Pub Date : 2022-03-20DOI: 10.1177/01902725221084273
Joseph Dippong, W. Kalkhoff, Cayce Jamil
Research on the causes and consequences of vocal accommodation is accumulating rapidly in social psychology, but important puzzles remain. Recent work has shown that patterns of vocal accommodation among actors engaged in competitive interactions (e.g., debates) are related to audience perceptions of their relative dominance but not prestige. This makes intuitive sense, but it remains unclear how audience perceptions of actors’ relative dominance and/or prestige are impacted in cooperative group interactions and whether and to what extent audience perceptions agree with actors’ own perceptions. Building on past theory and research on vocal accommodation, we address these methodological questions by analyzing data from two experimental studies. Results reveal that for cooperative interactions involving two actors, vocal accommodation is associated with actor and observer perceptions of dominance and prestige, but not to an equal extent. For actors, vocal accommodation is more strongly predictive of their perceptions of each other’s relative prestige. For observers, vocal accommodation is more strongly predictive of their perceptions of actors’ relative dominance. We offer an explanation for the difference and provide directions for future research.
{"title":"Vocal Accommodation and Perceptions of Speakers’ Prestige and Dominance","authors":"Joseph Dippong, W. Kalkhoff, Cayce Jamil","doi":"10.1177/01902725221084273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221084273","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the causes and consequences of vocal accommodation is accumulating rapidly in social psychology, but important puzzles remain. Recent work has shown that patterns of vocal accommodation among actors engaged in competitive interactions (e.g., debates) are related to audience perceptions of their relative dominance but not prestige. This makes intuitive sense, but it remains unclear how audience perceptions of actors’ relative dominance and/or prestige are impacted in cooperative group interactions and whether and to what extent audience perceptions agree with actors’ own perceptions. Building on past theory and research on vocal accommodation, we address these methodological questions by analyzing data from two experimental studies. Results reveal that for cooperative interactions involving two actors, vocal accommodation is associated with actor and observer perceptions of dominance and prestige, but not to an equal extent. For actors, vocal accommodation is more strongly predictive of their perceptions of each other’s relative prestige. For observers, vocal accommodation is more strongly predictive of their perceptions of actors’ relative dominance. We offer an explanation for the difference and provide directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"85 1","pages":"111 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46982934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/01902725221081948
N. MacKinnon
I begin my address by identifying three vertical directions of reductionism (upward, horizontal, and downward) with ontological (descriptive) and epistemological (explanatory) forms. Following a brief discussion of horizontal reductionism, I deal with upward reductionism in terms of postmodernist thought and its influence on social scientists. In my discussion of downward reductionism, I reject ontological (descriptive) reductionism while embracing a qualified version of epistemological (explanatory) reductionism. While admitting psychological and biological variables to explanation of social phenomena, this qualified version of explanatory reductionism maintains that individual-level variables cannot explain social phenomena without residue because such phenomena have emergent properties. I support my argument by discussing the perceived threat of neuroscience by psychologists and the lesson it holds for sociology and social psychology with respect to employing individual-level explanatory variables. Following a discussion of affect control theory and cultural sociology as examples of the qualified version of explanatory reductionism advanced in this address, I present a model of an integrative social psychology, locating different kinds of reductionism and social psychological theories in this model.
