Journal of Democracy最新文献

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The Exaggerated Death of Indian Democracy 被夸大的印度民主之死

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/jod.0.a900327

Rahul Verma

引用次数: 0

"We are in this together" - Polish midwives' reflections on perinatal care for Ukrainian women after the outbreak of war. "我们同舟共济"--波兰助产士对战争爆发后乌克兰妇女围产期护理的思考。

IF 2.2 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-04-17 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5114/hpr/161996

Magdalena Chrzan-Dętkoś, Natalia E Murawska

Background: February 24, 2022, the beginning of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, was also the beginning of an exceptional situation and a challenge for the Polish health care system, the health care workers and Polish citizens. This study aims to conduct a qualitative analysis of midwives' experiences of maternity care for Ukrainian women after the outbreak of war.

Participants and procedure: Eight midwives with experience working with both Ukrainian patients and Ukrainian war refugees (who came to Poland after February 24, 2022) participated in a semi-structured interview. The interview data were transcribed and thematically analysed to identify the observations, challenges and medical personnel needs.

Results: The most frequently observed reactions in Ukrainian patients included crying, increased anxiety and irritability, fear, withdrawal, and constant information seeking about the current situation. Breastfeeding problems understood as a consequence of chronic stress were also observed and assisted by the midwives. All respondents pointed out the language barrier and their involvement, showing empathy and attentiveness to the patients' situation. No hospital introduced additional support for midwives. A high level of emotional burden on midwives was observed.

Conclusions: The midwives were eager to help Ukrainian patients - they emphasized the more frequent need to make themselves available for them. However, the emotional involvement of the midwives is accompanied by the risk of traumatization and burnout, which are associated with exposure to the difficult experiences of patients. Implementation of training in trauma-informed care and supervision could support midwives in their work and prevent the consequences of long-term stress. Systemic solutions concerning translators' presence and hospital documents' translation are also essential.

背景：2022 年 2 月 24 日是俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的开始，也是波兰医疗保健系统、医疗保健工作者和波兰公民面临特殊情况和挑战的开始。本研究旨在对助产士在战争爆发后为乌克兰妇女提供产科护理的经验进行定性分析：八名具有为乌克兰病人和乌克兰战争难民（2022 年 2 月 24 日之后来到波兰）提供服务经验的助产士参加了半结构化访谈。对访谈数据进行了转录和主题分析，以确定观察结果、面临的挑战和医务人员的需求：在乌克兰患者身上观察到的最常见反应包括哭泣、焦虑和烦躁情绪加重、恐惧、退缩以及不断寻求有关当前情况的信息。助产士还观察到母乳喂养问题，并给予帮助。所有受访者都指出了语言障碍和助产士的参与，表现出对病人处境的同情和关注。没有一家医院为助产士提供额外的支持。结论：助产士的情绪负担很重：助产士渴望帮助乌克兰病人--她们强调需要经常为病人提供帮助。然而，助产士的情感投入伴随着创伤和职业倦怠的风险，这与接触病人的艰难经历有关。对助产士进行创伤知情护理和监督方面的培训，可以支持她们的工作，防止长期压力造成的后果。有关翻译人员到场和医院文件翻译的系统性解决方案也至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

The Iraq Invasion at Twenty: Iraq’s Mafia State 20岁入侵伊拉克:伊拉克的黑手党国家

IF 3.1 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/jod.2023.0022

Kanan Makiya

Abstract:How should one characterize the U.S. war of 2003? Was it a “liberation” of millions of people from tyranny, or a much hated “occupation”? This essay reflects on how the Interim Governing Council (IGC)—formed following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the removal of Saddam Hussein—conflated “democracy” with “representation” based on muhassasa (the practice of filling key government posts by “consensus” of the major-party bosses, using sectarian or ethnic criteria). This arrangement of the IGC proved ripe for corruption. Post-2003, identity politics continued to shape the outlook of Iraq‘s political elite, but today a new generation has begun making itself heard. This generation believes in Iraq as a nation and understands democracy as more than a source of spoils to be divided among groups.

