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Counterintuitive race effects in legal and nonlegal contexts. 法律和非法律背景下反直觉的种族效应。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000515
Laura Smalarz, Rose E Eerdmans, Megan L Lawrence, Kylie Kulak, Jessica M Salerno

Objective: Despite documented racial disparities in all facets of the criminal justice system, recent laboratory attempts to investigate racial bias in legal settings have produced null effects or racial-bias reversals. These counterintuitive findings may be an artifact of laboratory participants' attempts to appear unprejudiced in response to social norms that proscribe expressions of racial bias against Black individuals. Furthermore, given pervasive stereotypes linking Black people with crime and heightened attention to issues of racial injustice in the legal system, laboratory participants may be especially likely to attempt to appear unprejudiced in studies examining judgments of Black individuals in legal as opposed to nonlegal contexts.

Hypotheses: We predicted that counterintuitive race effects (null and pro-Black effects) are more likely to occur in laboratory research examining race in legal than in nonlegal contexts.

Method: We conducted a quantitative review of race effects in three leading social psychology and legal psychology journals over the last four decades (Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin [PSPB]; Law and Human Behavior [LHB]; Psychology, Public Policy, and Law [PPPL]). We then conducted two experiments in which students (N = 314; Experiment 1) and Mechanical Turk workers (N = 695; Experiment 2) read descriptions of White and Black targets in either legal or nonlegal contexts and rated each target along various characteristics (e.g., dangerous, trustworthy).

Results: Our analysis of the literature indicated that counterintuitive race effects were more frequent in studies examining race in legal compared with nonlegal contexts. Our experiments likewise revealed that pro-Black race effects were stronger in legal than in nonlegal contexts.

Conclusions: Laboratory research on racial bias against Black people-especially in legal settings-may produce misleading conclusions about the effects of race on important real-world outcomes. Methodological innovations for studying racial bias are needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:尽管在刑事司法系统的各个方面都记录了种族差异,但最近实验室试图调查法律环境中的种族偏见,结果没有产生任何效果或种族偏见的逆转。这些违反直觉的发现可能是实验室参与者试图表现出无偏见的人为产物,以回应禁止对黑人表达种族偏见的社会规范。此外,考虑到将黑人与犯罪联系在一起的普遍刻板印象,以及对法律体系中种族不公正问题的高度关注,实验室参与者可能特别有可能在研究黑人在法律背景下与非法律背景下的判断时,试图表现得不带偏见。假设:我们预测反直觉的种族效应(零效应和亲黑人效应)更有可能发生在实验室研究中,在法律背景下,而不是在非法律背景下。方法:我们对过去四十年来三种主要的社会心理学和法律心理学期刊(Personality and social psychology Bulletin [PSPB];法律与人类行为[LHB];心理学、公共政策与法律[PPPL])。然后我们进行了两个实验,其中学生(N = 314;实验1)和机械土耳其工人(N = 695;实验2)阅读白人和黑人目标在法律或非法律背景下的描述,并根据不同的特征(例如,危险的,值得信赖的)给每个目标打分。结果:我们对文献的分析表明,在法律背景下的种族研究中,与非法律背景下的种族研究相比,反直觉的种族效应更常见。我们的实验同样表明,亲黑人种族效应在法律环境下比在非法律环境下更强。结论:针对黑人的种族偏见的实验室研究——尤其是在法律背景下——可能会产生关于种族对现实世界重要结果影响的误导性结论。研究种族偏见的方法创新是必要的。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Community crime, poverty, and proportion of Black residents influence police descriptions of adolescents. 社区犯罪、贫困和黑人居民比例影响警察对青少年的描述。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000499
Rebecca L Fix, Jeffrey Aaron, Sheldon Greenberg

Objective: Our study examined officers' attitudes and perceptions of adolescents in general (and challenges in policing adolescents) and the degree to which community variables affect those perceptions.

Hypotheses: Our examinations of officers' descriptions of adolescents and challenges in policing adolescents were exploratory. We hypothesized that community characteristics would significantly influence officers' perceptions of adolescents, such that working in more impoverished, higher crime, and more proportionally Black communities would be associated with more negative perceptions of adolescents.

Method: Data were obtained from 1,112 active law enforcement officers representing 30 police agencies/departments across the United States. Participating officers completed a survey about adolescents and challenges in policing adolescents. Publicly available data sets were used to measure select community and police agency/departmental characteristics. We examined qualitative data using an inductive methodological approach.

Results: Police officers' descriptions of adolescents were significantly more negative than positive. Negativity was observed in the relative frequency of negative versus positive comments about adolescents as well as the use of inherently problematic descriptors. Police officers working in more impoverished, higher crime, and more proportionally Black communities displayed significantly more problematic attitudes and significantly fewer positive attitudes compared with those in less proportionally Black communities. The findings related to race were partially-but not completely-explained by other community variables.

