Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports最新文献

Feeding the first centralized empire: dietary shifts and the rise of the Qin Empire through stable isotope analysis from the Yijia site (Shaanxi, China) 供养第一个中央集权帝国：从陕西彝家遗址的稳定同位素分析看饮食变化与秦帝国的崛起

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105572

Ting Ma , Kejia Huang , Lu Jiang , Liugen Lin , Yanpeng Wang , Yi Guo

The Qin state, which later established the first unified empire in China, has long been studied for its political and military strategies. However, the role of dietary patterns and agricultural practices in its ascendancy remains underexplored. This study combines new stable isotope analysis of human remains from the Yijia site (陕西西安宜家遗址) (n = 77) with a systematic review of published Qin period data (n = 626), aiming to investigate subsistence strategies during its expansion. Individuals from the Yijia site exhibited δ¹³C values ranged from −13.2‰ to −8.4‰ (mean ± SD; −10.4 ± 1.1‰), indicating dietary diversity with a predominant consumption of millet. The δ¹⁵N values ranged from 7.6‰ to 11.1‰ (mean ± SD; 9.1 ± 0.7‰), suggesting diverse intake of animal protein, with a predominance of consumption from pigs. A phased analysis of the Yijia site allowed further investigation into the differences in C and N values by period, gender, and burial type. Additionally, a systematic review of published Qin-period stable isotope data (n = 626) indicates a shift in δ¹³C values from a diversified diet in the early (–23.3‰ to −7.1‰, −12.6 ± 3.8‰, n = 52) and mid-Qin periods (−14.6‰ to −7.5‰, −10.2 ± 1.3‰, n = 123) to a predominantly millet-based diet during the late-Qin (−20.6‰ to −7‰, −9.9 ± 2.4‰, n = 451). This transition reflects the intensification of millet agriculture, which likely played a growing role in the Qin’s unification of China. Concurrently, advancements in livestock husbandry and millet-based agriculture provided a robust material foundation for the rise of the Qin state. These changes indicate that the increased reliance on millet and the expansion of millet-based agriculture were pivotal in establishing the economic base that supported the Qin’s ascent.

秦国，后来在中国建立了第一个统一的帝国，长期以来一直被研究其政治和军事战略。然而，饮食模式和农业实践在其优势中的作用仍未得到充分探讨。本研究结合了新的稳定同位素分析出网站的人类遗骸(陕西西安宜家遗址)(n = 77)的系统回顾发表秦时期数据(n = 626),旨在探讨生存策略在其扩张。宜嘉遗址个体的δ13C值为- 13.2‰~ - 8.4‰（平均±SD； - 10.4±1.1‰），表明其饮食多样性，主要以谷子为食。δ15N值为7.6‰~ 11.1‰（平均值±SD； 9.1±0.7‰），表明动物蛋白的摄取量多样，以猪为主要来源。对伊家遗址进行阶段性分析，进一步调查不同时期、性别和埋葬类型的C和N值差异。此外，对已发表的秦代稳定同位素数据（n = 626）的系统回顾表明，秦代的δ13C值从秦代早期（-23.3‰至- 7.1‰，- 12.6±3.8‰，n = 52）和秦代中期（- 14.6‰至- 7.5‰，- 10.2±1.3‰，n = 123）的多样化饮食转变为秦代晚期（- 20.6‰至- 7‰，- 9.9±2.4‰，n = 451）的以谷子为主的饮食。这种转变反映了小米农业的集约化，这可能在秦朝统一中国的过程中发挥了越来越大的作用。与此同时，畜牧业和以小米为基础的农业的进步为秦国的崛起提供了坚实的物质基础。这些变化表明，对小米依赖的增加和以小米为基础的农业的扩张是建立支持秦朝崛起的经济基础的关键。

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引用次数: 0

Non-invasive chemical characterisation of archaeological ochres from the early 4th millennium BCE forager graves and settlements in Finland 公元前4千年早期芬兰采集者坟墓和定居点考古赭石的非侵入性化学特征

