Mineralogical and thermal analysis have examined Neolithic ceramic sherds from Ghaf Khāneh, a site dated ca. 5200–5000 BCE, i.e., the early phase of Cheshmeh Ali culture in northeast Iran. This research includes fifteen sherd fragments recovered from archaeological excavation at this site. The ceramic assemblage of the site is overwhelmed by the Red Ware, comprising almost 95 percent of the whole, while the Gray Ware and Buff Ware constitute minor ceramic groups. This study aims to identify each ceramic group’s mineralogical and chemical characteristics and evaluate the mineralogical behavior (phase decomposition) during the firing process, kiln atmosphere, the firing temperature, and factors that may affect the mineral behavior. Buff and Red Ware display diopside and hematite phases within their fabrics, which indicate the role of these phases in coloring. The studied samples contained muscovite, calcite, and microcline phases; these phases have been considered thermobarometers. According to petrographical studies, XRD analysis, and TG-DTA curves, Red Ware and Buff Ware can be classified into two groups: those fired above 850 °C and those fired below 750 °C, while Gray Ware was fired below 750 °C. Certain phases in the studied samples may provide insight into ancient potters’ knowledge and familiarity with various clayey resources.
{"title":"Mineralogical and thermal analysis of the Neolithic ceramic from Ghaf Khāneh, a late Sixth millennium BCE site in Northeast Iran","authors":"Mahdi Alirezazadeh , Kourosh Roustaei , Mohammadamin Emami","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mineralogical and thermal analysis have examined Neolithic ceramic sherds from Ghaf Khāneh, a site dated ca. 5200–5000 BCE, i.e., the early phase of Cheshmeh Ali culture in northeast Iran. This research includes fifteen sherd fragments recovered from archaeological excavation at this site. The ceramic assemblage of the site is overwhelmed by the Red Ware, comprising almost 95 percent of the whole, while the Gray Ware and Buff Ware constitute minor ceramic groups. This study aims to identify each ceramic group’s mineralogical and chemical characteristics and evaluate the mineralogical behavior (phase decomposition) during the firing process, kiln atmosphere, the firing temperature, and factors that may affect the mineral behavior. Buff and Red Ware display diopside and hematite phases within their fabrics, which indicate the role of these phases in coloring. The studied samples contained muscovite, calcite, and microcline phases; these phases have been considered thermobarometers. According to petrographical studies, XRD analysis, and TG-DTA curves, Red Ware and Buff Ware can be classified into two groups: those fired above 850 °C and those fired below 750 °C, while Gray Ware was fired below 750 °C. Certain phases in the studied samples may provide insight into ancient potters’ knowledge and familiarity with various clayey resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104827"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104849
Katarzyna Cywa , Maciej Karczewski , Agnieszka Wacnik
More than 15,000 records were collected and analysed for all taxonomic determinations of tree and shrub remnants published to date, associated with the activities of the Western Balts, who inhabited the Masurian Lake District and the Lithuanian Lake District (NE Poland) during the Roman Iron Age (1st to late 4th century CE), the Migration Period (late 4th to mid/late 6th century CE) and the Early Middle Ages (10th to late 12th/early 13th century CE). The analysis included anthracological data from 20 archaeological sites, representing the settlements of the Bogaczewo culture, the Sudovian culture, the Olsztyn group and the early medieval Yotvingia.
The aim of the study was to capture and characterise the differences in the use of wood by neighbouring cultures within the Western Baltic cultural circle, who had a similar raw material base, both regionally and chronologically.
The analysis revealed significant differences in the use of available wood types between the Bogaczewo culture and the Sudovian culture. The former relied on deciduous trees, primarily birch, oak and alder, both in everyday life and during funerary rituals. In contrast, the Sudovian culture predominantly utilised softwoods such as pine, spruce and yew. For funeral pyres, these communities exhibited a marked preference for a specific type of wood: birch for the Bogaczewo culture and pine for the Sudovian culture. This preference was likely related to the symbolic significance of these trees in the mythology and folklore of the Baltic peoples, as well as their distinctive appearances and growth habits. The absence of oak wood for cremation, despite its central importance in the religious practices of the ancient Prussians, may have been due to prohibitions rooted in spiritual sphere.