Conclusions: Officers' negative descriptors, their occasional use of inherently problematic terms, and the intensification of those tendencies when working in communities with more poverty, higher crime, and a larger proportion of Black residents suggest an urgent need for intervention to help officers better understand youth. Training that would help police officers better understand youth, recognize developmental influences, and see each youth individually rather than as a representative of a group could help officers interact more supportively with youth, be less likely to inadvertently create confrontation, and more effectively de-escalate situations involving distressed or activated youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:我们的研究调查了警察对青少年的态度和看法(以及管理青少年的挑战),以及社区变量影响这些看法的程度。假设:我们对警官对青少年的描述和警务青少年面临的挑战的研究是探索性的。我们假设社区特征会显著影响警官对青少年的看法,例如在更贫困、犯罪率更高、黑人比例更大的社区工作,会使警官对青少年的看法更消极。方法:数据来自美国30个警察机构/部门的1112名在职执法人员。参与调查的警务人员完成了一份有关青少年及警务工作的挑战的调查。公开可用的数据集用于测量选定的社区和警察机构/部门的特征。我们使用归纳方法检查定性数据。结果:警察对青少年的负面描述显著多于正面描述。在对青少年的消极和积极评论的相对频率以及使用本质上有问题的描述中观察到消极性。与黑人比例较低的社区相比,在贫困程度较高、犯罪率较高、黑人比例较高的社区工作的警察表现出明显更多的问题态度和明显更少的积极态度。与种族有关的研究结果部分地(但不是完全)可以用其他社会变量来解释。结论:警察的负面描述,他们偶尔使用固有问题的术语,以及在贫困,高犯罪率和黑人居民比例较大的社区工作时这些倾向的加剧表明迫切需要干预,以帮助警察更好地了解年轻人。培训将帮助警察更好地了解青年,认识到发展的影响,并将每个青年单独看待,而不是作为一个群体的代表,这有助于警察与青年进行更积极的互动,减少无意中造成对抗的可能性,并更有效地降低涉及痛苦或活跃青年的情况。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Racial differences in legal socialization models across adolescence and emerging adulthood. 青少年和成年初期法律社会化模式的种族差异。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000523
Lindsey M Cole, Elizabeth A Moschella-Smith, Paul J Hennigan, Cesar J Rebellon, Karen T Van Gundy, Ellen S Cohn

Objective: White and non-White adolescents report different experiences in the legal system. This disparity impacts their evaluations of, and attitudes toward, legal authorities such that non-White and older adolescents tend to perceive the legal system more negatively. Yet, many researchers assume that the process of legal socialization, which involves internalizing norms and information about the law and the legal system, is universal for all ages and races.

Hypotheses: We hypothesized that legal socialization models would change over the course of adolescent development and would differ by race.

Method: We used data from two longitudinal studies to examine racial differences in the integrated legal socialization model in early, middle, and late adolescence. Study 1 included 140 young adolescents (59% White, 41% non-White), and Study 2 included 296 midadolescents (82% White, 18% non-White) followed into late adolescence/emerging adulthood.

Results: Study 1 identified differences in the integrated legal socialization model for young White and non-White adolescents. Normative status predicted rule-violating behavior for White participants, whereas no predictors or mediators related to rule-violating behavior for non-White participants. In Study 2, legal and moral reasoning during midadolescence became relevant in the model for both groups. Enforcement status predicted rule-violating behavior for non-White youth, whereas normative status continued to predict rule-violating behavior for White youth. In late adolescence/emerging adulthood, differences in the model shifted toward the relation between reasoning and legal attitudes.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that legal socialization is a developmental process occurring and changing throughout adolescence and that this developmental process differs for White and non-White youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:白人和非白人青少年在法律体系中的不同经历。这种差异影响了他们对法律权威的评价和态度,因此非白人和年龄较大的青少年往往对法律体系持更消极的看法。然而,许多研究人员认为,法律社会化的过程,包括内化有关法律和法律体系的规范和信息,对所有年龄和种族都是普遍的。假设:我们假设法律社会化模式会在青少年发展过程中发生变化,并因种族而异。方法:我们使用两项纵向研究的数据来检验青少年早期、中期和晚期综合法律社会化模式的种族差异。研究1包括140名青少年(59%白人,41%非白人),研究2包括296名青春期中期青少年(82%白人,18%非白人),随访至青春期晚期/成年初期。结果:研究1确定了白人青少年和非白人青少年在综合法律社会化模式上的差异。规范状态对白人被试的违规行为有预测作用,而对非白人被试的违规行为没有预测或调节作用。在研究2中,青少年中期的法律和道德推理在两组模型中都变得相关。强制状态预测非白人青年的违规行为,而规范状态继续预测白人青年的违规行为。在青春期晚期/成年初期,模型的差异转向推理和法律态度之间的关系。结论:我们的研究结果表明,法律社会化是一个在整个青春期发生和变化的发展过程,并且这个发展过程在白人和非白人青年中有所不同。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Potential causes of racial disparities in wrongful convictions based on mistaken identifications: Own-race bias and differences in evidence-based suspicion. 基于错误身份的错误定罪中种族差异的潜在原因:自身种族偏见和基于证据的怀疑的差异。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000503
Jacqueline Katzman, Margaret Bull Kovera

Objective: We explored whether racial disparities in evidence-based suspicion (i.e., evidence of guilt prior to placement in a lineup) provide a better explanation of racial disparities in exonerations based on eyewitness misidentification than the own-race bias in eyewitness identifications.

