痕迹学、岩石考古学和化学物理分析（拉曼光谱和SEM-EDS）。结果表明，这些残留物对应于硫铁矿（FeS2）等硫铁转化为赤铁矿（Fe2O3），其中部分硫组分由于假形态或准形态等蚀变过程而损失。残留改变的原因包括水循环、pH值和生物活性。晚期冰期的考古记录表明，法国南部几乎没有燧石亮灯，但来自Le Colombier II的标本却证明并非如此。进一步的比较使我们能够质疑旧石器时代欧洲灯火的稀缺性，以及晚冰川期烟火转变的真实性。这项研究有助于重建生火工具的漫长而非线性的历史，这些工具在寒冷的环境中是必不可少的，但在冰河时代却很少有证据。

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引用次数: 0

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105513

T. Jake R. Ciborowski , David J. Nash

Geochemical analysis has long been a key tool in studies attempting to determine the source provenance of lithic artefacts. Cogenetic linkages between outcrop sources and artefacts have been variously argued through visual, statistical and arithmetic interrogations of geochemical data. However, such approaches can overlook the petrological significance of particular elements and suggest artefact-outcrop ‘matches’ that may not pass geological scrutiny. Recent investigations of the same geochemical dataset for the sarsens of Stonehenge, for example, have yielded very different, and irreconcilable, interpretations regarding their provenance. This disagreement has provided the opportunity to develop and test a new arithmetic method for determining the geochemical similarity between lithic artefacts and potential source outcrops. The method, involving the simultaneous evaluation of multiple trace element/Zr (Ei/Zr) ratios, is mathematically simple, petrologically grounded and offers a standardised way to target subsequent outcrop sampling. We first test the method on the Stonehenge sarsen dataset and reaffirm previously suggested provenance linkages. Further tests on datasets from provenancing studies involving basalt, andesite, dolerite and obsidian artefacts demonstrate its utility across a range of lithologies and on datasets obtained using higher and lower precision analytical methods. In most cases our test results confirm the source interpretations of the original investigations, but in others provide petrologically grounded avenues for further investigation not previously considered. Throughout the paper, we caution that the trace elements included in any arithmetic comparison need to be considered carefully in terms of their petrogenetic behaviour.

长期以来，地球化学分析一直是试图确定岩屑人工制品来源的关键工具。通过对地球化学数据的视觉、统计和算术分析，人们对露头源和人工制品之间的同生联系提出了不同的看法。然而，这种方法可能会忽略特定元素的岩石学意义，并提出可能无法通过地质审查的人工制品-露头“匹配”。例如，最近对同一地球化学数据集对巨石阵的砂岩进行的调查，对其来源产生了非常不同的、不可调和的解释。这种分歧为开发和测试一种新的算法提供了机会，该算法用于确定岩屑人工制品与潜在烃源露头之间的地球化学相似性。该方法涉及同时评估多种微量元素/Zr （Ei/Zr）比率，数学上简单，岩石学上可靠，并为后续露头采样提供了标准化方法。我们首先在巨石阵的sarsen数据集上测试了这种方法，并重申了之前提出的来源联系。对玄武岩、安山岩、白云岩和黑曜岩文物的物源研究数据集进行的进一步测试表明，该方法适用于一系列岩性以及使用高精度和低精度分析方法获得的数据集。在大多数情况下，我们的测试结果证实了原始调查的来源解释，但在其他情况下，我们为进一步调查提供了以前没有考虑过的岩石学基础途径。在整篇论文中，我们警告说，任何算术比较中包含的微量元素都需要仔细考虑它们的成岩行为。

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引用次数: 0

Reassessing early medieval strongholds with minimal invasive methods: The case of Pelplin (site 22), northern Poland 用微创方法重新评估早期中世纪要塞：波兰北部Pelplin（22号遗址）的案例

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105531

Sławomir Wadyl , Weronika Bałdyga , Aldona Mueller-Bieniek , Kamilla Waszczuk , Piotr Wroniecki , Miron Bogacki

This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary investigation of the early medieval site of Pelplin (Maciejewo), Site 22, in Eastern Pomerania, northern Poland. Previously classified as a 6th–7th century Slavic stronghold based on typological artefact analysis, the site lacked stratigraphic confirmation and visible fortification remains. To reassess its chronology, structure, and function, an integrated program of geophysical prospection (magnetometry, electrical resistivity, GPR), surface survey, manual coring, targeted excavation, and environmental sampling was applied. Radiocarbon dating of charred plant remains and animal bone collagen established a secure 8th-century occupation horizon. Excavations confirmed the presence of fortification elements, including a stratified ditch fill and rampart-adjacent occupation layers, despite extensive surface erosion. Archaeobotanical and faunal analyses revealed a subsistence economy based on pastoralism, supplemented by foraging and limited cultivation. The findings necessitate a revision of the site’s chronology and contribute to broader discussions on the emergence of fortified settlements in the southern Baltic region. This study demonstrates the efficacy of minimally invasive methods for verifying early medieval sites with poor surface preservation, offering a methodological model for re-examining similar contexts across Central Europe.