{"title":"Anthracological data as evidence of cultural distinctions in wood usage by communities from the Western Baltic cultural circle in Poland","authors":"Katarzyna Cywa , Maciej Karczewski , Agnieszka Wacnik","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>More than 15,000 records were collected and analysed for all taxonomic determinations of tree and shrub remnants published to date, associated with the activities of the Western Balts, who inhabited the Masurian Lake District and the Lithuanian Lake District (NE Poland) during the Roman Iron Age (1st to late 4th century CE), the Migration Period (late 4th to mid/late 6th century CE) and the Early Middle Ages (10th to late 12th/early 13th century CE). The analysis included anthracological data from 20 archaeological sites, representing the settlements of the Bogaczewo culture, the Sudovian culture, the Olsztyn group and the early medieval Yotvingia.</div><div>The aim of the study was to capture and characterise the differences in the use of wood by neighbouring cultures within the Western Baltic cultural circle, who had a similar raw material base, both regionally and chronologically.</div><div>The analysis revealed significant differences in the use of available wood types between the Bogaczewo culture and the Sudovian culture. The former relied on deciduous trees, primarily birch, oak and alder, both in everyday life and during funerary rituals. In contrast, the Sudovian culture predominantly utilised softwoods such as pine, spruce and yew. For funeral pyres, these communities exhibited a marked preference for a specific type of wood: birch for the Bogaczewo culture and pine for the Sudovian culture. This preference was likely related to the symbolic significance of these trees in the mythology and folklore of the Baltic peoples, as well as their distinctive appearances and growth habits. The absence of oak wood for cremation, despite its central importance in the religious practices of the ancient Prussians, may have been due to prohibitions rooted in spiritual sphere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104849"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104848
Kameray Özdemir , Benjamin Irvine , Turhan Doğan , Ali Metin Büyükkarakaya , Yasin Gökhan Çakan , Furkan Kulak , Erhan Bıçakçı
Tepecik-Çiftlik, a Neolithic settlement located in the Cappadocia region of Central Anatolia, within the boundaries of Niğde province in modern Türkiye is crucial for helping us to better understand social behaviour and human mobility in the Neolithic, as well as relations between different groups. To investigate dietary habits, subsistence practices, and intra-societal variations stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analysis has been conducted on the Neolithic human and faunal population. Further to this, 21 sub-adults were also sampled for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analysis to examine sub-adult diet, complementary feeding, and the cessation of breastfeeding as part of the weaning process. This isotopic investigation into the weaning process is complemented by a previously conducted study using Sr/Ca ratios from bone apatite of the same population. The δ13C values of the sampled sub-adults range from −19.8 ‰ to −19.0 ‰ and the δ15N values range from 8.0 ‰ to 15.2 ‰. The isotopic data suggest a very early onset of complementary feeding (ca. 0.2 years of age) and a brief breastfeeding period, relative to other prehistoric populations. The cessation of breastfeeding and this very brief weaning process was likely completed by ca. 1–1.5 years old. This early commencement of complementary feeding was most probably a deliberate social and cultural choice, supported by the presence of bowls and feeding spoons in the graves of very young babies and infants. However, this cultural choice may also have affected the mortality profile of the Neolithic population.