Hypotheses: We predicted that the own-race bias in identification accuracy would be insufficiently large to fully explain the racial disparities in wrongful convictions in cases with mistaken identification. We also predicted that possible racial disparities in the prior probability of suspect guilt before subjecting suspects to the risk of misidentification might better explain racial disparities in wrongful convictions.

Method: We conducted a meta-analysis on 54 effect sizes extracted from 16 studies (1,503 individual participants) that tested whether there was an own-race bias in eyewitness identifications using a design that varied the race of both the witnesses and the target faces (Black vs. White). We also constructed two curves that plotted the prior probability of suspect guilt against the posterior probability of guilt: one if an identification were to be obtained for a Black suspect and one if an identification were to be obtained for a White suspect.

Results: Participants, irrespective of their race, were better able to discriminate among previously seen White than Black targets. However, the differential accuracy rates for identifications of White versus Black suspects were too small to explain racial disparities in exoneration data on their own. However, racial disparities in evidence that police have against suspects before placing them in an identification procedure would likely explain more of the variance in racial disparities in mistaken identifications that lead to wrongful convictions.

Conclusion: Memory errors caused by the own-race bias are likely not the sole or even primary cause of racial disparities in misidentifications; rather, systemic bias in the amount of evidence that police have before placing a suspect at risk of misidentification likely explains more of the variance of racial disparities in wrongful convictions based on mistaken identifications. Requirements for evidence-based suspicion before placing suspects in an identification procedure are needed to prevent systemic racism in mistaken identifications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:我们探讨基于证据的怀疑中的种族差异(即,在被放置在一个队列之前的有罪证据)是否比基于目击者错误识别的自身种族偏见更好地解释了基于目击者错误识别的免责中的种族差异。假设:我们预测,在识别准确性方面的种族偏见不足以充分解释在错误识别案件中错误定罪的种族差异。我们还预测,在嫌疑人被误判之前,嫌疑人有罪的先验概率可能存在种族差异,这可能更好地解释错误定罪的种族差异。方法:我们对从16项研究(1503名个体参与者)中提取的54个效应量进行了荟萃分析,这些研究使用改变证人和目标面孔(黑人与白人)种族的设计来测试目击者识别中是否存在自己的种族偏见。我们还构建了两条曲线,绘制了犯罪嫌疑人的先验概率和犯罪嫌疑人的后验概率:一条是如果要获得黑人嫌疑人的身份证明,另一条是如果要获得白人嫌疑人的身份证明。结果:无论种族如何,参与者都能更好地区分之前见过的白人而不是黑人目标。然而,识别白人和黑人嫌疑人的准确率差异太小,不足以单独解释免罪数据中的种族差异。然而,警方在对嫌疑人进行身份识别之前掌握的证据中存在的种族差异,可能更多地解释了导致错误定罪的错误识别中存在的种族差异。结论:种族偏见导致的记忆错误可能不是种族误认差异的唯一甚至主要原因;相反,警方在将嫌疑人置于误判风险之前所掌握的证据数量上的系统性偏见,可能更多地解释了基于误判的错误定罪中种族差异的差异。在将嫌疑人置于识别程序之前,需要有基于证据的怀疑要求,以防止在错误识别中出现系统性的种族主义。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Potential causes of racial disparities in wrongful convictions based on mistaken identifications: Own-race bias and differences in evidence-based suspicion.","authors":"Jacqueline Katzman,&nbsp;Margaret Bull Kovera","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We explored whether racial disparities in evidence-based suspicion (i.e., evidence of guilt prior to placement in a lineup) provide a better explanation of racial disparities in exonerations based on eyewitness misidentification than the own-race bias in eyewitness identifications.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We predicted that the own-race bias in identification accuracy would be insufficiently large to fully explain the racial disparities in wrongful convictions in cases with mistaken identification. We also predicted that possible racial disparities in the prior probability of suspect guilt before subjecting suspects to the risk of misidentification might better explain racial disparities in wrongful convictions.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a meta-analysis on 54 effect sizes extracted from 16 studies (1,503 individual participants) that tested whether there was an own-race bias in eyewitness identifications using a design that varied the race of both the witnesses and the target faces (Black vs. White). We also constructed two curves that plotted the prior probability of suspect guilt against the posterior probability of guilt: one if an identification were to be obtained for a Black suspect and one if an identification were to be obtained for a White suspect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants, irrespective of their race, were better able to discriminate among previously seen White than Black targets. However, the differential accuracy rates for identifications of White versus Black suspects were too small to explain racial disparities in exoneration data on their own. However, racial disparities in evidence that police have against suspects before placing them in an identification procedure would likely explain more of the variance in racial disparities in mistaken identifications that lead to wrongful convictions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Memory errors caused by the own-race bias are likely not the sole or even primary cause of racial disparities in misidentifications; rather, systemic bias in the amount of evidence that police have before placing a suspect at risk of misidentification likely explains more of the variance of racial disparities in wrongful convictions based on mistaken identifications. Requirements for evidence-based suspicion before placing suspects in an identification procedure are needed to prevent systemic racism in mistaken identifications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"47 1","pages":"23-35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9650533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Taking the next step in Miranda evaluations: Considering racial trauma and the impact of prior police contact. 米兰达评估的下一步:考虑种族创伤和先前与警察接触的影响。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000500
Antoinette Kavanaugh, Victoria Pietruszka, Danielle Rynczak, Dinisha Blanding