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105584

Elisabeth Holmqvist , Maria Lahtinen , Marja Ahola

In the early 4th millennium BCE, the region of modern-day Finland was inhabited by pottery-using foragers, the Typical Comb Ware culture (TCW) people, who lived in village-like clusters of semi-subterranean houses and buried their dead in ochre-coloured graves. Here, we report the results of the analyses of archaeological ochre samples from burial and domestic contexts at eight TCW sites across Finland using non-invasive energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Our comparative characterisation of the archaeological ochres aimed to distinguish whether 1) a signature ochre composition per site/community could be chemically discriminated; 2) similar ochre chemical fingerprints are detected in both burial and domestic settings in specific regional contexts; 3) the chemical data indicates shared ochre procurement strategies or ochre exchange among the studied communities or regions; and 4) how ochre was used as part of TCW mortuary practices. Based on our study, non-invasive ED-XRF of archaeological ochre samples enables the characterisation of a limited set of elemental concentrations; however, statistical analysis of log₁₀ Fe-normalised concentration values allowed us to identify compositional groups in our dataset that correlate with the site location clusters or specific archaeological or geological phenomena. Hence, we propose that this result indicates regionalised ochre procurement and, in some cases, inter-regional, two-way transport of ochre, which may have specific, cross-regionally desired characteristics. Simultaneously, our results also highlight the deliberate use of different types of ochre within ritualized practices.

公元前4千年早期，现代芬兰地区居住着使用陶器的采集者，他们是典型的梳器文化（TCW）人，他们住在类似村庄的半地下房屋群中，并将死者埋葬在赭色的坟墓中。在这里，我们报告了使用非侵入性能量色散x射线荧光（ED-XRF）和扫描电子显微镜与能量色散光谱（SEM-EDS）对芬兰八个TCW遗址的埋葬和家庭环境中的考古赭石样本进行分析的结果。我们对考古赭石的比较特征旨在区分1)每个遗址/群落的标志性赭石组成是否可以化学区分；2)在特定的区域背景下，在墓葬和家庭环境中都检测到类似的赭石化学指纹；(3)化学数据表明，研究社区或地区之间存在共享的赭石采购策略或赭石交换；4)赭石如何被用作TCW太平间的一部分。根据我们的研究，考古赭石样品的非侵入性ED-XRF可以表征有限的元素浓度；然而，对log10铁归一化浓度值的统计分析使我们能够在数据集中识别与遗址位置集群或特定考古或地质现象相关的成分组。因此，我们认为这一结果表明赭石的区域化采购，在某些情况下，赭石的跨区域、双向运输可能具有特定的、跨区域的期望特征。同时，我们的研究结果还强调了在仪式化实践中故意使用不同类型的赭石。

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引用次数: 0

A double-sided ivory comb with two animal pursuit scenes from a 6th century CE burial at Deiningen, Germany 一个双面象牙梳子，上面有两个动物追逐的场景，来自公元6世纪德国德宁根的一场葬礼

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105579

Johann Friedrich Tolksdorf , Manfred Woidich , Matthias Blana , Jenny Abura , Gontran Sonet , Simon Mindermann , Samantha Greeves , Eva Kropf , Stefan Hölzl

In the Roman world, as in many other cultures, ivory was perceived as raw material suitable for the carving of prestigious personal items. The types of Roman and Late Antique carved ivory objects that survived as well as their quantity and stylistic range is probably a result of their preservation contexts as well as their appreciation and sometimes ongoing use in later epochs. Regarding ivory combs decorated with bas-relief carvings, only nine specimens are ascribed to the Mediterranean and NW-Europe during Late Antiquity, all exclusively present biblical iconography. Information about their origin, object history and age is usually very limited. The first evidence that hunting scenes were still part of the ivory carving tradition in Late Antiquity is provided by a comb discovered in a mid-6th-century male inhumation burial at Deiningen, Nördlinger Ries. In addition to stylistic and technological comparison, SEM-imaging, ZooMS, ancient DNA (aDNA) sequencing and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios were applied to identify the species and possible origin. While size and structure point toward Loxodonta africana as a likely source, poor preservation of the material hindered more refined results by ZooMS or aDNA analyses and consequently a precise triangulation of the source area in combination with the strontium isotope ratios. Besides being a singular piece of craftsmanship, the ivory comb fits into an assumed network of production and distribution that spanned from Northern Africa to the Frankish realm north of the Alps.

