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Boardroom Dissent: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda 董事会议室的异议:综合评论与未来研究议程
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12607
Aira Eirola, Pieter-Jan Bezemer, Stephan Reinhold

Research Question/Issue

Scholars and practitioners view boardroom dissent as central to the functioning of boards of directors. However, there is a lack of consensus on what dissent is, who is involved, when and where it happens, and whether it is a behavioral or cognitive phenomenon. This conceptual unclarity and related fragmentation of empirical results call for an integrative literature review to build a coherent agenda for future research.

Research Findings/Results

A content-analysis of 73 articles published between 1997 and 2023 reveals three distinct research clusters that explore the empirical phenomenon: (1) dissent as expressed through voting, (2) dissent as diverging views, and (3) dissent as behavior in and around the boardroom. Three overarching challenges hamper the advancement of the field: (1) conceptual inconsistencies, (2) several methodological challenges, and (3) a need for further theorizing connected to boardroom dissent.

Theoretical Implications

We propose a novel working definition for boardroom dissent to inspire new work related to its constituent parts and to facilitate advancing its measurement. In combination with alternative methods, it stands to advance the boardroom dissent literature. Furthermore, there is a need for future research to integrate competing explanations theorizing how boardroom dissent relates to outcomes at different levels and to examine how boundary conditions constrain these relationships.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

The article provides new nuances to reflect on boardroom dissent and related behaviors. The review highlights that there is no one-size-fits-all approach automatically resulting in positive outcomes.

研究问题/议题学者和从业人员认为,董事会异议是董事会运作的核心。然而,对于什么是异议、谁参与了异议、异议发生的时间和地点以及异议是一种行为现象还是认知现象等问题却缺乏共识。对 1997 年至 2023 年间发表的 73 篇文章进行的内容分析显示,有三个不同的研究集群探讨了这一经验现象:(1)通过投票表达的异议;(2)作为不同意见的异议;以及(3)作为董事会内外行为的异议。三大挑战阻碍了这一领域的发展:(1)概念上的不一致,(2)方法上的若干挑战,以及(3)需要进一步理论化董事会异议。结合其他方法,它将推动董事会异议文献的发展。此外,未来的研究还需要整合各种相互竞争的解释,从理论上说明会议室异议与不同层面的结果之间的关系,并研究边界条件是如何制约这些关系的。评论强调,没有一种放之四海而皆准的方法能自动产生积极的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Poor Industry Conditions as an External Disciplining Mechanism in Takeovers 行业状况不佳是收购的外部约束机制
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12601
Jana P. Fidrmuc, Tereza Tykvová

Research Question/Issue

Many mergers destroy shareholder value because managers waste corporate resources to pursue private benefits. This paper considers poor conditions in the acquirer industry as a novel external disciplining mechanism that mitigates agency problems in takeovers.

Research Findings/Insights

Using textual analysis, we build a new measure of industry conditions based on acquirer peers' 10-K statements. We link this measure to acquirer announcement abnormal returns and find that more negative industry conditions are associated with higher abnormal returns.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Our results suggest that poor industry conditions impose discipline on managers who then tend to focus on deals that create value for acquirer shareholders.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Shareholders can rely on better alignment of interests with their managers during poorer industry conditions.

研究问题/议题许多兼并破坏了股东价值,因为管理者为了追求私人利益而浪费了公司资源。本文认为,收购方行业状况不佳是一种新的外部约束机制,可以缓解收购中的代理问题。研究结果/见解通过文本分析,我们根据收购方同行的 10-K 报表建立了一种新的行业状况衡量标准。理论/学术意义我们的研究结果表明,较差的行业状况会对经理人施加约束,而经理人则倾向于专注于为收购方股东创造价值的交易。
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引用次数: 0
The Corporate Governance of Business Groups Around the World: A Review and Agenda for Future Research 世界各地企业集团的公司治理:回顾与未来研究议程
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12603
Ruth V. Aguilera, Ryan Federo, Raquel Justo, Adrian Luis Merida, Bartolomé Pascual-Fuster

Research Question/Issue

Scholarly interest in business groups (BGs) has grown considerably over the years, as they emerged as important players in the global economy. Yet, there exist ample differences in the corporate governance, strategies, and performance of BG-affiliated firms. Given that BGs differ substantially across national institutional contexts, previous studies provide inconclusive arguments and empirical evidence regarding the complex relationship between corporate governance and firm performance within BGs.

