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Eyewitness confidence and decision time reflect identification accuracy in actual police lineups. 目击证人的信心和决策时间反映了实际警察指认的准确性。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000518
Adele Quigley-McBride, Gary L Wells

Objective: Although there are many lab-based studies demonstrating the utility of confidence and decision time as indicators of eyewitness accuracy, there is almost no research on how well these variables function for lineups in the real world. In two experiments, we examined confidence and decision time associated with real lineups that had been conducted using research-based recommendations.

Hypotheses: We expected that how confident an eyewitness sounded and how quickly that eyewitness made their identification would be associated with whether that eyewitness identified a suspect or a filler. We also hypothesized that people's interpretations of eyewitness confidence could be easily influenced by additional, biasing information.

Method: Using audio recordings of these lineups, we examined (a) participants' subjective ratings of how confident an eyewitness sounded at the time of the identification and (b) objective data regarding how quickly the eyewitness made the identification decision. We also manipulated what additional information, if any, participants received in Experiment 2.

Results: In both experiments, decision time and confidence predicted whether the eyewitnesses identified the suspect or a known-innocent filler, and when decision time and confidence diverged, it is likely that the eyewitness identified a filler. In Experiment 2, we found that people's interpretations of eyewitness's confidence statements could be biased. When observers believed that the witness picked a filler rather than a suspect, or vice versa, this changed how confident they thought the witness sounded.

Conclusions: Confidence and decision time should both be collected when administering real lineups, but objective decision time data may be the most useful because people's perceptions of confidence are easily altered. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:尽管有许多基于实验室的研究证明了置信度和决策时间作为目击者准确性指标的效用,但几乎没有关于这些变量在现实世界中对阵容的作用的研究。在两个实验中,我们检查了信心和决策时间与使用基于研究的建议进行的真实阵容相关。假设:我们期望目击者的证词听起来有多自信,以及目击者做出指认的速度有多快,这与目击者指认的是嫌疑人还是伪装者有关。我们还假设,人们对目击者信心的解释很容易受到额外的、有偏见的信息的影响。方法:使用这些队列的录音,我们检查了(a)参与者对目击者在识别时听起来有多自信的主观评分和(b)关于目击者做出识别决定的速度的客观数据。我们还操纵了实验2中参与者接收到的额外信息。结果:在两个实验中,决策时间和置信度预测了目击证人指认的是嫌疑人还是已知无辜的填充物,当决策时间和置信度偏离时,目击证人指认的可能是填充物。在实验2中,我们发现人们对目击者的信心陈述的解释可能是有偏见的。当观察者认为证人选择了填充物而不是嫌疑人,或者相反,这会改变他们认为证人听起来有多自信。结论:在管理真实阵容时,信心和决策时间都应该被收集,但客观的决策时间数据可能是最有用的,因为人们对信心的看法很容易改变。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
An attribution theory-based content analysis of mock jurors' deliberations regarding coerced confessions. 基于归因理论的模拟陪审员逼供审议内容分析。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000529
Margaret C Stevenson, Evan McCracken, Ar'Reon Watson, Taylor Petty, Tyler Plogher

Objective: Because confessions are sometimes unreliable, it is important to understand how jurors evaluate confession evidence. We conducted a content analysis testing an attribution theory model for mock jurors' discussion of coerced confession evidence in determining verdicts.

Hypotheses: We tested exploratory hypotheses regarding mock jurors' discussion of attributions and elements of the confession. We expected that jurors' prodefense statements, external attributions (attributing the confession to coercion), and uncontrollable attributions (attributing the confession to defendant naivety) would predict more prodefense than proprosecution case judgments. We also expected that being male, politically conservative, and in support of the death penalty would predict proprosecution statements and internal attributions, which in turn would predict guilty verdicts.