{"title":"A biogeochemical approach to examining sub-adult diet and the weaning process at Neolithic Tepecik-Çiftlik, Türkiye","authors":"Kameray Özdemir , Benjamin Irvine , Turhan Doğan , Ali Metin Büyükkarakaya , Yasin Gökhan Çakan , Furkan Kulak , Erhan Bıçakçı","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tepecik-Çiftlik, a Neolithic settlement located in the Cappadocia region of Central Anatolia, within the boundaries of Niğde province in modern Türkiye is crucial for helping us to better understand social behaviour and human mobility in the Neolithic, as well as relations between different groups. To investigate dietary habits, subsistence practices, and intra-societal variations stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analysis has been conducted on the Neolithic human and faunal population. Further to this, 21 sub-adults were also sampled for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analysis to examine sub-adult diet, complementary feeding, and the cessation of breastfeeding as part of the weaning process. This isotopic investigation into the weaning process is complemented by a previously conducted study using Sr/Ca ratios from bone apatite of the same population. The <em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C values of the sampled sub-adults range from −19.8 ‰ to −19.0 ‰ and the <em>δ</em><sup>15</sup>N values range from 8.0 ‰ to 15.2 ‰. The isotopic data suggest a very early onset of complementary feeding (ca. 0.2 years of age) and a brief breastfeeding period, relative to other prehistoric populations. The cessation of breastfeeding and this very brief weaning process was likely completed by ca. 1–1.5 years old. This early commencement of complementary feeding was most probably a deliberate social and cultural choice, supported by the presence of bowls and feeding spoons in the graves of very young babies and infants. However, this cultural choice may also have affected the mortality profile of the Neolithic population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104848"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104821
Antonio Carlos de Siqueira Neto , Jorge Luís Porsani , Rodrigo Corrêa Rangel , Luiz Antonio Pereira de Souza , Alexandre Guida Navarro , Leonardo Gonçalves de Lima , Marcelo Cesar Stangari
Archaeological evidence of pre-colonial indigenous villages are scarce in the Amazon region. Normally, wood decomposes quickly in the ground. However, in the case of stilt houses, the archaeological materials can be well preserved underwater or buried in sediments below waterbodies. The main objective of this work is to advance the understanding about the archaeological stilt village at the Formoso Lake in the Maranhão wetland, eastern Brazilian Amazon. We applied Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Side Scan Sonar (SSS) for this underwater archaeological investigation. The GPR results allowed us to map the lakebed and detect diffraction hyperbolas in the water column, which can be related to wood stilts. The SSS results also helped image the lakebed and identify stilts with a higher spatial coverage compared to GPR. The combination of these two non-invasive geophysical methods allowed us to detect stilts beyond the area found in previous studies. These findings can guide the search and collection of new archaeological materials and, therefore, contribute to preserving this unique cultural heritage.
{"title":"Geophysical surveys at Formoso underwater archaeological stilt village in the eastern Amazon region, Brazil","authors":"Antonio Carlos de Siqueira Neto , Jorge Luís Porsani , Rodrigo Corrêa Rangel , Luiz Antonio Pereira de Souza , Alexandre Guida Navarro , Leonardo Gonçalves de Lima , Marcelo Cesar Stangari","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Archaeological evidence of pre-colonial indigenous villages are scarce in the Amazon region. Normally, wood decomposes quickly in the ground. However, in the case of stilt houses, the archaeological materials can be well preserved underwater or buried in sediments below waterbodies. The main objective of this work is to advance the understanding about the archaeological stilt village at the Formoso Lake in the Maranhão wetland, eastern Brazilian Amazon. We applied Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Side Scan Sonar (SSS) for this underwater archaeological investigation. The GPR results allowed us to map the lakebed and detect diffraction hyperbolas in the water column, which can be related to wood stilts. The SSS results also helped image the lakebed and identify stilts with a higher spatial coverage compared to GPR. The combination of these two non-invasive geophysical methods allowed us to detect stilts beyond the area found in previous studies. These findings can guide the search and collection of new archaeological materials and, therefore, contribute to preserving this unique cultural heritage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104821"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104801
Francesco Cantini , Oriol Sans Planell , Anders Kaestner , Manuel Morgano , Filomena Salvemini , Marta Porcaro , Antonio Brunetti , Anna Depalmas , Lorenzo Giuntini , Francesco Grazzi
The Nuragic civilization (Sardinia, Italy, XVIII–VIII Cen. B.C) developed a flourishing bronze metallurgy. The production of Nuragic bronze figurines from Sardinia represents a rich historical archive that provides key information about the iconography, the metal production and casting techniques, and on the development of metallurgy in the Mediterranean basin. Since the question about their manufacturing method remains without definitive answer, the understanding of the Sardinian bronze metallurgy is essential to determine which manufacturing techniques were employed to produce complex bronze artefacts. In the frame of a wider research project relating to Nuragic bronzes, four artefacts, three anthropomorphic statuettes (a warrior, a priestess, and an offering figure), and one miniature of a basket, were made available by Museo Nazionale Preistorico “L. Pigorini” (Roma, IT). In this work we present the results of the analyses conducted on a bronze figurine depicting an iconic type of Nuragic figure: the Priestess. The analysis was performed using White Beam Neutron Tomography (NT) and Bragg Edge Neutron Transmission (BENT) at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) (Villigen, CH). Neutron techniques are nowadays the only available approach for revealing, non-destructively and with good spatial resolution, the morphological and microstructural properties within the whole volume of solid cast metallic artefacts such as this bronze statuette. This work presents the result of a non-invasive analytical investigation on an archaeological bronze artefact, providing outstanding results: from a quantitative analysis of the composition to an in-depth morphological and microstructural analysis capable of unveiling details on the ancient casting methods of the statuette.