在罗马世界，就像在许多其他文化中一样，象牙被认为是适合雕刻有声望的个人物品的原材料。幸存下来的罗马和晚期象牙雕刻物品的种类、数量和风格范围可能是它们保存环境的结果，也可能是它们的欣赏和有时在后来的时代继续使用的结果。至于装饰有浅浮雕雕刻的象牙梳子，只有9个标本被认为是古代晚期地中海和西北欧洲的，所有标本都专门呈现圣经图像。关于它们的起源、历史和年代的信息通常非常有限。狩猎场景仍然是古代晚期象牙雕刻传统的一部分的第一个证据是在Deiningen， Nördlinger Ries的一个6世纪中期的男性殡葬中发现的一把梳子。除了风格和技术比较外，还使用sem成像，ZooMS，古DNA （aDNA）测序和87Sr/86Sr同位素比值来确定物种和可能的起源。虽然大小和结构表明Loxodonta africana可能是一个来源，但材料保存不良阻碍了ZooMS或aDNA分析更精确的结果，因此无法结合锶同位素比率对来源区域进行精确的三角测量。除了是一件独特的工艺品，象牙梳子还符合一个假设的生产和分销网络，这个网络从北非延伸到阿尔卑斯山以北的法兰克王国。

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引用次数: 0

The elephant in the oppidum. Preliminary analysis of a carpal bone from a Punic context at the archaeological site of Colina de los Quemados (Córdoba, Spain) 在鸦片中的大象。初步分析腕骨的反复无常的上下文的考古遗址Colina de los Quemados(科尔多瓦,西班牙)

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105577

Rafael M. Martínez Sánchez , Agustín López Jiménez , Santiago Guillamón Dávila , Laura Llorente Rodríguez , Arturo Morales Muñiz , Antonio Moreno Rosa , Fernando Quesada Sanz

Prior to the construction and enlargement of the medical consulting room of the Cordoba Provincial Hospital (Spain) an archaeological excavation was required and carried out in 2020. These works affected one specific area along the southern slope of the site of Colina de los Quemados, identified with the Iberian oppidum of Corduba. This was abandoned after the re-foundation of the Roman town, genesis of the current city. The investigation documented successive phases of occupation, starting from the Late Bronze Age (10th-8th century BCE) to the Islamic medieval period. Among the contexts found in an intermediate phase, which contained traces of an industrial area with ovens, streets and other structures of the Iberian Late Iron Age, up to 12 spherical stone balls used in artillery were documented. This evidence, together with some numismatic finds, probably points to a military context, likely related to the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE). A carpal bone from the right forefoot of an elephant, found under a collapse corresponding to this phase, has yielded a radiocarbon dating between the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. This find has important implications for the archaeological and physical evidence of the use of these animals in the Ancient World, which until now has only been supported by documentary and iconographic sources.

在建造和扩建科尔多瓦省医院（西班牙）的医疗咨询室之前，需要进行考古发掘，并于2020年进行了考古发掘。这些工程影响了Colina de los Quemados遗址南坡的一个特定区域，该区域被认为是Corduba的伊比利亚罂粟。这是在罗马城镇重建后被遗弃的，这是现在城市的起源。调查记录了从青铜时代晚期（公元前10 -8世纪）到伊斯兰中世纪的连续占领阶段。在中间阶段发现的背景中，有伊比利亚铁器时代晚期的工业区的痕迹，有烤箱、街道和其他结构，有多达12个用于火炮的球形石球被记录下来。这些证据，连同一些钱币的发现，可能指向一个军事背景，可能与第二次布匿战争（公元前218-201年）有关。在与这一阶段相对应的一次坍塌中发现了一头大象右前脚的腕骨，通过放射性碳测定，它的年代在公元前4世纪到3世纪之间。这一发现对古代世界使用这些动物的考古和物理证据具有重要意义，直到现在只有文献和图像来源支持。

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引用次数: 0

The sand deposit underneath the Ishtar Temple in Assur, Iraq: Origin and implications for the foundation of the goddess’s cult and sanctuary 伊拉克亚述尔伊师塔神庙下的沉积物：女神崇拜和避难所基础的起源和含义

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105574

Mark Altaweel , Andrea Squitieri , Eileen Eckmeier , Eduardo Garzanti , Karen Radner