{"title":"Reductionism: Friend or Foe of an Integrative Social Psychology?","authors":"N. MacKinnon","doi":"10.1177/01902725221081948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221081948","url":null,"abstract":"I begin my address by identifying three vertical directions of reductionism (upward, horizontal, and downward) with ontological (descriptive) and epistemological (explanatory) forms. Following a brief discussion of horizontal reductionism, I deal with upward reductionism in terms of postmodernist thought and its influence on social scientists. In my discussion of downward reductionism, I reject ontological (descriptive) reductionism while embracing a qualified version of epistemological (explanatory) reductionism. While admitting psychological and biological variables to explanation of social phenomena, this qualified version of explanatory reductionism maintains that individual-level variables cannot explain social phenomena without residue because such phenomena have emergent properties. I support my argument by discussing the perceived threat of neuroscience by psychologists and the lesson it holds for sociology and social psychology with respect to employing individual-level explanatory variables. Following a discussion of affect control theory and cultural sociology as examples of the qualified version of explanatory reductionism advanced in this address, I present a model of an integrative social psychology, locating different kinds of reductionism and social psychological theories in this model.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"85 1","pages":"6 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49011490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/01902725221085332
Amy Kroska, David R. Heise, L. Smith-Lovin
We are honored to introduce Neil MacKinnon as the 2021 recipient of the Cooley-Mead Award. Neil has influenced sociological social psychology with pathbreaking theoretical and empirical work that has helped shape contemporary understandings of impression formation, emotions, identities and the self, social institutions, and culture. Neil grew up in Nova Scotia, Canada, and did his undergraduate work at the University of Windsor, graduating in just three years, with a double major in sociology and philosophy. He then began graduate studies in sociology at the University of Illinois, where he made intensive use of that university’s powerful computers and its faculty resources on multivariate analyses. In 1970, after just three years, Neil completed his doctoral dissertation on the structure of role expectations. He was Dr. MacKinnon just six years after graduating from high school! After two years at the University of Minnesota, Neil moved back to Canada and began working at the University of Guelph, where he spent the remainder of his career. During the early years of his career, he published social psychological work on role expectations and role strain and more macro-oriented studies of urban migration and educational attainment. In 1978, Neil used a sabbatical to go to the Department of Sociology at the University of North Carolina as a visiting scholar. He connected with all of the prominent scholars of advanced statistical methods that had attracted him there, but he soon concentrated his activities in the group working on affect control theory (ACT), led by David Heise with Lynn Smith-Lovin as a core graduate student. Results of a large National Institute of Mental Health study were pouring in, and Neil took on the task of analyzing perceived likelihoods of interpersonal events, the first comprehensive test of the theory’s predictions. A few years after his sabbatical, Neil initiated a massive cross-cultural replication of all the basic empirical work in ACT, including the development of Canadian impression-formation equations. He identified cross-cultural differences in impression-formation processes and laid the groundwork for other scholars to
我们很荣幸地介绍Neil MacKinnon为2021年Cooley Mead奖的获得者。尼尔以开创性的理论和实证工作影响了社会学社会心理学，帮助塑造了当代对印象形成、情绪、身份和自我、社会制度和文化的理解。Neil在加拿大新斯科舍省长大，在温莎大学读本科，仅用三年时间就毕业了，主修社会学和哲学。然后，他开始在伊利诺伊大学攻读社会学研究生，在那里，他充分利用了该大学强大的计算机及其教师资源进行多元分析。1970年，仅仅三年后，Neil就完成了关于角色期望结构的博士论文。高中毕业六年后，他就是MacKinnon博士！在明尼苏达大学两年后，Neil搬回加拿大，开始在圭尔夫大学工作，在那里度过了他职业生涯的剩余时间。在职业生涯的早期，他发表了关于角色期望和角色压力的社会心理学著作，以及关于城市移民和教育程度的更宏观的研究。1978年，Neil利用休假前往北卡罗来纳大学社会学系做访问学者。他与吸引他去那里的所有著名的高级统计方法学者建立了联系，但他很快就将活动集中在由David Heise领导的情感控制理论（ACT）小组中，Lynn Smith Lovin是该小组的核心研究生。美国国家心理健康研究所的一项大型研究结果纷至沓来，尼尔承担了分析人际事件感知可能性的任务，这是对该理论预测的第一次全面测试。休假几年后，Neil开始了对ACT所有基本实证工作的大规模跨文化复制，包括加拿大印象形成方程的开发。他发现了印象形成过程中的跨文化差异，并为其他学者奠定了基础
{"title":"Introduction of Neil J. MacKinnon, 2021 Cooley-Mead Award Recipient","authors":"Amy Kroska, David R. Heise, L. Smith-Lovin","doi":"10.1177/01902725221085332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221085332","url":null,"abstract":"We are honored to introduce Neil MacKinnon as the 2021 recipient of the Cooley-Mead Award. Neil has influenced sociological social psychology with pathbreaking theoretical and empirical work that has helped shape contemporary understandings of impression formation, emotions, identities and the self, social institutions, and culture. Neil grew up in Nova Scotia, Canada, and did his undergraduate work at the University of Windsor, graduating in just three years, with a double major in sociology and philosophy. He then began graduate studies in sociology at the University of Illinois, where he made intensive use of that university’s powerful computers and its faculty resources on multivariate analyses. In 1970, after just three years, Neil completed his doctoral dissertation on the structure of role expectations. He was Dr. MacKinnon just six years after graduating from high school! After two years at the University of Minnesota, Neil moved back to Canada and began working at the University of Guelph, where he spent the remainder of his career. During the early years of his career, he published social psychological work on role expectations and role strain and more macro-oriented studies of urban migration and educational attainment. In 1978, Neil used a sabbatical to go to the Department of Sociology at the University of North Carolina as a visiting scholar. He connected with all of the prominent scholars of advanced statistical methods that had attracted him there, but he soon concentrated his activities in the group working on affect control theory (ACT), led by David Heise with Lynn Smith-Lovin as a core graduate student. Results of a large National Institute of Mental Health study were pouring in, and Neil took on the task of analyzing perceived likelihoods of interpersonal events, the first comprehensive test of the theory’s predictions. A few years after his sabbatical, Neil initiated a massive cross-cultural replication of all the basic empirical work in ACT, including the development of Canadian impression-formation equations. He identified cross-cultural differences in impression-formation processes and laid the groundwork for other scholars to","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"85 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43256163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/01902725221081798