{"title":"Non-invasive characterization of the manufacturing process of a Nuragic bronze statuette: a Neutron Imaging study","authors":"Francesco Cantini , Oriol Sans Planell , Anders Kaestner , Manuel Morgano , Filomena Salvemini , Marta Porcaro , Antonio Brunetti , Anna Depalmas , Lorenzo Giuntini , Francesco Grazzi","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>Nuragic</em> civilization (Sardinia, Italy, XVIII–VIII Cen. B.C) developed a flourishing bronze metallurgy. The production of <em>Nuragic</em> bronze figurines from Sardinia represents a rich historical archive that provides key information about the iconography, the metal production and casting techniques, and on the development of metallurgy in the Mediterranean basin. Since the question about their manufacturing method remains without definitive answer, the understanding of the Sardinian bronze metallurgy is essential to determine which manufacturing techniques were employed to produce complex bronze artefacts. In the frame of a wider research project relating to <em>Nuragic</em> bronzes, four artefacts, three anthropomorphic statuettes (a warrior, a priestess, and an offering figure), and one miniature of a basket, were made available by Museo Nazionale Preistorico “L. Pigorini” (Roma, IT). In this work we present the results of the analyses conducted on a bronze figurine depicting an iconic type of <em>Nuragic</em> figure: the Priestess. The analysis was performed using White Beam Neutron Tomography (NT) and Bragg Edge Neutron Transmission (BENT) at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) (Villigen, CH). Neutron techniques are nowadays the only available approach for revealing, non-destructively and with good spatial resolution, the morphological and microstructural properties within the whole volume of solid cast metallic artefacts such as this bronze statuette. This work presents the result of a non-invasive analytical investigation on an archaeological bronze artefact, providing outstanding results: from a quantitative analysis of the composition to an in-depth morphological and microstructural analysis capable of unveiling details on the ancient casting methods of the statuette.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104801"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104800
I Made Agus Julianto , Sekar Mentari , Sekar Rizqy Amalia Ramadhani , Dian Sulistyowati , Thomas Sutikna , Matthew W. Tocheri
In addition to preserving a rich archaeological record spanning from ∼190 thousand years ago (ka) until the terminal Pleistocene, Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) also preserves a rich and relatively complete Holocene stratigraphic sequence with dense accumulations of faunal remains, stone artifacts, and pottery. In this study, abundances of pottery sherds and mollusk taxa were examined across nine stratigraphic units to explore temporal variation during the past ∼5000 years. This temporal period is important because it is during this time that archaeological evidence of agriculture and sedentism initially appears on Flores. The first aim of this study was to more precisely determine when pottery was first introduced to the site as previous research has suggested that this occurred either ∼4 ka or ∼3 ka. The second aim of this study was to document the mollusk assemblage at Liang Bua in terms of its temporal range and taxonomic composition. Particular emphasis was placed on determining whether humans were responsible for accumulating all or part of this mollusk assemblage, which included 3515 three-dimensionally-plotted specimens and 4270 specimens recovered from sieved sediments.