Method: Mock jurors (N = 253, Mage = 47 years; 65% women; 88% White, 10% Black, 1% Hispanic, 1% listed "other") read a murder trial synopsis, watched an actual coerced false confession, completed case judgments, and deliberated in juries of up to 12 members. We videotaped, transcribed, and reliably coded deliberations.

Results: Most mock jurors (53%) rendered a guilty verdict. Participants made more prodefense than proprosecution statements, more external than internal attributions, and more internal than uncontrollable attributions. Participants infrequently mentioned various elements of the interrogation (police coercion, contamination, promises of leniency, interrogation length) and psychological consequences for the defendant. Proprosecution statements and internal attributions predicted proprosecution case judgments. Women made more prodefense and external attribution statements than men, which in turn predicted diminished guilt. Political conservatives and death penalty proponents made more proprosecution statements and internal attributions than their counterparts, respectively, which in turn predicted greater guilt.

Conclusions: Some jurors identified coercive elements of a false confession and rendered external attributions for a defendant's false confession (attributing the confession to the coercive interrogation) during deliberation. However, many jurors made internal attributions, attributing a defendant's false confession to his guilt-attributions that predicted juror and jury inclinations to convict an innocent defendant. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:由于供词有时是不可靠的,了解陪审员如何评估供词证据是很重要的。我们对模拟陪审员讨论逼供证据决定判决的归因理论模型进行了内容分析和检验。假设:我们测试了关于模拟陪审员讨论归因和供词要素的探索性假设。我们预计陪审员的辩护陈述、外部归因(将供词归因于胁迫)和不可控归因(将供词归因于被告的天真)会比起诉案件的判决预测更多的辩护。我们还预计,如果是男性、政治上保守、支持死刑,就会有起诉陈述和内部归因,而这又会导致有罪判决。方法:模拟陪审员253人,年龄47岁;65%的女性;88%的人是白人,10%的人是黑人,1%的人是西班牙裔,1%的人是“其他”),他们会阅读谋杀审判的概要,观看真实的被强迫的虚假供词,完成案件判决,并在多达12人的陪审团中进行审议。我们对讨论过程进行录像、转录和可靠编码。结果:大多数模拟陪审员(53%)做出了有罪判决。参与者的辩护陈述多于起诉陈述,外部归因多于内部归因,内部归因多于不可控归因。参与者很少提到审讯的各种因素(警察胁迫、污染、宽大的承诺、审讯时间)和对被告的心理后果。检察陈述和内部归因预示着检察案件的判决。女性比男性做了更多的辩护和外部归因陈述,这反过来预示着罪恶感的减少。政治保守派和死刑支持者分别比他们的对手发表了更多的起诉声明和内部归因,这反过来又预示着更大的罪恶感。结论:部分陪审员在审议过程中发现了虚假供词的胁迫要素,并对被告人的虚假供词进行了外部归因(将供词归因于胁迫审讯)。然而,许多陪审员进行了内部归因,将被告的虚假供述归因于他的有罪——这种归因预示着陪审员和陪审团倾向于给无辜的被告定罪。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 1
Supplemental Material for Moral Appraisals Guide Intuitive Legal Determinations 道德评估补充材料指导直观的法律决定
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000527.supp
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Eyewitness Confidence and Decision Time Reflect Identification Accuracy in Actual Police Lineups 补充材料目击者的信心和决策时间反映了识别的准确性,在实际的警察阵容
2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000518.supp
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引用次数: 0
The eye of the beholder: Increased likelihood of prison sentences for people perceived to have Hispanic ethnicity. 观察者之眼:被认为是西班牙裔的人被判入狱的可能性增加。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000509
Erik J Girvan, Heather Marek

Objectives: Hispanic individuals are a growing proportion of the general and carceral populations in the United States. This study examined the relationship between the type of sentences (prison, jail/probation) given to White, non-Hispanic individuals and to similarly situated individuals who were perceived to be Hispanic (any race) or perceived to be White but, based on validated estimates, self-identified as Hispanic.