Research Findings/Insights

Our review of 301 articles published in highly ranked journals between 1986 and 2023 establishes a mechanism-based framework to explain the effect of BG affiliation, ownership structure, and corporate governance practices on firm performance. We also reveal that many relationships between these factors vary cross-nationally and over time, contingent on the national institutional strength where BGs are domiciled and operate.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We develop a mechanism-based framework to unpack the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance within BGs and discuss previous studies' findings across different institutional settings. We find that some mechanisms are generally applicable to BGs in many contexts, whereas others only hold in particular institutional conditions. We then offer several research avenues for further scholarly attention.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Managers and policy makers should consider cross-national differences to fully understand BGs. Ultimately, our review demonstrates that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to BGs because their roles, functioning, and outcomes differ across institutional settings.

研究问题/议题多年来,随着企业集团(BGs)在全球经济中崭露头角,学术界对它们的兴趣与日俱增。然而,企业集团下属企业在公司治理、战略和绩效方面存在很大差异。鉴于企业集团在不同国家的制度背景下存在很大差异,以往的研究就企业集团内部公司治理与公司绩效之间的复杂关系提供了不确定的论据和经验证据。研究结果/启示我们回顾了 1986 年至 2023 年间在排名靠前的期刊上发表的 301 篇文章,建立了一个基于机制的框架来解释企业集团关联、所有权结构和公司治理实践对公司绩效的影响。我们还揭示了这些因素之间的许多关系在不同国家和不同时期存在差异,这取决于企业集团注册地和运营地的国家制度优势。理论/学术意义我们建立了一个基于机制的框架,以解读企业集团内部公司治理与公司业绩之间的关系,并讨论了以往不同制度环境下的研究结果。我们发现,一些机制普遍适用于许多背景下的企业集团,而另一些机制则只在特定的制度条件下成立。然后,我们提出了几条研究途径,供学者们进一步关注。实践者/政策含义管理者和政策制定者应考虑跨国差异,以充分了解企业集团。最终,我们的综述表明,没有一种放之四海而皆准的方法来处理性别平等问题,因为在不同的机构环境中,性别平等的作用、功能和结果都不尽相同。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Evidence and Insights on Corporate Governance From Around the Globe 全球公司治理的最新证据和见解
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12606
Konstantinos Stathopoulos, Till Talaulicar
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引用次数: 0
Tax Governance and Corporate Labor Investment Efficiency: A Quasi-Natural Experiment From China 税收治理与企业劳动投资效率:来自中国的准自然实验
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12602
Laifeng Yang, Junwei Lu, Qing Sophie Wang, Shaojie Lai

Research Question/Issue

We take advantage of China's staggered rollout of the Golden Tax Phase (GTP) III reform to examine how enhanced tax governance through digitalization affects corporate labor investment efficiency (LIE).

Research Findings/Insights

Applying a staggered difference-in-differences approach to Chinese A-share listed companies spanning from 2010 to 2017, our research reveals a significant improvement in LIE due to digitalized tax governance. Our path analysis demonstrates that the relationship between tax governance and LIE is mediated by enhancements in corporate governance and information quality. Notably, improved information quality exerts a more substantial influence than corporate governance. In addition to these mediated pathways, we identify a residual direct effect from digitalized tax governance to LIE.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This study uncovers a causal relationship between digitalized tax governance and corporate LIE. It offers new insights into the broader effects of tax governance, specifically how businesses adjust their employment decisions when tax administration becomes more digitalized.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study highlights a positive externality of digitalized tax governance, offering valuable insights for policymakers aiming to optimize tax administration processes through information technology.