摘要:如何描述2003年的美国战争?它是数百万人从暴政下的“解放”，还是一次令人深恶痛绝的“占领”?这篇文章反映了临时管理委员会(IGC)——在美国领导的入侵伊拉克和推翻萨达姆·侯赛因之后成立的——是如何将“民主”与基于muhassasa的“代表制”结合在一起的(muhassasa是指根据宗派或种族标准，通过主要政党领导人的“共识”来填补关键政府职位的做法)。IGC的这种安排被证明是滋生腐败的温床。2003年后，身份政治继续影响着伊拉克政治精英的观点，但今天，新一代已经开始发出自己的声音。这一代人相信伊拉克是一个国家，并理解民主不仅仅是一种可以在不同群体之间分配的战利品。

引用次数: 0

Peru: The Danger of Powerless Democracy 秘鲁:无能民主的危险

IF 3.1 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/jod.2023.0015

Rodrigo Barrenechea, A. Vergara

Abstract:Peru‘s democracy is dying. The country made international headlines after a cycle of political instability that left behind seven presidents in seven years, a failed coup, and 60 people dead after violent protests and brutal repression by the government. However, unlike the usual stories about democracy falling prey to the military or a popular strongman dismantling it from within, Peru‘s democracy is dying not from power concentration but from power dilution. Electoral fragmentation, political amateurism, and weak linkages with society have left politics populated by politicians willing to break democratic norms to make short-term gains. We call that process “democratic hollowing.”

摘要:秘鲁的民主正在消亡。在经历了一场政治动荡之后，这个国家登上了国际媒体的头条。在这一动荡中，七年内换了七任总统，政变失败，60人在政府的暴力抗议和残酷镇压下死亡。然而，与通常的民主沦为军队的牺牲品或一个受欢迎的强人从内部瓦解它的故事不同，秘鲁的民主正在消亡，不是因为权力集中，而是因为权力稀释。选举的分裂、政治上的业余以及与社会的薄弱联系，使得政治中充斥着愿意打破民主规范以获得短期利益的政客。我们称这一过程为“民主空心化”。

引用次数: 3

The CCP after the Zero-Covid Fail 动态清零失败后的中共

IF 3.1 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/jod.2023.0018

Lynette H. Ong

Abstract:China has two repressive systems that exist simultaneously: the highly coercive and surveilled system in Xinjiang, and the trust-based model of everyday repression prevalent throughout the rest of the country. The trust-based model has undergirded grassroots governance in China and facilitated the routine implementation of Zero-Covid. Drawing on a protest event dataset, I analyze the key characteristics of the covid protests erupted in November and December of 2022, before situating them in the larger context of China’s political future under Xi Jinping’s rule. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has responded to the protests with a combination of concession and repression. But neither the carrot nor the stick is able to fundamentally address the deep-rooted social problems or halt the tide of dissent. Coupled with structural economic challenges, these protests could be the harbinger of a new era of contentious state-society relations in China, the seeds of which were sown years ago–only precipitated and underscored by the CCP’s covid debacle.

摘要:中国有两种同时存在的镇压系统:新疆的高度强制和监视系统，以及全国其他地区普遍存在的基于信任的日常镇压模式。以信任为基础的模式巩固了中国的基层治理，促进了零冠肺炎的常规实施。中国共产党(CCP)以让步和镇压相结合的方式回应抗议活动。但无论是胡萝卜还是大棒，都无法从根本上解决根深蒂固的社会问题，也无法遏制异见的浪潮。再加上结构性的经济挑战，这些抗议活动可能预示着中国一个有争议的国家-社会关系新时代的到来，这种关系的种子在几年前就已经播下了，只是被中共的covid崩溃所加速和强调。

引用次数: 0

Under the Influence 受影响

IF 3.1 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/jod.2023.0025

Kelley E. Currie

Abstract:A review of Beijing’s Global Media Offensive: China’s Uneven Campaign to Influence Asia and the World by Joshua Kurlantzick.

摘要：《北京的全球媒体攻势：中国影响亚洲和世界的不均衡运动》，作者：库兰齐克。

引用次数: 0

The Putin Myth 普京神话

IF 3.1 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/jod.2023.0020

K. Stoner

Abstract:Over the past decade, the narrative of competence that Putin established during his first two presidential terms was steadily undermined as the quality of governance worsened. Since 2012, the regime has gradually been relying less on persuasion and more on generating fear in its population—a trend that has accelerated in the face of Russian military failures in Ukraine. That ill-fated war now risks the complete annihilation of the myth of autocratic competence. The Russian example demonstrates the importance of identifying and analyzing changes in the quality of autocracies, and calls for a better understanding of why autocracies become more reliant on violent repression than on spinning an informational narrative of legitimacy and competence.