By law, before interrrogating a suspect who is in custody, the police should inform them of their Miranda rights-the rights against self-incrimination and to an attorney. When a suspect or defendant waives their Miranda rights, a judge ultimately determines whether the waiver was legal. In making this determination, the judge employs the totality of the circumstances (TOC) analysis, which includes factors related to the individual defendant as well as the environment in which they waived their rights. Frequently, forensic psychologists evaluate a defendant to offer courts a clinical opinion about the defendant's ability to understand and appreciate their Miranda rights and to provide other TOC information. These evaluations are referred to as Miranda evaluations. Using Miranda evaluations as an illustration, this article describes how the critical, yet often overlooked, concepts of racial trauma and vicarious and direct prior police contacts should routinely be considered as part of forensic evaluations. After providing a succinct overview of the relevant legal issues related to Miranda rights and of the existing guidelines for conducting Miranda evaluations, we discuss the psychological impact of racial trauma and prior vicarious and direct police contacts. We provide case examples to illustrate how evaluators can consider the impact of racial trauma and prior police contact when conducting Miranda evaluations. This article serves as a practical guide for understanding how and why-in the context of their lived experiences-suspects may waive their Miranda rights. Finally, we recommend how to improve policy and research to better capture issues related to racial trauma and prior police contacts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

根据法律规定,在审讯被拘留的嫌疑人之前,警察应该告知他们的米兰达权利,即不自证其罪的权利和聘请律师的权利。当嫌疑人或被告放弃他们的米兰达权利时,法官最终决定这种放弃是否合法。在作出这一决定时,法官采用了整体情况分析(TOC),其中包括与被告个人有关的因素以及他们放弃权利的环境。通常,法医心理学家对被告进行评估,向法院提供关于被告理解和欣赏他们的米兰达权利的能力的临床意见,并提供其他TOC信息。这些评估被称为米兰达评估。本文以米兰达评估为例,描述了如何将种族创伤和间接和直接的先前警察接触这一关键但经常被忽视的概念常规地视为法医评估的一部分。在简要概述了与米兰达权利有关的相关法律问题以及现行的米兰达评估准则之后,我们将讨论种族创伤的心理影响以及之前的间接和直接警察接触。我们提供了一些案例来说明评估人员在进行米兰达评估时如何考虑种族创伤和先前与警察接触的影响。这篇文章作为一个实用的指南来理解如何以及为什么——在他们的生活经历的背景下——嫌疑人可能放弃他们的米兰达权利。最后,我们建议如何改进政策和研究,以更好地捕捉与种族创伤和先前的警察接触有关的问题。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Racial justice in psycholegal research and forensic psychology practice: Current advances and a framework for future progress. 心理学研究和法医心理学实践中的种族正义:当前进展和未来进展的框架。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000526
Jennifer S Hunt, Stephane M Shepherd

Police killings of Black civilians have brought unprecedented attention to racial and ethnic discrimination in the criminal justice and legal systems. However, these topics have been underexamined in the field of law-psychology, both in research and forensic-clinical practice. We discuss how a racial justice framework can provide guidance for advancing psycholegal research and forensic-clinical practice related to race, ethnicity, culture, and their intersections. A racial justice framework centers the goal of increasing fair and responsive treatment and just outcomes for the most vulnerable populations involved with the criminal justice, legal, and carceral systems and ending existing disparities. We argue that the framework should include the use of transparent nonobjectivity, in which racial justice is an explicit and acknowledged goal of research and practice that exists alongside a commitment to open and rigorous science and evidence-based practice. We then use the racial justice framework as a backdrop for discussing the articles and broader themes that appear in the special issue, which include racial biases in policing, public views of the police and use of force, expanding research on racial bias in lay judgments, understanding disparities in sentencing and corrections, and improving forensic practice. Finally, we look to the future, discussing practices and perspectives that can facilitate a racial justice approach in psycholegal research and forensic-clinical practice. Our recommendations include engaging in reflexivity and addressing positionality; expanding research questions and methods, especially qualitative and community-based participatory action research; centering and engaging with communities of color; greater emphasis on intersectionality; shifting toward structural and adaptive interventions; and greater integration of work from other fields. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