M. Gallagher, K. Marcussen, R. Serpe
Identity theory assumes that individuals seek identity verification in the form of consistency between the meanings implied by perceived feedback from others (reflected appraisals) and their own self-meanings (identity standards) during social interaction. When there is a lack of identity verification (discrepancy), individuals experience negative outcomes such as psychological distress. Most adults hold multiple identities, and discrepancies in certain identities may cause more distress than others. Moreover, reflected appraisals come from various sources, and discrepancies with certain sources may be more influential than others. Yet most research on identity verification has not included multiple identities or multiple sources of reflected appraisals. We use structural equation modeling to simultaneously investigate associations between identity discrepancies with four sources of reflected appraisals (spouse, family, friends, and others in general) and distress (depressive symptoms) in a sample of 735 respondents who occupy three identities (spouse/partner, parent, and religious). We find that discrepancies in more obligatory identities and those involving reflected appraisals from more proximal sources of feedback are most consistently associated with depressive symptoms. Implications of these findings for advancing identity theory and research are discussed.
{"title":"Multiple Identities and Sources of Reflected Appraisals in Identity Theory","authors":"M. Gallagher, K. Marcussen, R. Serpe","doi":"10.1177/01902725221081798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725221081798","url":null,"abstract":"Identity theory assumes that individuals seek identity verification in the form of consistency between the meanings implied by perceived feedback from others (reflected appraisals) and their own self-meanings (identity standards) during social interaction. When there is a lack of identity verification (discrepancy), individuals experience negative outcomes such as psychological distress. Most adults hold multiple identities, and discrepancies in certain identities may cause more distress than others. Moreover, reflected appraisals come from various sources, and discrepancies with certain sources may be more influential than others. Yet most research on identity verification has not included multiple identities or multiple sources of reflected appraisals. We use structural equation modeling to simultaneously investigate associations between identity discrepancies with four sources of reflected appraisals (spouse, family, friends, and others in general) and distress (depressive symptoms) in a sample of 735 respondents who occupy three identities (spouse/partner, parent, and religious). We find that discrepancies in more obligatory identities and those involving reflected appraisals from more proximal sources of feedback are most consistently associated with depressive symptoms. Implications of these findings for advancing identity theory and research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"85 1","pages":"142 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46018557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.1177/01902725211071106
Sarah Maslen
In Mead’s philosophy, we develop and present ourselves in anticipation of an audience, taking the role of other to “see” ourselves as we will be seen. But what we see when we take the position of other is not in fact what the other sees of ourselves. It is only the visible side of our experience that the other can grasp, leaving hidden our interior experiences. This article speaks to this conundrum left by Mead’s writing, presenting the training of musicians as a strategic site for showing why we need to go beyond Mead in social psychology, adding what Merleau-Ponty shows us of how we work on the invisible side of our experience. This research examines how classical music teachers work with students to deliberately transform their inner experience of their sound to align their self-perception with how others perceive them.
{"title":"Hearing Like a Musician: Integrating Sensory Perception of Self into a Social Theory of Self-Reflexivity","authors":"Sarah Maslen","doi":"10.1177/01902725211071106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725211071106","url":null,"abstract":"In Mead’s philosophy, we develop and present ourselves in anticipation of an audience, taking the role of other to “see” ourselves as we will be seen. But what we see when we take the position of other is not in fact what the other sees of ourselves. It is only the visible side of our experience that the other can grasp, leaving hidden our interior experiences. This article speaks to this conundrum left by Mead’s writing, presenting the training of musicians as a strategic site for showing why we need to go beyond Mead in social psychology, adding what Merleau-Ponty shows us of how we work on the invisible side of our experience. This research examines how classical music teachers work with students to deliberately transform their inner experience of their sound to align their self-perception with how others perceive them.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"85 1","pages":"65 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47375124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-18DOI: 10.1177/01902725211063818
J. Mijs, Stijn Daenekindt, W. de Koster, J. van der Waal
Despite decreasing intergenerational mobility, strengthening the ties between family background and children’s economic outcomes, Western citizens continue to believe in meritocracy. We study how meritocratic beliefs about success relate to individuals’ social mobility experiences: Is subjective upward mobility associated with meritocratic attributions of success and downward mobility with structuralist views? Whereas previous studies addressed the relevance of individuals’ current position or objective mobility, we leverage diagonal reference models to disentangle the role of subjective mobility, origin, and destination. Surveying a representative Dutch sample (n = 1,507), we find, echoing the Thomas theorem, that if people experience social mobility as real, it is real in its consequences: subjective upward mobility is associated with stronger meritocratic beliefs, and downward mobility is associated with stronger structuralist beliefs—but has no bearing on people’s meritocracy beliefs. This helps understand the muted political response to growing inequality: a small share of upwardly mobile individuals may suffice to uphold public faith in meritocracy.
