Objective: Research has not often delved into the experiences of the Moroccan-heritage community in Western societies. We followed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative with quantitative methods, applying an intersectionality perspective to analyze the feelings and perceptions of Moroccan-heritage people about their situation in Spain, interaction with Spaniards, perceived discrimination, and metaperceptions to understand their affective reactions to injustice (Studies 1 and 2), and willingness to mobilize (Study 2).
Method: In Study 1, we conducted four discussion groups with Moroccan-heritage women (n = 12) and men (n = 13) separately. In Study 2, we analyzed with a quantitative survey (n = 147) participants' identity fusion with Morocco and Spain, perceived metaprejudice and discrimination, metadehumanization, the evaluation of the ingroup situation, affective reactions to their situation, and support of collective actions for their rights.
Results: The analysis of Study 1 revealed experiences of discrimination and spontaneous positive but also negative metaperceptions, especially among women, including an alarming metadehumanization. Quantitative analyses in Study 2 confirmed gender differences, with women reporting worse feelings and perceptions, and confirmed that metadehumanization was crucial to predict indignation and anger of Moroccan-heritage people, while perceived discrimination was significant for mobilization.
Conclusions: Although gender differences need additional clarification, these findings advance our theoretical knowledge about the sources of shared grievances among disadvantaged group members and the role of metadehumanization in their affective reactions to injustice. Interventions are urgent to address metadehumanization and canalize its affective consequences to promote social change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Objective: Ethnic minority youth experience multiple sociocultural stressors, experiences that are distinct from general measures of perceived stress. The present study aims to identify heterogenous subgroups of youth based on three self-reported sociocultural stressors (bicultural stress, perceived discrimination, and perceived negative context of reception).
Method: Data are from a pilot study of Hispanic and Somali immigrant-origin youth (N = 291, 46.4% Hispanic) residing in an urban midwestern setting (Mage = 15.9 years [SD = 1.5]; 48.5% female, 35.7% first generation). Using latent profile analysis, three empirically derived profiles described as low cultural stress, high perceived discrimination, and high bicultural stress were identified. Multinomial logistic regression models predicted class membership using theoretically and empirically supported correlates (age, race/ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, and nativity) and examined class association with anxiety and depression.
Results: Compared to the low cultural stress profile, Relative Risk Ratios (RRR) indicated that membership in the high perceived discrimination profile was associated with age (RRR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.14, 2.86]) and generational status (e.g., U.S. born vs. first-generation; RRR = 0.0.22, 95% CI [0.07, 0.75]) but not depression or anxiety whereas membership in the high sociocultural stress profile was associated with elevated past week anxiety (RRR = 2.57, 95% CI [1.86, 3.54]), but not depression.
Conclusions: The experience of sociocultural stress is heterogenous and certain demographic characteristics, such as age and generation, and high sociocultural stressors, especially bicultural stress, may be important considerations in identifying youth that would benefit from tailored support services. Further work exploring how sociocultural stressors affect mental health among immigrant origin youth is needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Objectives: Arab/Middle Eastern North African (MENA) Americans experience high levels of discrimination, which is associated with greater engagement in coping strategies to alleviate the stress. The Coping with Discrimination Scale (CDS; Wei, Alvarez, et al., 2010) remains one of the only measures that assesses responses to discrimination. Given the difficulties of conducting research with Arab/MENA groups, few measures have been validated for use with this population. Thus, the purpose of this study is to validate the CDS among Arab/MENA Americans.
Method: The sample consisted of 297 Arab/MENA Americans (n = 139, Christian; n = 158, Muslim). Overall, 143 individuals identified as men and 154 identified as women. The sample's average age was 31.2 years old (SD = 9.5). Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to assess the preassigned factor structure.
Results: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the CDS five-factor structure among Arab/MENA participants. All models resulted in poor fit. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was then conducted to identify factors relevant to Christian and Muslim MENA Americans. EFA results were largely similar for both groups and two factors emerged: adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies. Preliminary reliability and incremental validity was explored. Specifically, adaptive (β = -0.11, p = .009) and maladaptive coping (β = 0.52, p < .001) predicted anxiety after accounting for participants' experiences of discrimination.