This study presents the first-ever systematic mineralogical investigation of sands from an archaeological context in Iraq, establishing a methodological precedent for future geoarchaeological investigations in Mesopotamia and studies of ancient architecture more broadly. The sand derives from a deposit underneath the Ishtar Temple at Assur (Ashur; modern Qal’at Sherqat) on the Tigris River, once the political and religious centre of the Assyrian state. Since the earliest layers of the main Assur Temple are inaccessible, this sanctuary is the oldest temple explored through excavation at the site. Thus, data from its early strata are critical for understanding the city’s earliest history. In 2024, coring within the temple cella by the Assur Excavation Project revealed a thick sand layer beneath its foundations, deliberately placed before construction. As no comparable deposits exist locally, the material was sourced explicitly for this purpose. Sand foundations for monumental buildings are known from southern Mesopotamia but are here attested for the first time in the north. Mineralogical analyses indicate that the Ishtar Temple sands mostly consist of epidote-group minerals associated with glaucophane, zoisite, lawsonite sourced from blueschist-facies metamorphic rocks. Their provenance is plausibly from nearby aeolian sand recycled from the Injana Formation and ultimately traceable to the Zagros Mountains, linked to Assur via the Lesser Zab River. Thus, while southern building traditions were adopted, the sand was not imported from the south but sourced in the region and ultimately derived from the eastern Zagros Mountains. Radiocarbon dating from the floor above the sand yielded a date range of 2896–2702 calBC (95.4 % probability), providing new information for the debate surrounding the temple’s foundation and its role within Mesopotamian cultural history. These results significantly inform debates on the origins of Ishtar’s cult at Assur.

本研究首次对伊拉克考古背景下的沙子进行了系统的矿物学调查，为未来美索不达米亚地质考古调查和更广泛的古代建筑研究建立了方法论先例。这些沙子来自底格里斯河上Assur （Ashur；现代Qal 'at Sherqat）的Ishtar神庙下面的沉积物，曾经是亚述国家的政治和宗教中心。由于主亚述神庙最早的几层无法进入，这个圣所是通过现场挖掘探索的最古老的寺庙。因此，早期地层的数据对于了解这座城市的早期历史至关重要。2024年，亚述挖掘项目在寺庙地窖内进行了钻孔，发现地基下有一层厚厚的沙层，这是在施工前故意放置的。由于当地没有类似的矿藏，因此材料的来源明确是为此目的。在美索不达米亚南部，人们就知道纪念性建筑的沙子地基，但在北方，这是第一次得到证实。矿物学分析表明，伊什塔神庙砂岩主要由绿帘石群矿物组成，并与蓝片岩相变质岩中的蓝帘石、黝帘石、铁榴石伴生。它们的来源似乎来自附近因贾纳地层回收的风成沙，最终可以追溯到扎格罗斯山脉，通过小扎布河与亚苏尔相连。因此，虽然采用了南方的建筑传统，但沙子不是从南方进口的，而是在该地区采购的，最终来自东部的扎格罗斯山脉。从沙子上方的地面进行放射性碳测年得出的日期范围为2896-2702 calBC（95.4%的概率），为围绕神庙的基础及其在美索不达米亚文化历史中的作用的争论提供了新的信息。这些结果为关于亚述伊师塔崇拜起源的辩论提供了重要信息。

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引用次数: 0

Herding the Early Neolithic: Isotopic evidence for first husbandry management strategies at Cova de les Cendres site (Alacant, Spain) 新石器时代早期的放牧：Cova de les cenres遗址（西班牙Alacant）首次畜牧业管理策略的同位素证据

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105580

Vanessa Navarrete , Pilar Escribá , Oreto García-Puchol , Joan Bernabeu Aubán

Early Neolithic communities in the eastern Iberian Peninsula developed integrated agropastoral economies, but the specific dynamics of herd management and their interactions with local ecosystems remain insufficiently understood. The Cova de les Cendres site, located in a Mediterranean karstic environment, offers valuable evidence for examining early herding strategies and their adaption to local ecological conditions. This study focuses on Sector A of Cova de les Centres site, investigating feeding strategies and management practices of domesticates to assess species-specific strategies and resource use and husbandry organization. Stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotope analyses were performed on animal bone collagen and integrated with archaeozoological data. The isotopic results reveal a flexible, species-specific husbandry system. Livestock management integrated grazing, browsing, and agricultural by-products, reflecting adaptative strategies within a stable Mediterranean ecosystem. These results highlight the early integration of animal husbandry in the consolidation of farming economies during the Early Neolithic in the eastern Iberia Peninsula.