Our results show that pottery was most likely first introduced to the site ∼3.3 ka and used regularly after ∼3 ka, suggesting increased sedentism or farming in the areas surrounding the cave. The main shell midden at Liang Bua was deposited between ∼4.4 and 3.3 ka and includes mostly freshwater species. Interestingly, 63.1 % of Tarebia granifera and 66.7 % of Melanoides tuberculata recovered in Sectors XXXII-XXIX showed signs that they were deliberately broken open at their apices. Deliberately opening the apex of a shell is almost certainly a strategy to obtain the meat for human consumption. Furthermore, the presence of 12 culturally modified marine shells at Liang Bua suggests that, after ∼4.4–4.3 ka, past peoples living around Liang Bua had strong social and/or symbolic connections to coastal areas either through their own foraging ranges or through trade networks with other peoples living nearer to the ocean.
梁布阿（印度尼西亚弗洛勒斯岛）除了保存了19万年前至更新世末期的丰富考古记录外，还保存了丰富且相对完整的全新世地层序列，其中有大量动物遗骸、石器和陶器。本研究对九个地层单元的陶器碎片和软体动物类群的丰度进行了研究，以探讨过去∼5000 年间的时间变化。这一时期非常重要，因为正是在这一时期，弗洛勒斯岛最初出现了农业和定居的考古证据。本研究的第一个目的是更准确地确定陶器首次出现在该遗址的时间，因为之前的研究认为陶器出现在 4 ka 或 3 ka。本研究的第二个目的是记录梁布阿软体动物群的时间范围和分类组成。我们的研究结果表明，陶器很可能是在3.3 ka∼3ka年间首次引入该遗址，并在∼3 ka∼3ka之后被定期使用，这表明洞穴周边地区的定居或农耕活动有所增加。梁布阿的主要贝冢沉积于 ∼4.4 ∼3.3 ka 之间，主要包括淡水物种。有趣的是，在第三十二至三十九区出土的 63.1%的 Tarebia granifera 和 66.7%的 Melanoides tuberculata 有被故意顶开的迹象。故意打开贝壳顶端几乎可以肯定是一种获取肉类供人类食用的策略。此外，在梁布阿发现的 12 个经过文化改造的海贝表明，在距今 4.4-4.3 ka 之后，生活在梁布阿周围的过去的民族通过他们自己的觅食范围或通过与生活在海洋附近的其他民族的贸易网络，与沿海地区有着密切的社会和/或象征性的联系。
{"title":"New insights into human behavior at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) based on the temporal distribution of pottery and mollusks during the past 5000 years","authors":"I Made Agus Julianto , Sekar Mentari , Sekar Rizqy Amalia Ramadhani , Dian Sulistyowati , Thomas Sutikna , Matthew W. Tocheri","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In addition to preserving a rich archaeological record spanning from ∼190 thousand years ago (ka) until the terminal Pleistocene, Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) also preserves a rich and relatively complete Holocene stratigraphic sequence with dense accumulations of faunal remains, stone artifacts, and pottery. In this study, abundances of pottery sherds and mollusk taxa were examined across nine stratigraphic units to explore temporal variation during the past ∼5000 years. This temporal period is important because it is during this time that archaeological evidence of agriculture and sedentism initially appears on Flores. The first aim of this study was to more precisely determine when pottery was first introduced to the site as previous research has suggested that this occurred either ∼4 ka or ∼3 ka. The second aim of this study was to document the mollusk assemblage at Liang Bua in terms of its temporal range and taxonomic composition. Particular emphasis was placed on determining whether humans were responsible for accumulating all or part of this mollusk assemblage, which included 3515 three-dimensionally-plotted specimens and 4270 specimens recovered from sieved sediments.</div><div>Our results show that pottery was most likely first introduced to the site ∼3.3 ka and used regularly after ∼3 ka, suggesting increased sedentism or farming in the areas surrounding the cave. The main shell midden at Liang Bua was deposited between ∼4.4 and 3.3 ka and includes mostly freshwater species. Interestingly, 63.1 % of <em>Tarebia granifera</em> and 66.7 % of <em>Melanoides tuberculata</em> recovered in Sectors XXXII-XXIX showed signs that they were deliberately broken open at their apices. Deliberately opening the apex of a shell is almost certainly a strategy to obtain the meat for human consumption. Furthermore, the presence of 12 culturally modified marine shells at Liang Bua suggests that, after ∼4.4–4.3 ka, past peoples living around Liang Bua had strong social and/or symbolic connections to coastal areas either through their own foraging ranges or through trade networks with other peoples living nearer to the ocean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104800"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104814
Xiansheng Yan , Xiaotong Wu , Guoquan Lu