警察杀害黑人平民的行为使刑事司法和法律系统中的种族和族裔歧视问题受到前所未有的关注。然而,在法律心理学领域,无论是在研究中还是在法医临床实践中,这些主题都没有得到充分的研究。我们讨论种族司法框架如何为推进与种族、民族、文化及其交集相关的心理法律研究和法医临床实践提供指导。种族司法框架的核心目标是为涉及刑事司法、法律和拘留系统的最弱势群体增加公平和响应性的待遇和公正的结果,并结束现有的差距。我们认为,该框架应包括使用透明的非客观性,其中种族正义是研究和实践的明确和公认的目标,与对开放和严格的科学和循证实践的承诺同时存在。然后,我们以种族司法框架为背景,讨论特刊中出现的文章和更广泛的主题,包括警务中的种族偏见、公众对警察和武力使用的看法、扩大对非专业判断中的种族偏见的研究、理解量刑和纠正中的差异,以及改进法医实践。最后,我们展望未来,讨论在心理法律研究和法医临床实践中促进种族正义方法的实践和观点。我们的建议包括从事反身性和解决立场;扩大研究问题和方法,特别是质量和社区参与行动研究;以有色人种社区为中心并参与其中;更强调交叉性;转向结构性和适应性干预;以及其他领域工作的更大整合。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
The eye of the beholder: Increased likelihood of prison sentences for people perceived to have Hispanic ethnicity. 旁观者的眼睛:被认为是西班牙裔的人被判入狱的可能性增加。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000509.supp
E. Girvan, Heather Marek
OBJECTIVESHispanic individuals are a growing proportion of the general and carceral populations in the United States. This study examined the relationship between the type of sentences (prison, jail/probation) given to White, non-Hispanic individuals and to similarly situated individuals who were perceived to be Hispanic (any race) or perceived to be White but, based on validated estimates, self-identified as Hispanic.HYPOTHESESPsychological theory indicates that, for group-based stereotypes and attitudes to impact decisions, decisionmakers must first identify and categorize target individuals as members of the relevant group. Following this theory, we predicted that individuals perceived by members of the criminal justice system to be Hispanic will be more likely to be sentenced to prison than similarly situated individuals perceived to be White. However, sentences of individuals predicted to have been misperceived as White but to self-identify as Hispanic will not differ from those of individuals accurately perceived as White.METHODWe analyzed official state records of more than 220,000 unique sentencing decisions for nearly 200,000 individuals under state correctional supervision between 2005 and 2018, including demographic characteristics, statutory crime-seriousness and criminal-history scores from state sentencing guidelines, and sentencing outcomes.RESULTSEven after controlling for crime severity and criminal history, we found that individuals who were labeled as Hispanic in criminal justice records were nearly twice as likely to be sentenced to prison as those who were labeled as White (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.86, 2.04]). By comparison, individuals who were labeled in criminal justice records as White but, on the basis of validated estimates, were predicted to self-identify as Hispanic had the same likelihood of being sentenced to prison as individuals who were accurately perceived to be White (OR = 1.01, 95% CI [0.94, 1.07]).CONCLUSIONSResults suggest that ethnic stereotypes or attitudes regarding Hispanic individuals may negatively impact criminal sentencing decisions regarding people perceived as Hispanic by actors in the legal system. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
目的西班牙裔在美国总人口和总人口中所占的比例越来越大。本研究考察了白人、非西班牙裔个体与被认为是西班牙裔(任何种族)或被认为是白人但根据有效估计自认为是西班牙裔的类似情况个体之间的判刑类型(监狱、监狱/缓刑)之间的关系。假设心理学理论表明,为了使基于群体的刻板印象和态度影响决策,决策者必须首先将目标个体识别并归类为相关群体的成员。根据这一理论,我们预测被刑事司法系统成员认为是西班牙裔的人比被认为是白人的人更有可能被判入狱。然而,被预测被误读为白人但自我认同为西班牙裔的个体的句子与被准确理解为白人的个体的句子没有区别。方法:我们分析了2005年至2018年期间受州惩教监管的近20万人的22万多份不同判决的官方记录,包括人口特征、州量刑指南中的法定犯罪严重程度和犯罪历史分数,以及量刑结果。结果在控制犯罪严重程度和犯罪历史后,我们发现在刑事司法记录中被标记为西班牙裔的个体被判入狱的可能性几乎是被标记为白人的两倍(优势比[OR] = 1.95, 95%可信区间[CI][1.86, 2.04])。相比之下,在刑事司法记录中被标记为白人的个体,根据有效的估计,预测自我认同为西班牙裔的个体与被准确地认为是白人的个体被判入狱的可能性相同(OR = 1.01, 95% CI[0.94, 1.07])。结论:研究结果表明,对西班牙裔个体的种族刻板印象或态度可能会对法律系统中行为者认为是西班牙裔的人的刑事判决产生负面影响。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Adapting assessment processes to consider cultural mistrust in forensic practices: An example with the MMPI instruments. 调整评估过程以考虑司法实践中的文化不信任:以MMPI工具为例。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000504
Janelle N Dixon, Tonneka M Caddell, Apryl A Alexander, Danielle Burchett, Jaime L Anderson, Ryan J Marek, David M Glassmire

Objective: Our first goal in this study was to identify cultural mistrust critical items (CMCIs) on two versions of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-the MMPI-Second Edition-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) and MMPI-Third Edition (MMPI-3)-that might be endorsed by people of color because of cultural mistrust rather than clinical paranoia. Our second goal was to determine whether CMCIs and items on the MMPI-2-RF/MMPI-3 Ideas of Persecution scale (Restructured Clinical Scale 6 [RC6]) were endorsed at different rates across cultural groups in a nonclinical college sample and a forensic inpatient sample.

Hypotheses: Our primary hypothesis was that expert raters would reliably identify a subset of MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3 items as reflective of cultural mistrust. Black college students would endorse the highest level of CMCIs, followed by Latina/o students, and then White students. We hypothesized that the same pattern of findings would occur in forensic inpatients but that the differences would be attenuated because of the high base rate of psychiatric symptomatology and the nature of the forensic assessment setting.