Hypotheses: Psychological theory indicates that, for group-based stereotypes and attitudes to impact decisions, decisionmakers must first identify and categorize target individuals as members of the relevant group. Following this theory, we predicted that individuals perceived by members of the criminal justice system to be Hispanic will be more likely to be sentenced to prison than similarly situated individuals perceived to be White. However, sentences of individuals predicted to have been misperceived as White but to self-identify as Hispanic will not differ from those of individuals accurately perceived as White.

Method: We analyzed official state records of more than 220,000 unique sentencing decisions for nearly 200,000 individuals under state correctional supervision between 2005 and 2018, including demographic characteristics, statutory crime-seriousness and criminal-history scores from state sentencing guidelines, and sentencing outcomes.

Results: Even after controlling for crime severity and criminal history, we found that individuals who were labeled as Hispanic in criminal justice records were nearly twice as likely to be sentenced to prison as those who were labeled as White (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.86, 2.04]). By comparison, individuals who were labeled in criminal justice records as White but, on the basis of validated estimates, were predicted to self-identify as Hispanic had the same likelihood of being sentenced to prison as individuals who were accurately perceived to be White (OR = 1.01, 95% CI [0.94, 1.07]).

Conclusions: Results suggest that ethnic stereotypes or attitudes regarding Hispanic individuals may negatively impact criminal sentencing decisions regarding people perceived as Hispanic by actors in the legal system. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:西班牙裔在美国总人口和总人口中所占的比例越来越大。本研究考察了白人、非西班牙裔个体与被认为是西班牙裔(任何种族)或被认为是白人但根据有效估计自认为是西班牙裔的类似情况个体之间的判刑类型(监狱、监狱/缓刑)之间的关系。假设:心理学理论表明,为了使基于群体的刻板印象和态度影响决策,决策者必须首先将目标个体识别并归类为相关群体的成员。根据这一理论,我们预测被刑事司法系统成员认为是西班牙裔的人比被认为是白人的人更有可能被判入狱。然而,被预测被误读为白人但自我认同为西班牙裔的个体的句子与被准确理解为白人的个体的句子没有区别。方法:我们分析了2005年至2018年期间受国家惩教监督的近20万人的22万多份独特判决的官方记录,包括人口特征、国家量刑指南中的法定犯罪严重程度和犯罪历史分数,以及量刑结果。结果:即使在控制了犯罪严重程度和犯罪历史之后,我们发现在刑事司法记录中被标记为西班牙裔的个体被判入狱的可能性几乎是被标记为白人的两倍(优势比[OR] = 1.95, 95%可信区间[CI][1.86, 2.04])。相比之下,在刑事司法记录中被标记为白人的个体,根据有效的估计,预测自我认同为西班牙裔的个体与被准确地认为是白人的个体被判入狱的可能性相同(OR = 1.01, 95% CI[0.94, 1.07])。结论:结果表明,对西班牙裔个体的种族刻板印象或态度可能会对法律系统中行为者认为是西班牙裔的人的刑事判决产生负面影响。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
The role of social desirability and establishing nonracist credentials on mock juror decisions about Black defendants. 社会可取性和建立非种族主义凭据在模拟陪审团对黑人被告的决定中的作用。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000496
Jessica M Salerno, Kylie Kulak, Laura Smalarz, Rose E Eerdmans, Megan L Lawrence, Tramanh Dao

Objective: Recently, experimental work on racial bias in legal settings has diverged from real-world field data demonstrating racial disparities, instead often producing null or potential overcorrection effects favoring Black individuals over White individuals. We explored the role of social desirability in these counterintuitive effects and tested whether allowing participants to establish nonracist moral credentials increased their willingness to convict a Black defendant.

Hypotheses: We predicted that establishing nonracist moral credentials would increase convictions of Black defendants-especially for participants likely to harbor racial bias and external motivation to control it.