A large number of bronze-casting relics of the Warring States period were discovered for the first time at the ruins of Zhu State Ancient City, Shandong, Eastern China. The microstructure, composition, and lead isotope ratio of slags and bronzes were examined. The results reveal that the slags are smelting slags, and the bronzes predominantly consist of copper-tin–lead alloys. Three types of lead materials were employed in the casting of weapons by the Zhu State: the first type likely originated from Hunan, while the other unique types could be local mineral materials from Shandong. With the growing demand for casting weapons and the constraints on metal resource circulation among various countries, the Zhu State was compelled to exploit a new type of lead material produced in neighboring regions after the early Warring States period. There was a significant shift in the lead materials used in Shandong from the middle Warring States period, transitioning from external input to the combination of the lead materials from Chu and local sources. This study provides new evidence for exploring the source, circulation, and relationship with neighboring countries concerning the mineral materials used in the production of bronzes in the Shandong area during the Eastern Zhou period.
{"title":"Provenance study on metal materials of the bronze weapons foundry site (2019 field session) in the ancient capital of the Zhu State, Shandong, China","authors":"Xiansheng Yan , Xiaotong Wu , Guoquan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large number of bronze-casting relics of the Warring States period were discovered for the first time at the ruins of Zhu State Ancient City, Shandong, Eastern China. The microstructure, composition, and lead isotope ratio of slags and bronzes were examined. The results reveal that the slags are smelting slags, and the bronzes predominantly consist of copper-tin–lead alloys. Three types of lead materials were employed in the casting of weapons by the Zhu State: the first type likely originated from Hunan, while the other unique types could be local mineral materials from Shandong. With the growing demand for casting weapons and the constraints on metal resource circulation among various countries, the Zhu State was compelled to exploit a new type of lead material produced in neighboring regions after the early Warring States period. There was a significant shift in the lead materials used in Shandong from the middle Warring States period, transitioning from external input to the combination of the lead materials from Chu and local sources. This study provides new evidence for exploring the source, circulation, and relationship with neighboring countries concerning the mineral materials used in the production of bronzes in the Shandong area during the Eastern Zhou period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104814"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104832
Jacek Tomczyk , Krzysztof Szostek , Aleksandra Lisowska-Gaczorek , Katarzyna Schellner , Dorota Olczak-Kowalczyk
Contemporary bioarchaeological research, which is carried out on both large and small populations, often involves the analysis of sets of skeletal remains. The latter applies particularly to finds at the Koziegłowy site, which date back to the Lusatian culture (when cremation was the principal form of burial). Therefore, the preservation of the skeletons from this period is extremely significant. The main human groups of the Lusatian culture are thought to have had a sedentary economy with a strong emphasis on animal husbandry, mainly cattle, sheep, pigs and horses. The fact of such an economy should have be detected in the diet of the population of the Lusitanian culture. The aim of the present study was to reconstruct dietary behavior based on the frequency of dental caries and evaluation of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes (δ15N and δ13C, respectively). The dental remains of 63 permanent teeth from 9 adults (5 females, 2 males, and 2 individuals of unidentified sex) were analyzed. Macroscopic, X-ray, and light-induced fluorescence technique methods were employed. The Bayesian mixing model Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred Signals (FRUITS) was used for diet reconstruction. The results revealed that dental caries was uncommon (11 %, 7/63 teeth). This may been because the diet contained a range of food sources and a low amount of carbohydrates (which are the main cause of dental caries). Isotopic analysis seemed to confirm this hypothesis. There were two individuals with carious lesions in the cluster characterized by a relatively lower consumption of animal protein (animals ≤ 14 % and fish < 7 %) with the highest share of C3 plants (on average 66 %). However, it should be remembered that the above interpretation of the results is based on a small number of individuals.