本文介绍了对波兰北部东波美拉尼亚22号遗址Pelplin （Maciejewo）中世纪早期遗址的多学科调查结果。以前，根据人工制品的类型分析，该遗址被归类为6 - 7世纪的斯拉夫要塞，缺乏地层确认和可见的防御工事遗迹。为了重新评估其年代、结构和功能，采用了地球物理勘探（磁测、电阻率、探地雷达）、地表测量、人工取心、定向开挖和环境采样等综合方案。对烧焦的植物遗骸和动物骨胶原进行放射性碳定年，确定了8世纪的占领范围。挖掘证实了防御工事的存在，包括分层的沟渠填充物和毗邻城墙的占领层，尽管表面受到了广泛的侵蚀。考古植物学和动物学分析显示，当时的经济以畜牧业为基础，以觅食和有限的耕种为辅。这些发现有必要对该遗址的年代进行修订，并有助于更广泛地讨论波罗的海南部地区出现的强化定居点。这项研究证明了微创方法在验证表面保存较差的早期中世纪遗址方面的有效性，为重新检查中欧的类似背景提供了一种方法模型。

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引用次数: 0

Bones, bites, and burials: investigating a skeleton from eneolithic necropolis for evidence of probable lion attack in Bulgaria 骨头，咬伤和埋葬：调查保加利亚新石器时代墓地的一具骨骼，寻找可能的狮子袭击证据

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105526

Nadezhda Karastoyanova , Victoria Russeva , Petya Georgieva , Veselin Danov

An individual with unique cranial lesions was discovered during excavations of a Late Eneolithic necropolis near the Kozareva mound (Eastern Bulgaria). Our study aims to reconstruct and substantiate the probable scenario of a lion attack, examining how such an encounter might have occurred based on the trauma evident on the skull and postcranial bones. Comparisons of cranial bone lesions with those caused by large predators suggest this as a plausible cause. Notably, the cranial lesions show signs of healing, indicating that the individual survived the incident, which suggests a degree of community care. This aligns with the concept of bioarchaeology of care, implying that members of this Late Eneolithic society provided support to injured individuals, reflecting a developed social structure and shared responsibilities.

在对靠近Kozareva土堆（保加利亚东部）的新石器时代晚期墓地进行挖掘时，发现了一个具有独特颅损的个体。我们的研究旨在重建和证实狮子袭击的可能场景，根据头骨和颅骨上明显的创伤，研究这种遭遇是如何发生的。颅骨损伤与大型食肉动物造成的损伤的比较表明，这是一个合理的原因。值得注意的是，颅骨损伤显示出愈合的迹象，表明这个人在事故中幸存下来，这表明一定程度的社区护理。这与生物考古学的护理概念一致，这意味着这个晚新石器时代社会的成员为受伤的个人提供了支持，反映了发达的社会结构和共同的责任。

引用次数: 0

Osseous artefacts reveal new aspects of the Final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic human behaviour in the southeastern Baltic 在波罗的海东南部，有骨的人工制品揭示了旧石器时代末期和中石器时代人类行为的新方面

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105529

Tomas Rimkus

Osseous artefacts are found in abundance in the southeastern Baltic, either as stray finds or in hunter-gatherer wetland sites. A large number of them have been included in published research, providing data on various aspects of the Stone Age societies. This paper aims to present results of the analysis of the selected bone and antler artefacts from the territory of Lithuania, which have been used to discuss Stone Age osseous industry in past works. Their chronology and animal species identification have been re-examined by the AMS ¹⁴C dating and ZooMS. Some of the artefacts are engraved, thus decorative elements are represented and discussed in relation to the dating and species identification results. The studied artefacts date back to the Final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic, and bones and antler of large terrestrial mammals were used for their manufacture. From this research, it can be assumed that the types of osseous implements in the Final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic were much more varied in terms of types, design and engraving than previously though. Finally, one of the achieved results provides insights regarding changes in human behaviour with regard to raw material selection during the Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene transition.

在波罗的海东南部发现了大量的骨骼人工制品，这些人工制品要么是偶然发现的，要么是在狩猎采集的湿地遗址中发现的。其中许多已被纳入已发表的研究，为石器时代社会的各个方面提供了数据。本文旨在介绍对立陶宛境内选定的骨头和鹿角人工制品的分析结果，这些人工制品在过去的作品中被用来讨论石器时代的骨骼工业。它们的年代和动物物种鉴定已被AMS 14C测年和zoom重新检查。一些人工制品是雕刻的，因此装饰元素被表示和讨论与年代和物种鉴定结果的关系。所研究的人工制品可以追溯到最后的旧石器时代和中石器时代，大型陆生哺乳动物的骨头和鹿角被用于制造它们。根据这项研究，我们可以假设，在旧石器时代末期和中石器时代，骨器的类型在类型、设计和雕刻方面比以前想象的要多样化得多。最后，其中一项成果提供了关于晚更新世-全新世早期过渡期间人类在原材料选择方面的行为变化的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Segregated food culture? Bronze Age (1250–500 cal BCE) dietary practices in northern Estonia 隔离的饮食文化？青铜时代（公元前1250-500年）爱沙尼亚北部的饮食习惯