Conclusion: This study has implications for utilization of the CDS, with the EFA suggesting a more fitting two-factor structure (maladaptive and adaptive coping) and sensitive interpretation of the scale with Arab/MENA populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Objective: The social category of race plays an important role in how people navigate their identities and social worlds, especially in societies where racial injustice is salient. The present study considers the racial identity experiences of Multiracial and monoracial Black adults in the United States during a race-salient moment: the 2020 Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. Using survey data collected in the fall of 2020, our study seeks to understand racial identity and activism experiences among age-diverse monoracial and Multiracial Black people during BLM 2020.
Method: Participants were 183 Black adults in the United States (73 Multiracial, 110 monoracial). Regressions were conducted to examine (a) how identity exploration and commitment differed by age and by Multiracial status during a time of heightened racial salience, and (b) how identity exploration and commitment was associated with BLM engagement.
Results: We found that Multiracial and monoracial individuals engage with racial identity differently across age groups, reflecting their different relationships with dominant societal narratives of race. We also found positive associations between racial identity and BLM engagement regardless of participants' Multiracial status or age.
Conclusions: While our findings did underscore several commonalities across Multiracial and monoracial Black people, they also indicated a need to revisit the relevance of established (mono)racial identity development models for Multiracial individuals, especially outside of adolescence and young adulthood. Revisiting previous models is critical to engage with the m(ai)cro process of racial identity and how the cultural context of anti-Blackness and monoracism shapes individual development across the life course. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Objectives: Female migrant domestic workers (MDW), often unemployed in their home country, are household workers that migrate abroad for better wages. Although poor employment conditions have shown detrimental effects on MDWs health, the mental health effect of perceived discrimination remains understudied among MDWs. This mixed-methods study seeks to (a) assess the association between perceived discrimination and mental health among female MDWs and (b) explore in-depth the common ways MDWs experience discrimination.
Method: A cross-sectional self-administered survey (n = 1965) was conducted among Filipino and Indonesian MDWs from August 2020 to August 2021 in Hong Kong. A multivariable logistic regression model, controlling for background characteristics, assessed associations between perceived discrimination with anxiety and depression. Qualitative semistructured interviews were then conducted (n = 20) to provide in-depth information about perceived discrimination. Thematic analysis was used to identify the contexts and types of discrimination experienced.
Results: Among survey respondents, 60.4% reported ever experiencing discrimination, and 10.5% reported often/always feeling discriminated against. Of MDWs, 18.1% and 31.5% were classified with anxiety and depression, respectively. MDWs reporting higher frequency of discrimination were at increased risk of anxiety (ORadj: 2.30-6.60) and depression (ORadj: 2.06-5.91). In-depth interviews revealed that perceived discrimination inside the workplace (from overwork, lack of autonomy, and employer-imposed restrictions) and outside the workplace (from MDW policies) had strong effects on MDWs' mental health.
Conclusions: Increased availability to mental health services should be considered. To improve MDW mental health, policymakers may also regulate maximum weekly working hours and ensure minimum standards for living environments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Objective: African immigrants in the United States have unique experiences and stressors, resulting in diverse outcomes and disparities. As such, examining the effects of cultural stressors (e.g., discrimination, the negative context of reception, bicultural stress) on immigrant populations' mental health can provide a useful framework for explaining and identifying malleable targets to reduce African immigrants' health disparities. This review mapped conceptual and methodological knowledge of cultural stress in African immigrants by applying the cultural stress theoretical framework to reveal (a) what we currently know about the impact of cultural stressors on African immigrants' mental health and (b) coping strategies African immigrants utilize to persist in achieving positive health outcomes.
Method: Conforming to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Review guidelines, this scoping review spans five interdisciplinary, health-focused databases and includes peer-reviewed articles published in English since 1980.