研究问题/议题我们利用中国交错推出的黄金税收阶段(GTP) III改革,研究通过数字化加强税收治理如何影响企业劳动投资效率(LIE)。通过对2010年至2017年中国a股上市公司的交错差异分析,我们的研究发现,由于数字化税收治理,LIE显著改善。我们的路径分析表明,税收治理与企业负债之间的关系是通过公司治理和信息质量的提高来中介的。值得注意的是,信息质量的提高比公司治理产生更实质性的影响。除了这些中介途径外,我们还确定了数字化税收治理对LIE的剩余直接影响。本研究揭示了数字化税收治理与企业LIE之间的因果关系。它为税收治理的更广泛影响提供了新的见解,特别是当税收管理变得更加数字化时,企业如何调整其就业决策。本研究强调了数字化税收治理的正外部性,为旨在通过信息技术优化税收管理流程的政策制定者提供了有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
International Joint Venture Governance Mechanisms: The Role of Institutional Environment on Contract Design 国际合资企业治理机制:制度环境对合同设计的作用
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12605
Jeongho Choi, Andres Velez-Calle, Farok J. Contractor

Research Question/Issue

What contract provisions and clauses should be emphasized in international joint venture (IJV) contracts to mitigate the challenges arising from the host country's institutional environment? This study examines how the institutional environment of the host country influences the design of IJV contracts and their governance.

Research Findings/Insights

We analyzed 23 contract provisions and clauses across 390 IJVs established between 2000 and 2016. Our findings indicate that control clauses detailing legal remedies and safeguards are used more frequently in host countries with more flexible and less formalized legal systems. Additionally, management structure clauses specifying internal governance mechanisms are more often used when contract enforcement in the court of a host country takes longer. Furthermore, host countries that lack abilities to control corruption increase the use of management structure clauses in IJV contract agreements.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

By delving into the IJV contract structure, this study enhances our understanding of the role of a host country's institutional environment in the use of different types of IJV contract provisions/clauses.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Alliance negotiators and practitioners should be aware of the contract clauses that are particularly essential in specific foreign legal environments. Management structure clauses should be incorporated more often when the foreign nation is prone to corruption, government favoritism, and inefficient legal processes. The greater use of control clauses is necessary when the host country controls corruption well and the legal system is less formalized.

国际合资企业(IJV)合同中应强调哪些合同条款和条款,以减轻东道国制度环境带来的挑战?本研究探讨了东道国的制度环境如何影响国际合资企业合同的设计及其治理。研究结果/见解我们分析了 2000 年至 2016 年间成立的 390 家国际合资企业的 23 项合同规定和条款。我们的研究结果表明,在法律制度较为灵活、正规化程度较低的东道国,详细规定法律补救措施和保障措施的控制条款使用频率较高。此外,在东道国法院执行合同需要较长时间时,更常使用规定内部治理机制的管理结构条款。通过深入研究国际合资企业的合同结构,本研究加深了我们对东道国制度环境在使用不同类型的国际合资企业合同条款/条款中的作用的理解。当外国容易出现腐败、政府偏袒和法律程序效率低下时,应更多地纳入管理结构条款。如果东道国对腐败的控制较好,而法律制度不够正规,则有必要更多地使用控制条款。
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引用次数: 0
Board Busyness and Firm Performance: An Emerging Market Perspective 董事会忙碌与公司绩效:新兴市场视角
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12600
G. Venkatesh, Saranya Kshatriya, Shashank Bansal

Research Question/Issue

This paper primarily explores the relationship between busy boards and firm performance. Additionally, we have performed a quasi-natural experiment to evaluate the impact of SEBI regulatory restrictions on multiple directorships on the firm performance.

Research Findings/Insights

The study sample includes all firms listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). Our primary findings indicate a nonlinear relationship between busy boards and firm performance. These results are more pronounced for the non-business group firms and firms with high promoter ownership. Our quasi-natural experiment results indicates that the treatment firms had a significant improvement in firm performance. The results of event study analysis and difference-in-difference analysis are robust for both short- and long-term measures of firm performance. Furthermore, we observe an increase in the board meeting attendance of independent directors in the post-mandate period.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Two competing views prevalent in busy board literature are reputational effect hypothesis and distraction effect hypothesis. Our findings support the limit on number of outside directorships; if this number exceeds a certain threshold, the directors become less effective monitors and exacerbate the firm performance.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

The results are in favor of restriction on multiple directorship positions of independent directors by the regulators in emerging markets. Further, the study demonstrates that firms that adhere to good governance practices protect the investors' interests and improve the firm's performance.