{"title":"Case study: Assessment of dietary behavior based on odontological and isotopic analyses of Lusatian culture human remains from Koziegłowy, Poland (2470 ± 35 BP)","authors":"Jacek Tomczyk , Krzysztof Szostek , Aleksandra Lisowska-Gaczorek , Katarzyna Schellner , Dorota Olczak-Kowalczyk","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contemporary bioarchaeological research, which is carried out on both large and small populations, often involves the analysis of sets of skeletal remains. The latter applies particularly to finds at the Koziegłowy site, which date back to the Lusatian culture (when cremation was the principal form of burial). Therefore, the preservation of the skeletons from this period is extremely significant. The main human groups of the Lusatian culture are thought to have had a sedentary economy with a strong emphasis on animal husbandry, mainly cattle, sheep, pigs and horses. The fact of such an economy should have be detected in the diet of the population of the Lusitanian culture. The aim of the present study was to reconstruct dietary behavior based on the frequency of dental caries and evaluation of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>13</sup>C, respectively). The dental remains of 63 permanent teeth from 9 adults (5 females, 2 males, and 2 individuals of unidentified sex) were analyzed. Macroscopic, X-ray, and light-induced fluorescence technique methods were employed. The Bayesian mixing model Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred Signals (FRUITS) was used for diet reconstruction. The results revealed that dental caries was uncommon (11 %, 7/63 teeth). This may been because the diet contained a range of food sources and a low amount of carbohydrates (which are the main cause of dental caries). Isotopic analysis seemed to confirm this hypothesis. There were two individuals with carious lesions in the cluster characterized by a relatively lower consumption of animal protein (animals ≤ 14 % and fish < 7 %) with the highest share of C3 plants (on average 66 %). However, it should be remembered that the above interpretation of the results is based on a small number of individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104832"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104823
İsmail İşintek , Altuğ Hasözbek , Ergün Laflı , Erhan Akay , Fernando Jiménez-Barredo , Talip Güngör
In the vicinity of the ancient city of Lebedos, known as one of the twelve Ionian cities, located south of İzmir in W. Anatolia (Türkiye), the NE-SW-trending active Tuzla Fault zone is characterized by numerous hot springs and associated travertine-type carbonate deposits (sinter). Among these, the active Doğanbey bath features an approximately 560 m-long hot water aqueduct, called the “Roman Aqueduct”. This structure is distinct from the well-known Roman (Byzantine) ruins (Karakoç bath) in the area in terms of its materials and construction techniques. Despite the absence of detailed archaeological or geochronological studies in this region, the Doğanbey bath and aqueduct have conventionally been attributed to the Roman era.
The trough and sidewalls of the Doğanbey aqueduct are covered with a 5–25 cm-thick, laminated sinter crust, formed by the flow of hot water. Each sinter lamina comprises radial structures of calcite and/or aragonite, resembling feather-like shrub structures. This study employs the U-Th chronometry to determine the age of sinter layers covering the Doğanbey bath aqueduct. Two layers from a single sinter sample of the ancient Doğanbey aqueduct yielded U-Th ages of 2717 ± 106 and 2528 ± 106 years (BP). These dates indicate a pre-Roman phase of settlement in the Lebedos area, a finding documented for the first time through this study.