Method: In two experiments, we randomly assigned White mock jurors (Study 1: N = 1,018; Study 2: N = 1,253) to establish nonracist moral credentials by acquitting a Black defendant in an initial case, acquit a White defendant in the same case, or see no prior case. Next, they judged an ambiguous case against a Black (Studies 1 and 2) or White (Study 2) defendant. After choosing verdicts, they provided open-ended guesses of what the study was about. Participants completed measures of explicit prejudice, motivations to control prejudice, and political orientation.

Results: Most participants who were asked to judge at least one Black defendant guessed that the study was about racial bias and convicted Black defendants less often than did those who guessed the study was about something else. White participants who established nonracist credentials were significantly more likely to convict Black defendants compared with White participants who did not establish nonracist credentials. Subsequent analyses revealed that conservatives showed this predicted credentialing pattern, whereas liberals did not. Credentialed liberals' convictions of Black defendants remained low; instead, they convicted White defendants more than did noncredentialed liberals.

Conclusions: Social desirability plays a clear role in whether White people acquit Black defendants in experiments, which does not align with persistent racial bias in the legal system. Research participants' concern about looking prejudiced might undermine the validity of experiments investigating racial bias in legal settings by artificially inflating pro-Black judgments. The opportunity to credential oneself as nonracist, however, might make conservatives more comfortable making anti-Black legal judgments-whereas credentialed liberals continue to judge Black individuals more favorably than White individuals in legal settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:最近,法律环境中关于种族偏见的实验工作与现实世界中显示种族差异的实地数据有所不同,相反,经常产生无效或潜在的过度纠正效应,有利于黑人而不是白人。我们探讨了社会期望在这些反直觉效应中的作用,并测试了允许参与者建立非种族主义的道德凭据是否会增加他们给黑人被告定罪的意愿。假设:我们预测,建立非种族主义的道德证书会增加黑人被告的定罪——尤其是那些可能怀有种族偏见和外部动机来控制它的参与者。方法:在两个实验中,我们随机分配White模拟陪审员(研究1:N = 1,018;研究2:N = 1253)通过在最初的案件中无罪释放一名黑人被告,在同一案件中无罪释放一名白人被告,或者没有看到先前的案件,来建立非种族主义的道德证书。接下来,他们对一个针对黑人(研究1和2)或白人(研究2)被告的模棱两可的案件进行判决。在选择结论后,他们提供了关于研究内容的开放式猜测。参与者完成了显性偏见、控制偏见的动机和政治取向的测试。结果:大多数被要求判断至少一名黑人被告的参与者猜测这项研究是关于种族偏见的,而被判有罪的黑人被告的几率比那些猜测研究是关于其他事情的人要低。与没有建立非种族主义证书的白人参与者相比,建立非种族主义证书的白人参与者更有可能给黑人被告定罪。随后的分析显示,保守派表现出这种预测的资历模式,而自由派则没有。有资历的自由派对黑人被告定罪的比例仍然很低;相反,他们判定白人被告有罪的次数多于没有资格的自由主义者。结论:在实验中,社会期望在白人是否宣告黑人被告无罪方面发挥了明显的作用,这与法律体系中持续存在的种族偏见不一致。研究参与者担心自己看起来有偏见,这可能会人为地夸大支持黑人的判决,从而破坏调查法律环境中种族偏见的实验的有效性。然而,有机会证明自己是非种族主义者,可能会让保守派更容易做出反黑人的法律判决,而有资格的自由主义者在法律环境中继续对黑人的判断比白人更有利。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"The role of social desirability and establishing nonracist credentials on mock juror decisions about Black defendants.","authors":"Jessica M Salerno,&nbsp;Kylie Kulak,&nbsp;Laura Smalarz,&nbsp;Rose E Eerdmans,&nbsp;Megan L Lawrence,&nbsp;Tramanh Dao","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Recently, experimental work on racial bias in legal settings has diverged from real-world field data demonstrating racial disparities, instead often producing null or potential overcorrection effects favoring Black individuals over White individuals. We explored the role of social desirability in these counterintuitive effects and tested whether allowing participants to establish nonracist moral credentials increased their willingness to convict a Black defendant.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>We predicted that establishing nonracist moral credentials would increase convictions of Black defendants-especially for participants likely to harbor racial bias and external motivation to control it.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In two experiments, we randomly assigned White mock jurors (Study 1: N = 1,018; Study 2: N = 1,253) to establish nonracist moral credentials by acquitting a Black defendant in an initial case, acquit a White defendant in the same case, or see no prior case. Next, they judged an ambiguous case against a Black (Studies 1 and 2) or White (Study 2) defendant. After choosing verdicts, they provided open-ended guesses of what the study was about. Participants completed measures of explicit prejudice, motivations to control prejudice, and political orientation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most participants who were asked to judge at least one Black defendant guessed that the study was about racial bias and convicted Black defendants less often than did those who guessed the study was about something else. White participants who established nonracist credentials were significantly more likely to convict Black defendants compared with White participants who did not establish nonracist credentials. Subsequent analyses revealed that conservatives showed this predicted credentialing pattern, whereas liberals did not. Credentialed liberals' convictions of Black defendants remained low; instead, they convicted White defendants more than did noncredentialed liberals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Social desirability plays a clear role in whether White people acquit Black defendants in experiments, which does not align with persistent racial bias in the legal system. Research participants' concern about looking prejudiced might undermine the validity of experiments investigating racial bias in legal settings by artificially inflating pro-Black judgments. The opportunity to credential oneself as nonracist, however, might make conservatives more comfortable making anti-Black legal judgments-whereas credentialed liberals continue to judge Black individuals more favorably than White individuals in legal settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"47 1","pages":"100-118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9635808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Examining the consequences of dehumanization and adultification in justification of police use of force against Black girls and boys. 审查警察对黑人女孩和男孩使用武力的非人化和成人化的后果。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000521
Jennifer T Perillo, Rochelle B Sykes, Sean A Bennett, Margaret C Reardon