研究问题/议题本文主要探讨繁忙的董事会与公司绩效之间的关系。此外,我们还进行了一项准自然实验来评估SEBI对多董事职位的监管限制对公司绩效的影响。研究结果/见解研究样本包括在国家证券交易所(NSE)和孟买证券交易所(BSE)上市的所有公司。我们的主要研究结果表明,忙碌的董事会与公司绩效之间存在非线性关系。这些结果对于非商业集团公司和具有高促销员所有权的公司更为明显。我们的准自然实验结果表明,治疗企业在企业绩效方面有显著的改善。事件研究分析和差异中差异分析的结果对于企业绩效的短期和长期衡量都是稳健的。此外,我们观察到独立董事在任期结束后出席董事会会议的人数有所增加。在忙碌的董事会文献中流行的两种相互竞争的观点是声誉效应假说和分心效应假说。我们的研究结果支持外部董事数量的限制;如果这个数字超过了一定的阈值,那么董事的监督效果就会降低,并使公司绩效恶化。研究结果支持新兴市场监管机构对独立董事的多重董事职位进行限制。此外,研究表明,坚持良好治理实践的公司保护了投资者的利益,提高了公司的绩效。
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引用次数: 0
Creditors at the Gate: Effects of Selective Environmental Disclosure on the Cost of Debt 门口的债权人:选择性环境信息披露对债务成本的影响
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12599
Najah Attig, Mohammad Rahaman, Samir Trabelsi

Research Question/Issue

What is the impact of selective environmental disclosure, also known as greenwashing, on firms' credit risk profiles? Can the superior information and monitoring abilities of private lenders serve as environmental governance mechanisms to promote the adoption of ESG best practices by firms?

Research Findings/Insights

Through detailed examination of private debt contracts and environmental disclosure practices, we reveal that private lenders impose financial penalties on firms with poor environmental records, manifesting as higher spreads and loan-related fees. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that greenwashing, or misleading environmental transparency, results in increased debt financing costs for firms. Moreover, lenders may adopt lenient nonprice terms to mitigate the impact of higher loan costs on firms engaged in selective environmental disclosure. This intricate contract design allows lenders to extract appropriate returns without hindering firms' access to external financing.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Our findings underscore the significance of private creditors in enhancing environmental disclosure standards within the corporate sphere. Additionally, our evidence emphasizes the importance of integrating firms' environmental impact into theoretical and empirical credit risk models.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

The intricate contract structures of bank loans can effectively address the informational risks associated with selective disclosure, without impeding firms' access to external financing. Hence, this financing mechanism holds the potential to enhance the ESG performance of firms.

选择性环境披露(也称为“漂绿”)对企业信用风险状况的影响是什么?私人贷款机构优越的信息和监测能力能否作为促进企业采用ESG最佳实践的环境治理机制?研究结果/见解通过对私人债务合同和环境信息披露实践的详细研究,我们发现私人贷款机构对环境记录不佳的公司施加经济处罚,表现为更高的利差和贷款相关费用。此外,我们的分析表明,洗绿,或误导环境透明度,导致企业债务融资成本增加。此外,贷款人可能采用宽松的非价格条款,以减轻较高的贷款成本对从事选择性环境披露的公司的影响。这种错综复杂的合同设计允许出借人在不阻碍企业获得外部融资的情况下提取适当的回报。理论/学术意义我们的研究结果强调了私人债权人在提高公司领域环境披露标准方面的重要性。此外,我们的证据强调了将企业环境影响纳入理论和实证信用风险模型的重要性。从业者/政策影响银行贷款复杂的合同结构可以有效地解决与选择性披露相关的信息风险,而不会阻碍企业获得外部融资。因此,这种融资机制具有提高企业ESG绩效的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
CEO and CFO Stock Options and Trading Activity Around Bank Loans 首席执行官和首席财务官股票期权与围绕银行贷款的交易活动
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12592
Amine Khayati, James Tompkins, David Bray, Jack Clampit

Research Question/Issue

When firms make major bank loan agreements, stock prices, on average, react positively. This creates an incentive for executives to time both stock trading and the dating of option grants relative to the announcement of such agreements.