Method: Three Black female and three Black male psychologists rated the degree to which each item on the MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3 reflected cultural mistrust. Black (n = 90), Latina/o (n = 83), and White (n = 100) college students were compared on CMCIs and on MMPI-2-RF/MMPI-3 RC6 item endorsement. The same comparisons were made among Black (n = 221), Latina/o (n = 142), and White (n = 483) forensic inpatients who completed the MMPI-2-RF.

Results: Black college students endorsed the highest levels of cultural mistrust, followed by Latina/o students, and then White students, resulting in small-to-medium effect sizes (Hedges's gs = 0.14-0.52). Although we observed some item-level differences in forensic patients, the overall pattern of item endorsement did not significantly differ in this group.

Conclusions: There are multiple reasons for the reporting of clinical paranoia and cultural mistrust in forensic assessment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:本研究的第一个目标是确定两个版本的明尼苏达多相人格量表(MMPI-第二版-重组表格(MMPI-2- rf)和MMPI-第三版(MMPI-3)中的文化不信任关键项目(CMCIs),这些项目可能被有色人种认可,因为文化不信任而不是临床偏执。我们的第二个目标是确定CMCIs和MMPI-2-RF/MMPI-3迫害想法量表(重组临床量表6 [RC6])上的项目在非临床大学样本和法医住院样本中的不同文化群体的认可率是否不同。假设:我们的主要假设是,专家评分者会可靠地识别出MMPI-2-RF和MMPI-3项目的一个子集,作为文化不信任的反映。黑人大学生的cmci水平最高,其次是拉丁裔和非拉丁裔学生,然后是白人学生。我们假设同样的发现模式也会发生在法医住院病人身上,但由于精神病学症状的高基础率和法医评估环境的性质,这种差异会减弱。方法:三名黑人女性和三名黑人男性心理学家对MMPI-2-RF和MMPI-3中各项目反映文化不信任的程度进行评分。比较黑人(n = 90)、拉丁裔(n = 83)和白人(n = 100)大学生的CMCIs和MMPI-2-RF/MMPI-3 RC6项目背书情况。在完成MMPI-2-RF的黑人(n = 221)、拉丁裔/非拉丁裔(n = 142)和白人(n = 483)法医住院患者中也进行了相同的比较。结果:黑人大学生的文化不信任程度最高,其次是拉丁裔/非裔学生,然后是白人学生,导致中小效应量(Hedges’s gs = 0.14-0.52)。虽然我们在法医病人中观察到一些项目水平的差异,但在这一组中,项目背书的总体模式没有显著差异。结论:司法鉴定中出现临床妄想症和文化不信任的原因是多方面的。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Adapting assessment processes to consider cultural mistrust in forensic practices: An example with the MMPI instruments.","authors":"Janelle N Dixon,&nbsp;Tonneka M Caddell,&nbsp;Apryl A Alexander,&nbsp;Danielle Burchett,&nbsp;Jaime L Anderson,&nbsp;Ryan J Marek,&nbsp;David M Glassmire","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our first goal in this study was to identify cultural mistrust critical items (CMCIs) on two versions of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-the MMPI-Second Edition-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) and MMPI-Third Edition (MMPI-3)-that might be endorsed by people of color because of cultural mistrust rather than clinical paranoia. Our second goal was to determine whether CMCIs and items on the MMPI-2-RF/MMPI-3 Ideas of Persecution scale (Restructured Clinical Scale 6 [RC6]) were endorsed at different rates across cultural groups in a nonclinical college sample and a forensic inpatient sample.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>Our primary hypothesis was that expert raters would reliably identify a subset of MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3 items as reflective of cultural mistrust. Black college students would endorse the highest level of CMCIs, followed by Latina/o students, and then White students. We hypothesized that the same pattern of findings would occur in forensic inpatients but that the differences would be attenuated because of the high base rate of psychiatric symptomatology and the nature of the forensic assessment setting.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Three Black female and three Black male psychologists rated the degree to which each item on the MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3 reflected cultural mistrust. Black (n = 90), Latina/o (n = 83), and White (n = 100) college students were compared on CMCIs and on MMPI-2-RF/MMPI-3 RC6 item endorsement. The same comparisons were made among Black (n = 221), Latina/o (n = 142), and White (n = 483) forensic inpatients who completed the MMPI-2-RF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Black college students endorsed the highest levels of cultural mistrust, followed by Latina/o students, and then White students, resulting in small-to-medium effect sizes (Hedges's gs = 0.14-0.52). Although we observed some item-level differences in forensic patients, the overall pattern of item endorsement did not significantly differ in this group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There are multiple reasons for the reporting of clinical paranoia and cultural mistrust in forensic assessment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"47 1","pages":"292-306"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9282101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Racial, ethnic, and sex differences in psychiatric diagnosis, mental health sequelae, and VHA service utilization among justice-involved veterans. 涉及司法的退伍军人在精神诊断、心理健康后遗症和VHA服务利用方面的种族、民族和性别差异。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000511
Alisha Desai, Ryan Holliday, Lauren M Borges

Objective: Intervening in the cycle of symptom exacerbation and recidivism among justice-involved veterans is critical given elevated rates of psychiatric diagnoses and mental health sequelae. To responsively and effectively address justice-involved veterans' needs, it is essential to examine distinct groups who are at heightened risk (e.g., marginalized communities). Although racial and ethnic disparities within the justice system are well established, veteran-focused research remains limited.