Results: Covidence software was used to screen 2095 articles, review 129 full-text records, and extract data from the 22 studies that met criteria and focused on mental health. Participant and study characteristics (i.e., country of origin, generation, methodology, duration) are highlighted. The impact of discrimination on African immigrants' mental health was the dominant research focus. Congruent with cultural stress theory, negative context, bicultural stress, and immigration-related familial stress also negatively impact their mental health. Nevertheless, African immigrants utilize various coping strategies to achieve positive outcomes.
Conclusions: Mapping the existing evidence of immigrant cultural stress and mental health elucidates gaps for research and demonstrates that culturally relevant interventions ought to address immigration-related stressors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Objectives: This study concerns Chinese mothers' color-conscious socialization and social dominance orientation and how these relate to children's racial attitudes.
Method: Data were collected from a sample of 155 Chinese children (71 girls) aged 7-11 years and their mothers, from urban regions across China (Shanghai, Jinan, and cities in Jiangsu Province), including observations of mothers' color-conscious practices, self-reported social dominance orientation, and children's attitudes toward light-skinned Chinese, tan-skinned Chinese, and White groups. All children were born in urban areas and from middle-income families.
Results: Variable- and person-centered analyses suggested three areas of color-conscious practices, racial appearance, cultural background, and grouping, and revealed heterogeneity in associations between color consciousness and social dominance orientation. Mothers' acknowledgment of shared culture was associated with children's positive attitudes toward their racial ingroup with darker skin tone.
Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of a nuanced and contextualized understanding of color-conscious socialization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Objectives: Black people seek racism-specific support (RSS)-social support in response to racism-from same-race (vs. cross-race) friends because they feel more understood by Black friends. The present study tested whether supportive and responsive (i.e., validating) RSS from Black or non-Black friends differentially influenced friendship dynamics and factors associated with Black support-seekers' psychological well-being (e.g., affect).
Method: Same-race (Black/Black; ndyad = 17) and cross-race (Black/non-Black; ndyad = 29) friendship dyads (Mage = 20.25, SD = 3.26) discussed an experience of racism. Both friends rated the supportiveness and responsiveness of RSS (or support) and completed pre- and postconversation measures (e.g., affect, emotional closeness).
Results: Supportive and responsive RSS predicted increased closeness between same- and cross-race friends. Responsive RSS predicted increased postconversation positive affect for Black support-seekers talking to same-race (vs. cross-race) friends. Exploratory analyses revealed support-providers also perceived support-seekers as providing responsiveness during exchanges.
Conclusions: Responsive and supportive RSS predicted positive cross-race friendship outcomes, and responsive RSS, especially among same-race friends, predicted improvement in Black support-seekers' affective reactions associated with psychological well-being. Moreover, the role of seeking and providing support might be dynamic, particularly when Black friends talk about racism with other friends of color. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Objective: This study derived parent-child acculturative stress (AS) profiles to evaluate how dyadic AS relates to parental expressed emotion (EE) and academic achievement.
Method: A sample of 284 Latinx youth (Mage = 11.5 years; 55.6% female) and their parents completed The Acculturative Stress Measure, and AS profiles were obtained using latent profile analyses (LPA). Profiles were compared across two outcomes: child and parent reports of parental EE using the Brief Dyadic Scale of Expressed Emotion, which measures parental warmth, criticism, and emotional overinvolvement (EOI), and child standardized test scores.
Results: Four AS profiles emerged using LPA fit indices: high child-low parent (HCLP; 7.7%), low child-high parent (LCHP; 13.4%), moderate child-low parent (MCLP; 14.4%), and low child-low parent (LCLP; 64.4%). Youth and parents in profiles reporting higher AS reported higher EE, particularly EOI. Youth in profiles characterized by greater AS obtained lower test scores.
Conclusion: Parent and child dyads can experience different levels of AS. Higher dyadic AS was associated with worse perceived parental attitudes, as measured by EE, and lower academic achievement. Parental EE subscale differences varied based on the informant and their AS level. Findings underscore the importance of considering cultural factors and incorporating multiple family member experiences to meet the needs of Latinx families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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