Research Findings/Insights

We find evidence that both CEOs and CFOs time bank loan agreement announcements after option grant dates, significantly increase the stock purchased prior to (and the stock sold after) the announcement. Our results support management strategically timing of the bank loan agreement announcement as opposed to influencing the compensation committee to time the option grant date for the benefit of management. While these findings complement prior research on the proven CEOs opportunistic behavior around corporate events, they offer a new conspicuous evidence of CFOs opportunistic behavior.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This study contributes to the literature on opportunistic managerial behavior around corporate events by examining the stock option grants, exercises, and stock trades surrounding a major bank loan agreement and the relational interplay between the CEOs and CFOs. While concurrently testing and confirming the expected CEOs opportunistic behavior, the study augments the literature with strong evidence of CFOs opportunistic behavior coinciding with the announcement of bank loan agreements.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Our results are of value to the board of directors when formulating executive pay and in support of the heightened regulatory requirements on the executive compensation disclosure. Overall, our evidence calls out the Security and Exchange Commission laxity in monitoring loan-related disclosures and lends support to the SEC (2006) amended disclosure rules on CFO compensation. Complete and timely disclosures are useful to investors and analysts to assess managerial expectations and mitigate aggressive timing of corporate events.

研究问题当公司签订重大银行贷款协议时,股票价格平均会做出积极反应。研究结果/见解我们发现的证据表明,首席执行官和首席财务官都将银行贷款协议公告的时间定在了期权授予日之后,从而显著增加了公告前买入的股票(以及公告后卖出的股票)。我们的研究结果支持管理层战略性地选择银行贷款协议公告的时间,而不是为了管理层的利益影响薪酬委员会选择期权授予日的时间。理论/学术启示 本研究通过考察围绕一项重大银行贷款协议的股票期权授予、行使和股票交易,以及首席执行官和首席财务官之间的相互关系,为有关公司事件前后管理者机会主义行为的文献做出了贡献。在检验和证实预期的首席执行官机会主义行为的同时,本研究还提供了首席财务官机会主义行为与银行贷款协议公告相吻合的有力证据,从而丰富了相关文献。总体而言,我们的证据揭示了美国证券交易委员会对贷款相关信息披露监管不严的问题,并为美国证券交易委员会(2006 年)修订的首席财务官薪酬披露规则提供了支持。完整、及时的信息披露有助于投资者和分析师评估管理者的预期,减少公司事件的激进时机。
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引用次数: 0
Bank Culture and Bank Liquidity Creation 银行文化与银行流动性创造
IF 4.6 3区 管理学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1111/corg.12580
Loan Quynh Thi Nguyen, Luu Duc Toan Huynh

Research Question/Issue

This study aimed to understand the impact of bank culture on liquidity creation by applying textual analysis to data from US bank holding companies.

Research Findings/Insights

The results indicated a substantial connection between bank culture and liquidity creation. Control and collaborative cultures negatively impacted liquidity creation, whereas a competing culture had a positive effect. The negative impacts were stronger in more diversified, experienced, and profitable banks and weaker in larger banks. In complete culture banks, liquidity creation decreased with increased experience and profitability but increased with size. The influence of culture on the different aspects of liquidity creation was similar across the board for overall liquidity generation.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

By introducing a new bank culture index, this study offers a unique contribution to the academic understanding of the interplay between organizational culture and financial performance, particularly liquidity creation.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

The insights from this study are valuable for bank managers and regulators as they highlight the aspects of bank culture that can be leveraged or adjusted to optimize liquidity creation, thereby informing strategies and policy decisions.

研究问题本研究旨在通过对美国银行控股公司的数据进行文本分析,了解银行文化对流动性创造的影响。研究结果表明,银行文化与流动性创造之间存在密切联系。控制文化和合作文化对流动性创造有负面影响,而竞争文化则有正面影响。负面影响在多元化程度更高、经验更丰富、盈利能力更强的银行中更明显,而在规模更大的银行中则更弱。在完全文化银行中,流动性创造随着经验和盈利能力的增加而减少,但随着规模的扩大而增加。理论/学术意义通过引入新的银行文化指数,本研究为学术界理解组织文化与财务绩效(尤其是流动性创造)之间的相互作用做出了独特的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Corporate Governance-An International Review
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