Objective: Given the greater contact that Black youth have with the legal system compared with White youth, it is important to consider the differential ways that police use of force against these youth is perceived. Black youth may be at greater risk than White youth for animalistic (being seen as animal-like) and mechanistic (being seen as object-like) dehumanization, which, along with a tendency for Black youth to be perceived as older (adultification), may impact observers' perceptions of police use of force toward Black youth. This study examined whether dehumanization and adultification were associated with the perceptions of force used and harm caused by police.

Hypotheses: We made five hypotheses. First, participants would dehumanize Black individuals more than White individuals, more mechanistically dehumanize Black women than Black men, and more animalistically dehumanize Black men than Black women. Second, dehumanization would be positively associated with adultification. Third, force would be rated as less appropriate and more excessive for White than for Black targets, particularly for males. Fourth, dehumanization, particularly animalistic dehumanization, would be associated with higher participant ratings of force justification and lower participant ratings of force severity and excessiveness. Fifth, participants would perceive girls as more harmed than boys and White individuals as more harmed than Black individuals.

Method: After completing an implicit dehumanization measure, participants viewed an image (varied on age and gender) of a juvenile, estimated the juvenile's age, and read a vignette in which the juvenile had an altercation with police. Participants rated the amount, severity, and justification of the force used by the officer as well as the physical and emotional harm caused to the juvenile.

Results: We found that Black targets were dehumanized more than White targets. Adultification, unrelated to implicit dehumanization, predicted perceiving police use of force against juveniles as more justified and less severe. Black girls were most likely to experience adultification; participants generally perceived them as less victimized than Black boys and White girls.