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105514

Mari Tõrv , Shidong Chen , Agnes Unt , Kristiina Johanson , Eve Rannamäe , Liivi Varul , Sandra Sammler , Holar Sepp , Valter Lang , Andres Tvauri , Siim Salmar , John Meadows , Ester Oras

The Bronze Age (2000/1750–500 BCE) in the Eastern Baltic has been considered a period for increased social stratification. While previous research has focused on material culture and settlement patterns to explore socio-cultural hierarchies, this study is the first to test the social stratification hypothesis through multi-proxy dietary analysis. We reconstructed the diet of three previously archaeologically and chronologically defined social groups: Middle Bronze Age single farm populations (Group 1), Late Bronze Age single farm populations (Group 2), and Late Bronze Age fortified settlement inhabitants (Group 3). The first two are represented by stone-cist graves, and the third by a fortified settlement site. Our methodology combines bulk stable isotope analysis of human and animal bone/dentine collagen, organic residue analysis of pottery, and microfossil analysis of food crusts and dental calculus. Results show a generally homogenous diet across all groups, dominated by C3 plants, with terrestrial animal products contributing approximately one-third of caloric intake. A temporal shift around 800 cal BCE is evident among single farm communities, with group 2 showing increased consumption of terrestrial and aquatic animal resources. These findings support the broader interpretation of a transition toward agriculture during the Bronze Age in the Eastern Baltic but challenge the assumption of clear social segregation based on foodways. As a wider contribution, this is the first study in Eastern Europe to quantify Bronze Age food consumption, offering new insights into the proportions of cultivated crops, terrestrial animals, and aquatic resources, and their role in shaping social identities.

东波罗的海的青铜时代（公元前2000年至公元前1750年至公元前500年）被认为是社会分层增加的时期。虽然以往的研究主要集中在物质文化和定居模式上，以探索社会文化等级，但本研究首次通过多代理饮食分析来检验社会分层假说。我们重建了三个先前考古学和年代定义的社会群体的饮食：青铜时代中期单一农场人口（第1组），青铜时代晚期单一农场人口（第2组）和青铜时代晚期强化定居点居民（第3组）。前两个以石池坟墓为代表，第三个是一个设防的定居点。我们的方法结合了人类和动物骨骼/牙本质胶原蛋白的大量稳定同位素分析，陶器的有机残留物分析以及食物外壳和牙石的微化石分析。结果显示，所有群体的饮食基本相同，以C3植物为主，陆生动物产品贡献了大约三分之一的热量摄入。在公元前800 cal左右的单一农场社区中，时间变化很明显，第2组显示陆地和水生动物资源的消耗增加。这些发现支持了青铜时代波罗的海东部向农业过渡的更广泛的解释，但挑战了基于食物方式的明确社会隔离的假设。作为一个更广泛的贡献，这是东欧第一个量化青铜器时代食物消费的研究，为栽培作物、陆生动物和水生资源的比例及其在塑造社会身份方面的作用提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Counting rather than weighing: metrological analysis and machine learning reveal the monetary potential of pre-contact Ecuadorian axe-monies 计数而不是称重：计量分析和机器学习揭示了接触前厄瓜多尔货币的货币潜力

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105525

Carlos E. Montalvo-Puente , Giancarlo Lago , Lorenzo Cardarelli , Angelo R. Constantine-Castro , Juan Carlos Pérez-Molina

This article investigates the potential monetary function of axe-monies from pre-contact Ecuador (500–1532 CE), a widely diffused and morphologically consistent copper-alloy artifact. Drawing on a dataset of 3,588 specimens, we employ a multidisciplinary approach combining metrological analysis, computer vision, and machine learning techniques to evaluate the presence of weight-based or dimensional standardization and morphological regularities. Our findings challenge the hypothesis that these objects were regulated by weight, as no metrological clusters emerge from the data. Instead, we identify two distinct dimensional classes and a high degree of typological consistency, suggesting intentional standardization based on form rather than mass, with triangular axes being the smallest and lightest, and those with a broad cutting edge and quadrangular heel the largest and heaviest.These results support the interpretation of Ecuadorian axe-monies as fiduciary currency, counted rather than weighed, and contribute to broader discussions on the emergence of money, measurement systems, and economic behaviour in pre-modern societies.

本文研究了来自接触前厄瓜多尔（公元500-1532年）的斧币的潜在货币功能，这是一种广泛传播且形态一致的铜合金制品。利用3,588个标本的数据集，我们采用多学科方法结合计量分析，计算机视觉和机器学习技术来评估基于重量或尺寸的标准化和形态规律性的存在。我们的发现挑战了这些物体受重量调节的假设，因为没有计量集群从数据中出现。相反，我们确定了两个不同的维度类别和高度的类型一致性，建议基于形式而不是质量进行有意的标准化，三角形轴是最小和最轻的，而具有宽切割边缘和四边形后跟的轴是最大和最重的。这些结果支持了厄瓜多尔货币作为法定货币的解释，计算而不是称重，并有助于更广泛地讨论货币的出现、测量系统和前现代社会的经济行为。

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引用次数: 0