伊比利亚半岛东部的新石器时代早期社区发展了综合农牧经济，但对牧群管理的具体动态及其与当地生态系统的相互作用仍然知之甚少。Cova de les Cendres遗址位于地中海岩溶环境中，为研究早期放牧策略及其对当地生态条件的适应提供了有价值的证据。本研究的重点是Cova de les中心的A区，调查驯化家畜的饲养策略和管理实践，以评估特定物种的策略和资源利用和畜牧业组织。对动物骨胶原进行了稳定碳（δ13C）和氮（δ15N）同位素分析，并与考古资料相结合。同位素结果揭示了一个灵活的、特定物种的饲养系统。牲畜管理综合了放牧、浏览和农业副产品，反映了稳定的地中海生态系统内的适应性策略。这些结果突出了伊比利亚半岛东部新石器时代早期畜牧业在农业经济巩固中的早期整合。

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引用次数: 0

Fonte dos Cântaros 5 (Beja): An inland Mesolithic burial in southern Portugal Fonte dos cantaros 5 (Beja)：葡萄牙南部内陆的中石器时代墓葬

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105573

Linda Melo , António Faustino Carvalho , Ana Maria Silva , Marta Diaz-Zorita Bonilla , Carlos Ferreira

Discovered in 2014, Fonte dos Cântaros 5 is a Mesolithic burial in a pit dated to the mid-7th millennium BC. The individual is an adult, deposited in the right lateral decubitus position, with a west–east orientation. It was found in inner Alentejo (southern Portugal), thus contrasting with the known human geography of the period, centred in coastal and estuarine areas. The isotope analysis of the collagen (δ¹³C = -20,0‰, δ¹⁵N = 11,8‰) reveals the consumption of a terrestrial diet based on C₃ plants and animal protein. Mobility analysis (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) shows that this buried individual is local and, so far, the first one recorded for the Mesolithic period in the region. These results constitute an important contribution to the understanding of Mesolithic settlement systems in southwestern Iberia, since this Mesolithic burial is the only one recorded for this period in this inner region.

Fonte dos cantaros 5于2014年被发现，它是一个中石器时代的墓穴，可以追溯到公元前7千年中期。个体为成人，卧位为右侧卧位，朝西向东。它是在内阿连特茹（葡萄牙南部）发现的，因此与当时已知的以沿海和河口地区为中心的人类地理形成鲜明对比。胶原蛋白的同位素分析（δ13C = -20,0‰，δ15N = 11,8‰）表明其以C3植物和动物蛋白为主要食源。流动性分析（87Sr/86Sr）表明，这具被埋葬的个体是当地的，也是该地区迄今为止第一个记录的中石器时代个体。这些结果对了解伊比利亚西南部的中石器时代定居系统做出了重要贡献，因为这个中石器时代的墓葬是这个内陆地区这一时期唯一有记录的墓葬。

引用次数: 0

Pronounced increase in biface knapping skill half a million years ago in Britain 在50万年前的英国，双面敲击技术明显提高

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105563

Ceri Shipton , Freddie Foulds , Aaron Rawlinson , Nick Ashton , Mathieu Leroyer , Mark White

Flake scar patterning indicates Acheulean knappers were attempting to make thin, symmetrical handaxes with regular edges. In this study we quantify these elements of handaxe form and test the variation between the first two waves of Acheulean occupation in Britain. The results show a marked contrast between these groups in thinness, symmetry, and edge regularity. Handaxes from sites such as Fordwich dated to > 0.56 Ma are crude, whereas those from sites including Boxgrove dated to ∼0.48 Ma are highly refined. This contrast in biface skill outcomes seems to have been facilitated by the use of soft-hammers and platform preparation, both of which are evident at Boxgrove. Furthermore, it suggests an increase in hominin motor control around half a million years ago that may have implications for the emergence of speech.

鳞片疤痕图案表明阿舍利工匠试图制造边缘规则的细长对称的手斧。在这项研究中，我们量化了手斧形式的这些元素，并测试了阿舍利人在英国占领的前两波之间的差异。结果显示，这些组之间在薄度、对称性和边缘规则性方面有明显的对比。来自forwich等遗址的手斧年代为>； 0.56 Ma，是粗糙的，而来自Boxgrove等遗址的手斧年代为~ 0.48 Ma，是高度精炼的。这种双面技能结果的对比似乎是由软锤和平台准备的使用促进的，这两者在Boxgrove都很明显。此外，它还表明，大约50万年前，人类运动控制能力的增强可能对语言的出现有影响。

引用次数: 0

Drone-based thermal imaging of subsurface architecture: methodological insights and discoveries at Iron Age Raki (Oman) 基于无人机的地下建筑热成像：铁器时代Raki（阿曼）的方法论见解和发现

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105569

Paige Paulsen , Carolin Ferwerda , Joseph W. Lehner , Michael J. Harrower , Amir Zaribaf , Petra Creamer , Jesse Casana