Hypotheses: We hypothesized that significant differences exist in service utilization, psychiatric diagnoses, and mental health sequelae among Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) and White/non-Hispanic justice-involved veterans, for both male and female cohorts.

Method: We examined a national data set of veterans accessing U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) justice-related services (i.e., justice-involved veterans) between 2005 and 2018 (N = 183,880; nBIPOC = 73,863, nWhite = 110,017) to elucidate racial and ethnic differences across clinical characteristics documented in the VA electronic medical record. Using linear and logistic analyses, we analyzed male (n = 173,487) and female (n = 10,393) justice-involved veterans separately to capture intersectionality.

Results: In general, BIPOC justice-involved veterans were more likely than White/non-Hispanic justice-involved veterans to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders and to use homeless services, p < .001. They were less likely to be diagnosed with mood, anxiety, personality, and opioid use disorders, p < .01. Separate examinations of Black and Hispanic justice-involved veterans, compared with their White/non-Hispanic counterparts, demonstrated some divergent trends (e.g., frequency of use of Veterans Health Administration [VHA] services). Our findings also revealed nuanced sex-related differences in terms of service use and diagnoses. Descriptive characteristics for each racial and ethnic category are reported.

Conclusion: These findings provide support for race and ethnicity as a key social factor of health associated with distinct psychiatric diagnoses and mental health sequelae among justice-involved veterans. We discuss practice and policy implications, including how to adapt existing VHA programming and practices to meet the needs of BIPOC justice-involved veterans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:在精神病诊断和心理健康后遗症发生率较高的情况下,干预参与司法的退伍军人的症状加重和再犯周期至关重要。为了响应和有效地解决涉及司法的退伍军人的需求,必须审查风险较高的不同群体(例如边缘化社区)。虽然司法系统内的种族和民族差异已经确立,但以退伍军人为重点的研究仍然有限。假设:我们假设黑人、土著和有色人种(BIPOC)和白人/非西班牙裔参与司法的退伍军人在服务利用率、精神诊断和心理健康后遗症方面存在显著差异,无论是男性还是女性。方法:我们检查了2005年至2018年间访问美国退伍军人事务部(VA)司法相关服务的退伍军人(即涉及司法的退伍军人)的国家数据集(N = 183,880;nBIPOC = 73,863, nWhite = 110,017)来阐明VA电子病历中记录的临床特征的种族和民族差异。使用线性和逻辑分析,我们分别分析了男性(n = 173,487)和女性(n = 10,393)参与正义的退伍军人,以捕捉交叉性。结果:总体而言,BIPOC司法参与退伍军人比白人/非西班牙裔司法参与退伍军人更有可能被诊断为精神分裂症和其他精神障碍,并使用无家可归者服务,p < 0.001。他们被诊断为情绪、焦虑、人格和阿片类药物使用障碍的可能性较小,p < 0.01。与白人/非西班牙裔退伍军人相比,对黑人和西班牙裔参与司法的退伍军人进行的单独检查显示出一些不同的趋势(例如,使用退伍军人健康管理局服务的频率)。我们的研究结果还揭示了服务使用和诊断方面细微的性别差异。报告了每个种族和族裔类别的描述性特征。结论:这些研究结果支持种族和民族是与司法参与退伍军人不同精神诊断和心理健康后遗症相关的关键社会因素。我们讨论了实践和政策影响,包括如何调整现有的VHA规划和实践,以满足BIPOC正义参与退伍军人的需求。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Racial, ethnic, and sex differences in psychiatric diagnosis, mental health sequelae, and VHA service utilization among justice-involved veterans.","authors":"Alisha Desai,&nbsp;Ryan Holliday,&nbsp;Lauren M Borges","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Intervening in the cycle of symptom exacerbation and recidivism among justice-involved veterans is critical given elevated rates of psychiatric diagnoses and mental health sequelae. To responsively and effectively address justice-involved veterans' needs, it is essential to examine distinct groups who are at heightened risk (e.g., marginalized communities). Although racial and ethnic disparities within the justice system are well established, veteran-focused research remains limited.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We hypothesized that significant differences exist in service utilization, psychiatric diagnoses, and mental health sequelae among Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) and White/non-Hispanic justice-involved veterans, for both male and female cohorts.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We examined a national data set of veterans accessing U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) justice-related services (i.e., justice-involved veterans) between 2005 and 2018 (N = 183,880; nBIPOC = 73,863, nWhite = 110,017) to elucidate racial and ethnic differences across clinical characteristics documented in the VA electronic medical record. Using linear and logistic analyses, we analyzed male (n = 173,487) and female (n = 10,393) justice-involved veterans separately to capture intersectionality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In general, BIPOC justice-involved veterans were more likely than White/non-Hispanic justice-involved veterans to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders and to use homeless services, p < .001. They were less likely to be diagnosed with mood, anxiety, personality, and opioid use disorders, p < .01. Separate examinations of Black and Hispanic justice-involved veterans, compared with their White/non-Hispanic counterparts, demonstrated some divergent trends (e.g., frequency of use of Veterans Health Administration [VHA] services). Our findings also revealed nuanced sex-related differences in terms of service use and diagnoses. Descriptive characteristics for each racial and ethnic category are reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide support for race and ethnicity as a key social factor of health associated with distinct psychiatric diagnoses and mental health sequelae among justice-involved veterans. We discuss practice and policy implications, including how to adapt existing VHA programming and practices to meet the needs of BIPOC justice-involved veterans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"47 1","pages":"260-274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9335139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Centering race in procedural justice theory: Structural racism and the under- and overpolicing of Black communities. 程序正义理论中以种族为中心:结构性种族主义与黑人社区的监管不足和过度。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000524
Jonathan Jackson, Tasseli McKay, Leonidas Cheliotis, Ben Bradford, Adam Fine, Rick Trinkner