{"title":"Belief in Meritocracy Reexamined: Scrutinizing the Role of Subjective Social Mobility","authors":"J. Mijs, Stijn Daenekindt, W. de Koster, J. van der Waal","doi":"10.1177/01902725211063818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725211063818","url":null,"abstract":"Despite decreasing intergenerational mobility, strengthening the ties between family background and children’s economic outcomes, Western citizens continue to believe in meritocracy. We study how meritocratic beliefs about success relate to individuals’ social mobility experiences: Is subjective upward mobility associated with meritocratic attributions of success and downward mobility with structuralist views? Whereas previous studies addressed the relevance of individuals’ current position or objective mobility, we leverage diagonal reference models to disentangle the role of subjective mobility, origin, and destination. Surveying a representative Dutch sample (n = 1,507), we find, echoing the Thomas theorem, that if people experience social mobility as real, it is real in its consequences: subjective upward mobility is associated with stronger meritocratic beliefs, and downward mobility is associated with stronger structuralist beliefs—but has no bearing on people’s meritocracy beliefs. This helps understand the muted political response to growing inequality: a small share of upwardly mobile individuals may suffice to uphold public faith in meritocracy.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"85 1","pages":"131 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47750227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1177/01902725211049788
Kelly L. Markowski, R. Serpe
Identity theory research shows that prominence, or identity importance, positively predicts salience or likely identity enactment. Sometimes the association is strong, indicating close matches in magnitude, whereas other times, it is weak, indicating mismatches in magnitude. We build on this work by exploring prominence–salience combinations, paying attention to how congruity and magnitude relate to role-specific self-esteem. We test two competing arguments: cognitive consistency—matches are good, mismatches are bad—and uncertainty reduction—high and low scores are clearly defined and good, medium scores are ambiguous and bad. Using data from 1,899 participants with parent (or no children) and spousal (or single) identities, results favor uncertainty reduction: matching medium prominence–salience scores are worse for self-esteem than other matching scores and often even mismatching scores. This work is important because it considers the felt and lived components of identity, advancing understanding of how identity experiences relate to well-being.
{"title":"Prominence–Salience Combinations and Self-Esteem: Do Magnitude and Congruity Matter?","authors":"Kelly L. Markowski, R. Serpe","doi":"10.1177/01902725211049788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725211049788","url":null,"abstract":"Identity theory research shows that prominence, or identity importance, positively predicts salience or likely identity enactment. Sometimes the association is strong, indicating close matches in magnitude, whereas other times, it is weak, indicating mismatches in magnitude. We build on this work by exploring prominence–salience combinations, paying attention to how congruity and magnitude relate to role-specific self-esteem. We test two competing arguments: cognitive consistency—matches are good, mismatches are bad—and uncertainty reduction—high and low scores are clearly defined and good, medium scores are ambiguous and bad. Using data from 1,899 participants with parent (or no children) and spousal (or single) identities, results favor uncertainty reduction: matching medium prominence–salience scores are worse for self-esteem than other matching scores and often even mismatching scores. This work is important because it considers the felt and lived components of identity, advancing understanding of how identity experiences relate to well-being.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"84 1","pages":"353 - 375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43445249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.1177/01902725211045024
Ioana Sendroiu, Laura Upenieks, Markus H. Schafer
Considerable work has shown that optimistic future orientations can be a resource for resilience across individuals’ lives. At the same time, research has shown little downside to “shooting for the stars” and failing. Here, we bring these competing insights to the study of lawyers’ careers, investigating the relationship between mental health and failure in achieving desired career advancement. To do this, we differentiate between expectations and aspirations for the future, a conceptual distinction that has been much theorized but little tested. Using longitudinal data, we show that dashed expectations of making partner are associated with depreciated mental health outcomes, whereas a similar relationship does not exist for unfulfilled aspirations. We conclude that inasmuch as expectations are more deeply rooted in an individual’s realistic sense of their future self, failing to achieve what is expected is more psychologically damaging than failing to achieve what is simply aspired. Our findings contrast with studies of younger people that demonstrate fewer consequences for unfulfilled future orientations, and so we highlight the importance of specifying how particular future-oriented beliefs fit into distinct career and life course trajectories, for better or for worse. In the process, we contribute to the academic literatures on future orientations, work, and mental health.