This paper presents thermal imagery of Raki 2, a large Iron Age copper production site near Yanqul, Oman. The site, composed of massive amounts of copper slag, exhibits rectilinear architecture built of stone and slag that is not fully visible at the surface. A far more complete architectural layout of the site is revealed using thermal imagery due to the variable thermal emissivity of anthropogenic features like walls that visibly contrast against surrounding sediments. The settlement is unwalled, composed of clusters of densely organized small spaces, isolated structures, and several large, enclosed spaces, variably organized over the intact extent of a gravel terrace. This view of the layout of an entire Iron Age settlement adds to examples known from previous survey and excavation. Raki 2′s architectural organization is more heterogenous than previously documented sites, lacks an enclosure wall, and appears to include additional domestic structures, not merely copper producing installations. This helps us understand the built environment of large-scale copper production during a peak of sociopolitical complexity during the Iron Age.

本文介绍了阿曼Yanqul附近的大型铁器时代铜生产基地Raki 2的热图像。该遗址由大量的铜渣组成，呈现出由石头和渣建造的直线建筑，从表面上看不完全可见。由于人为特征（如与周围沉积物形成明显对比的墙壁）的可变热发射率，使用热图像揭示了场地更完整的建筑布局。该定居点没有围墙，由密集组织的小空间集群、孤立的结构和几个大型封闭空间组成，这些空间在砾石露台的完整范围内以不同的方式组织。这种对整个铁器时代定居点布局的看法，为之前的调查和挖掘提供了已知的例子。Raki 2的建筑结构比以前记录的遗址更加异质，缺乏围墙，似乎包括额外的家庭结构，而不仅仅是铜生产装置。这有助于我们理解铁器时代社会政治复杂性高峰时期大规模铜生产的建筑环境。

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引用次数: 0

A comparison of osteological and mass spectrometry-based sex estimation methods: investigations from a commingled assemblage in Northern Iberia 基于骨学和质谱的性别估计方法的比较：来自伊比利亚北部混合组合的调查

IF 1.5 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105568

Andrea M. Zurek-Ost , Emma J. Bonthorne , Angie L. Mordant , Laura E. Herring

Estimation of osteological sex from the skeleton is important in both paleodemographic reconstructions and forensic casework. While the most frequently employed sex estimation methods are based on the morphology of the pelvis and the cranium, these elements do not always preserve well in archaeological contexts. Recent research has demonstrated that mass spectrometry can be used for sex estimation by relying on detection of amelogenin, an enamel-forming protein encoded for both X and Y chromosomes, which give rise to sexually dimorphic peptide sequences. Because enamel is a highly mineralized material, it is generally resistant to degradation and is a viable and minimally destructive option for sex estimation when utilizing peptide signatures.

We compared a mass spectrometry-based peptidomics approach to traditional osteological sex estimates in 42 individuals from the Silo of Charlemagne ossuary (Navarre, Spain), a highly commingled and large-scale archaeological assemblage. Using sex-specific peptides, we developed a novel scoring approach and defined a “proteome score” based on multiple metrics. High agreement between the “proteome score” and osteological sex estimate was observed, with 100% agreement when skeletal traits from both the skull and pelvis were considered. These results demonstrate that peptidomics can provide reliable, minimally destructive sex estimates even in highly taphonomically altered and commingled assemblages.

从骨骼中估计骨骼性别在古人口重建和法医案件工作中都很重要。虽然最常用的性别估计方法是基于骨盆和头盖骨的形态，但这些元素在考古背景下并不总是保存得很好。最近的研究表明，质谱法可以通过检测淀粉原蛋白来估计性别，淀粉原蛋白是一种编码于X和Y染色体的珐琅质形成蛋白，它会产生两性二态肽序列。由于牙釉质是一种高度矿化的材料，通常具有抗降解性，并且在利用肽特征进行性别估计时是一种可行且破坏性最小的选择。我们将基于质谱的肽组学方法与传统的骨学性别估计方法进行了比较，这些方法来自查理曼骨库（西班牙纳瓦拉）的42个个体，这是一个高度混合和大规模的考古组合。使用性别特异性肽，我们开发了一种新的评分方法，并基于多个指标定义了“蛋白质组评分”。观察到“蛋白质组评分”和骨骼性别估计之间的高度一致性，当考虑头骨和骨盆的骨骼特征时，一致性为100%。这些结果表明，肽组学可以提供可靠的，破坏性最小的性别估计，即使在高度地貌学改变和混合组合。

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引用次数: 0