Objective: We assessed the factors that legitimized the police in the United States at an important moment of history, just after the police killing of George Floyd in 2020. We also evaluated one way of incorporating perceptions of systemic racism into procedural justice theory.

Hypotheses: We tested two primary hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that perceptions of police procedural justice, distributive justice, and bounded authority were important to the legitimization of the police. The second hypothesis was that perceptions of the under- and overpolicing of Black communities also mattered to the delegitimization of the institution, especially for people who identified with the Black Lives Matter movement.

Method: A cross-sectional quota sample survey of 1,500 U.S. residents was conducted in June 2020. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and latent moderated structural equation modeling.

Results: People who viewed the police as legitimate also tended to believe that police treated people with respect and dignity, made decisions in unbiased ways, fairly allocated their finite resources across groups in society, and respected the limits of their rightful authority. Moreover, people who believed that Black communities were underpoliced and overpoliced also tended to question the legitimacy of the police, especially if they identified with the Black Lives Matter movement. These results held among Black and White study participants alike.

Conclusions: At the time of the study, systemic racism in policing may have delegitimized the institution in a way that transcended the factors that procedural justice theory focuses on, such as procedural justice. This was especially so for individuals who identified with a social movement, Black Lives Matter, that had an extremely high profile in 2020. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:我们评估了在一个重要的历史时刻,就在2020年乔治·弗洛伊德(George Floyd)被警察杀害之后,美国警察合法化的因素。我们还评估了将系统性种族主义观念纳入程序正义理论的一种方法。假设:我们检验了两个主要假设。第一个假设是,警察程序正义、分配正义和有限权力的观念对警察的合法化很重要。第二个假设是,对黑人社区监管不足和过度的看法,对该机构的非合法性也有影响,尤其是对那些认同“黑人的命也是命”运动的人来说。方法:于2020年6月对1500名美国居民进行横断面配额抽样调查。数据分析采用验证性因子分析、结构方程模型和潜在调节结构方程模型。结果:认为警察合法的人也倾向于相信警察以尊重和尊严对待人民,以公正的方式做出决定,公平地将有限的资源分配给社会各群体,并尊重他们合法权力的限度。此外,那些认为黑人社区监管不足或过度监管的人也倾向于质疑警察的合法性,尤其是那些认同“黑人的命也是命”运动的人。这些结果同样适用于黑人和白人研究参与者。结论:在研究期间,警务中的系统性种族主义可能以一种超越程序正义理论所关注的因素(如程序正义)的方式使该制度失去合法性。对于那些认同“黑人的命也重要”(Black Lives Matter)社会运动的人来说尤其如此,该运动在2020年引起了极大的关注。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Centering race in procedural justice theory: Structural racism and the under- and overpolicing of Black communities.","authors":"Jonathan Jackson,&nbsp;Tasseli McKay,&nbsp;Leonidas Cheliotis,&nbsp;Ben Bradford,&nbsp;Adam Fine,&nbsp;Rick Trinkner","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We assessed the factors that legitimized the police in the United States at an important moment of history, just after the police killing of George Floyd in 2020. We also evaluated one way of incorporating perceptions of systemic racism into procedural justice theory.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We tested two primary hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that perceptions of police procedural justice, distributive justice, and bounded authority were important to the legitimization of the police. The second hypothesis was that perceptions of the under- and overpolicing of Black communities also mattered to the delegitimization of the institution, especially for people who identified with the Black Lives Matter movement.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional quota sample survey of 1,500 U.S. residents was conducted in June 2020. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and latent moderated structural equation modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>People who viewed the police as legitimate also tended to believe that police treated people with respect and dignity, made decisions in unbiased ways, fairly allocated their finite resources across groups in society, and respected the limits of their rightful authority. Moreover, people who believed that Black communities were underpoliced and overpoliced also tended to question the legitimacy of the police, especially if they identified with the Black Lives Matter movement. These results held among Black and White study participants alike.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>At the time of the study, systemic racism in policing may have delegitimized the institution in a way that transcended the factors that procedural justice theory focuses on, such as procedural justice. This was especially so for individuals who identified with a social movement, Black Lives Matter, that had an extremely high profile in 2020. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"47 1","pages":"68-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9635806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
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