摘要:在过去十年中，随着执政质量的恶化，普京在前两届总统任期内建立的能力叙事逐渐遭到破坏。自2012年以来，该政权逐渐减少了对说服的依赖，更多地依赖于在民众中制造恐惧——面对俄罗斯在乌克兰的军事失败，这一趋势加速了。这场命运多舛的战争现在有可能彻底摧毁专制能力的神话。俄罗斯的例子表明了识别和分析专制政权质量变化的重要性，并呼吁更好地理解为什么专制政权越来越依赖暴力镇压，而不是编造合法性和能力的信息叙事。

引用次数: 1

The Iraq Invasion at Twenty: The Iraq War and Democratic Backsliding 《二十岁入侵伊拉克:伊拉克战争与民主倒退》

IF 3.1 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/jod.2023.0023

E. Sky

Abstract:In recent years, democratic backsliding has become a source of increasing anxiety with the rise of populism, polarization, and disinformation. The seeds were sown 20 years ago with the decision to invade Iraq, the unintended consequences of which continue to reverberate today. The faulty intelligence and incompetence of the intervention caused a decline in trust in elites, experts, and the establishment. This in turn weakened the social contract between government and citizens, enabling the rise of identity politics, and creating the space for populist leaders claiming that they represent the “real people.” The Iraq war paved the way to Brexit and Trump.

摘要：近年来，随着民粹主义、两极分化和虚假信息的兴起，民主倒退已成为人们日益焦虑的根源。20年前，入侵伊拉克的决定播下了种子，其意外后果至今仍在回响。错误的情报和干预的无能导致了对精英、专家和当权派的信任度下降。这反过来削弱了政府和公民之间的社会契约，促成了身份政治的兴起，并为声称自己代表“真实人民”的民粹主义领导人创造了空间。伊拉克战争为英国脱欧和特朗普铺平了道路。

引用次数: 1

The Freedom House Survey for 2022: A Turning Point for Global Freedom? 2022年自由之家调查：全球自由的转折点？

IF 3.1 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/jod.2023.0021

Yana Gorokhovskaia, Adrian Shahbaz, Amy Slipowitz

Abstract:The latest edition of Freedom in the World found that the global struggle for democracy approached a possible turning point in 2022. Global freedom declined for the 17th consecutive year amid war, coups, and attacks on democratic institutions by illiberal incumbents. Infringements on freedom of expression have been a key driver of longer-term deterioration. Yet the gap between the number of countries that registered overall improvements in political rights and civil liberties and those that registered overall declines was the narrowest it has been through the last 17 years. Notable democratic gains were achieved through more transparent and competitive elections, while the year brought fresh evidence of the limits of authoritarian power. The world is significantly freer today than it was 50 years ago, when the assessment began, and ongoing protests against repression in various authoritarian countries suggest that people’s desire for freedom is enduring.

摘要：最新一期的《世界自由》发现，2022年，全球民主斗争接近一个可能的转折点。在战争、政变和非自由现任者对民主制度的攻击中，全球自由度连续第17年下降。侵犯言论自由一直是长期恶化的主要驱动因素。然而，政治权利和公民自由总体改善的国家数量与总体下降的国家数量之间的差距是过去17年来最窄的。通过更透明和更具竞争力的选举取得了显著的民主成果，而这一年带来了独裁权力局限性的新证据。今天的世界比50年前评估开始时要自由得多，各个威权国家正在进行的反对镇压的抗议活动表明，人们对自由的渴望是持久的。

引用次数: 0

Why Monarchies Still Reign 为什么君主政体仍然统治

IF 3.1 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

Journal of Democracy

Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1353/jod.2023.0017

Adria Lawrence

Abstract:Is political opposition in monarchies different than in other types of autocracies? This article shows that monarchies are no less vulnerable to regime change than any other authoritarian regime—they fall via coups, collapse during war, and transform into democracies—but they are less likely than other types of autocracies to be overthrown by revolutionary protest. This reduced threat from the street arises from a unique institutional feature: Monarchies can democratize without destabilizing the leadership through transitioning to a democratic constitutional monarchy. The prospect of retaining the ruler appeals to opposition groups who value both democracy and stability, but it also has implications for their ability to organize and sustain mass protest. Monarchies have been extraordinarily common throughout history; investigating how monarchies transition is important for understanding the trajectories of modern states.

摘要：君主政体中的政治反对派与其他类型的专制政体不同吗？这篇文章表明，君主政体不比任何其他威权政体更容易受到政权更迭的影响——它们通过政变垮台，在战争中崩溃，并转变为民主政体——但它们比其他类型的独裁政体更不可能被革命抗议推翻。街头威胁的减少源于一个独特的制度特征：君主政体可以通过向民主君主立宪制过渡，在不破坏领导层稳定的情况下实现民主化。保留统治者的前景吸引了既重视民主又重视稳定的反对派团体，但这也影响了他们组织和维持大规模抗议的能力。君主政体在历史上非常普遍；研究君主政体如何转型对于理解现代国家的轨迹非常重要。

引用次数: 0

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