{"title":"The Divergent Mental Health Effects of Dashed Expectations and Unfulfilled Aspirations: Evidence from American Lawyers’ Careers","authors":"Ioana Sendroiu, Laura Upenieks, Markus H. Schafer","doi":"10.1177/01902725211045024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725211045024","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable work has shown that optimistic future orientations can be a resource for resilience across individuals’ lives. At the same time, research has shown little downside to “shooting for the stars” and failing. Here, we bring these competing insights to the study of lawyers’ careers, investigating the relationship between mental health and failure in achieving desired career advancement. To do this, we differentiate between expectations and aspirations for the future, a conceptual distinction that has been much theorized but little tested. Using longitudinal data, we show that dashed expectations of making partner are associated with depreciated mental health outcomes, whereas a similar relationship does not exist for unfulfilled aspirations. We conclude that inasmuch as expectations are more deeply rooted in an individual’s realistic sense of their future self, failing to achieve what is expected is more psychologically damaging than failing to achieve what is simply aspired. Our findings contrast with studies of younger people that demonstrate fewer consequences for unfulfilled future orientations, and so we highlight the importance of specifying how particular future-oriented beliefs fit into distinct career and life course trajectories, for better or for worse. In the process, we contribute to the academic literatures on future orientations, work, and mental health.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"84 1","pages":"376 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44280555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-25DOI: 10.1177/01902725211044815
W. Guo, Bin Xu
Disreputable exchanges are morally disapproved and often legally prohibited exchanges that exacerbate and reproduce social inequality but remain ubiquitous. Although previous literature explains the phenomenon by material interests and structural relations, we propose a cultural approach based on three major conceptions of culture: culture in relations, culture in interactions, and culture in inequality. We illustrate this approach by a case study of China’s hongbao (the red envelope) exchange, a typical disreputable exchange through informal medical payment. Drawing on interviews with doctors and patients, we find that participants of the exchange mobilize items from their cultural repertoires, such as professional ethics, face, power, fairness, and affection, to redefine different situations of interactions and project positive self–images to render their problematic exchanges morally acceptable to each other. Moreover, as the participants’ responses to our vignettes show, they negatively evaluate the exchanges in general moral terms, such as equality and fairness, but culturally justify their own involvement. This discrepancy between saying and doing tends to legitimize the disreputable exchange amid enduring public outrage and institutional prohibition. These cultural processes contribute to the reproduction of unequal access to scarce health care resources. Findings of this research not only offer insights into understanding disreputable exchanges but also contribute to research on other cases of social problems in which deviant behaviors are morally and culturally justified.
{"title":"Dignity in Red Envelopes: Disreputable Exchange and Cultural Reproduction of Inequality in Informal Medical Payment","authors":"W. Guo, Bin Xu","doi":"10.1177/01902725211044815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725211044815","url":null,"abstract":"Disreputable exchanges are morally disapproved and often legally prohibited exchanges that exacerbate and reproduce social inequality but remain ubiquitous. Although previous literature explains the phenomenon by material interests and structural relations, we propose a cultural approach based on three major conceptions of culture: culture in relations, culture in interactions, and culture in inequality. We illustrate this approach by a case study of China’s hongbao (the red envelope) exchange, a typical disreputable exchange through informal medical payment. Drawing on interviews with doctors and patients, we find that participants of the exchange mobilize items from their cultural repertoires, such as professional ethics, face, power, fairness, and affection, to redefine different situations of interactions and project positive self–images to render their problematic exchanges morally acceptable to each other. Moreover, as the participants’ responses to our vignettes show, they negatively evaluate the exchanges in general moral terms, such as equality and fairness, but culturally justify their own involvement. This discrepancy between saying and doing tends to legitimize the disreputable exchange amid enduring public outrage and institutional prohibition. These cultural processes contribute to the reproduction of unequal access to scarce health care resources. Findings of this research not only offer insights into understanding disreputable exchanges but also contribute to research on other cases of social problems in which deviant behaviors are morally and culturally justified.","PeriodicalId":48201,"journal":{"name":"Social Psychology Quarterly","volume":"85 1","pages":"23 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65341515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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