{"title":"Pre-Roman U-Th datings of an aqueduct near ancient Lebedos (Aegean Region, Türkiye)","authors":"İsmail İşintek , Altuğ Hasözbek , Ergün Laflı , Erhan Akay , Fernando Jiménez-Barredo , Talip Güngör","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the vicinity of the ancient city of Lebedos, known as one of the twelve Ionian cities, located south of İzmir in W. Anatolia (Türkiye), the NE-SW-trending active Tuzla Fault zone is characterized by numerous hot springs and associated travertine-type carbonate deposits (sinter). Among these, the active Doğanbey bath features an approximately 560 m-long hot water aqueduct, called the “Roman Aqueduct”. This structure is distinct from the well-known Roman (Byzantine) ruins (Karakoç bath) in the area in terms of its materials and construction techniques. Despite the absence of detailed archaeological or geochronological studies in this region, the Doğanbey bath and aqueduct have conventionally been attributed to the Roman era.</div><div>The trough and sidewalls of the Doğanbey aqueduct are covered with a 5–25 cm-thick, laminated sinter crust, formed by the flow of hot water. Each sinter lamina comprises radial structures of calcite and/or aragonite, resembling feather-like shrub structures. This study employs the U-Th chronometry to determine the age of sinter layers covering the Doğanbey bath aqueduct. Two layers from a single sinter sample of the ancient Doğanbey aqueduct yielded U-Th ages of 2717 ± 106 and 2528 ± 106 years (BP). These dates indicate a pre-Roman phase of settlement in the Lebedos area, a finding documented for the first time through this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104823"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104825
Anaer , Liuhong Yang , Hexiang Yuan , Chunlei Yin , Xuguang Qin , Lei Bao , Lei Xu , Zhen Han , Yuhui Bai , Liangliang Hou
This case study presents stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic results of 40 human bones (δ13C value range: −9.7 ‰ ∼ −7.7 ‰, mean ± SD value: −8.6 ± 0.4 ‰; δ15N value range: 6.7 ‰ ∼ 10.0 ‰, mean ± SD value: 8.3 ± 0.7 ‰) from the Chuanzhang cemetery in the eastern Ordos Plateau, China during the late Warring States Period (c. 221 BCE), which indicate that the past populations mainly relied on C4-based food. Despite different archaeological cultures, all past populations in the Chuanzhang cemetery had a similar dietary pattern and subsistence economy. Based on archaeological and historical analysis, people in the Chuanzhang cemetery made their living mainly by millet-based agriculture, supplemented by animal husbandry. Comparing isotopic data published from adjacent and contemporary cemeteries, we can conclude that millet-based agriculture was a consistency and dominated subsistence economy in central-south, Inner Mongolia, which also provided a solid material foundation for the central plains government to control the eastern Ordos Plateau during the late Warring States Period.
{"title":"Subsistence economy in the eastern Ordos Plateau, China during the late Warring States Period (c. 221 BCE) by stable isotope analysis","authors":"Anaer , Liuhong Yang , Hexiang Yuan , Chunlei Yin , Xuguang Qin , Lei Bao , Lei Xu , Zhen Han , Yuhui Bai , Liangliang Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This case study presents stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic results of 40 human bones (δ<sup>13</sup>C value range: −9.7 ‰ ∼ −7.7 ‰, mean ± SD value: −8.6 ± 0.4 ‰; δ<sup>15</sup>N value range: 6.7 ‰ ∼ 10.0 ‰, mean ± SD value: 8.3 ± 0.7 ‰) from the Chuanzhang cemetery in the eastern Ordos Plateau, China during the late Warring States Period (c. 221 BCE), which indicate that the past populations mainly relied on C<sub>4</sub>-based food. Despite different archaeological cultures, all past populations in the Chuanzhang cemetery had a similar dietary pattern and subsistence economy. Based on archaeological and historical analysis, people in the Chuanzhang cemetery made their living mainly by millet-based agriculture, supplemented by animal husbandry. Comparing isotopic data published from adjacent and contemporary cemeteries, we can conclude that millet-based agriculture was a consistency and dominated subsistence economy in central-south, Inner Mongolia, which also provided a solid material foundation for the central plains government to control the eastern Ordos Plateau during the late Warring States Period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 104825"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142528872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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