Conclusions: Adultification is associated with fewer protections for youth. Those with particular intersectional identities, such as Black girls, may be uniquely vulnerable to harm caused by police victimization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目标:与白人青年相比,黑人青年与法律体系的接触更多,考虑警察对这些青年使用武力的不同方式是很重要的。黑人青年可能比白人青年面临更大的动物化(被视为动物化)和机械化(被视为客体化)非人性化的风险,这与黑人青年被视为老年人(成人化)的趋势一起,可能会影响观察者对警察对黑人青年使用武力的看法。这项研究调查了非人化和成人化是否与警察使用武力和造成伤害的看法有关。假设:我们做了五个假设。首先,参与者对黑人的非人化程度高于白人,对黑人女性的非人化程度高于黑人男性,对黑人男性的非人化程度高于黑人女性。第二,非人性化与成人化呈正相关。第三,对白人使用武力比对黑人使用武力更不合适,也更过分,尤其是对男性。第四,非人性化,特别是动物性的非人性化,将与较高的参与者对武力正当性的评价和较低的参与者对武力严重性和过度程度的评价有关。第五,参与者认为女孩比男孩受到的伤害更大,白人比黑人受到的伤害更大。方法:在完成一项隐性非人化测量后,参与者观看了一张青少年的图像(年龄和性别不同),估计了青少年的年龄,并阅读了一篇青少年与警察发生争执的小插图。参与者对警察使用武力的数量、严重程度和理由以及对青少年造成的身体和情感伤害进行了评级。结果:我们发现黑人目标比白人目标更容易失去人性。与隐性非人化无关的成人化,预示着警察对青少年使用武力更合理,不那么严重。黑人女孩最有可能经历成人化;参与者普遍认为他们比黑人男孩和白人女孩更少受到伤害。结论:成人与对青少年的保护较少有关。那些具有特殊交叉身份的人,如黑人女孩,可能特别容易受到警察受害造成的伤害。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 2
Counterintuitive race effects in legal and nonlegal contexts. 法律和非法律背景下反直觉的种族效应。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000515
Laura Smalarz, Rose E Eerdmans, Megan L Lawrence, Kylie Kulak, Jessica M Salerno

Objective: Despite documented racial disparities in all facets of the criminal justice system, recent laboratory attempts to investigate racial bias in legal settings have produced null effects or racial-bias reversals. These counterintuitive findings may be an artifact of laboratory participants' attempts to appear unprejudiced in response to social norms that proscribe expressions of racial bias against Black individuals. Furthermore, given pervasive stereotypes linking Black people with crime and heightened attention to issues of racial injustice in the legal system, laboratory participants may be especially likely to attempt to appear unprejudiced in studies examining judgments of Black individuals in legal as opposed to nonlegal contexts.

Hypotheses: We predicted that counterintuitive race effects (null and pro-Black effects) are more likely to occur in laboratory research examining race in legal than in nonlegal contexts.

Method: We conducted a quantitative review of race effects in three leading social psychology and legal psychology journals over the last four decades (Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin [PSPB]; Law and Human Behavior [LHB]; Psychology, Public Policy, and Law [PPPL]). We then conducted two experiments in which students (N = 314; Experiment 1) and Mechanical Turk workers (N = 695; Experiment 2) read descriptions of White and Black targets in either legal or nonlegal contexts and rated each target along various characteristics (e.g., dangerous, trustworthy).

Results: Our analysis of the literature indicated that counterintuitive race effects were more frequent in studies examining race in legal compared with nonlegal contexts. Our experiments likewise revealed that pro-Black race effects were stronger in legal than in nonlegal contexts.

Conclusions: Laboratory research on racial bias against Black people-especially in legal settings-may produce misleading conclusions about the effects of race on important real-world outcomes. Methodological innovations for studying racial bias are needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:尽管在刑事司法系统的各个方面都记录了种族差异,但最近实验室试图调查法律环境中的种族偏见,结果没有产生任何效果或种族偏见的逆转。这些违反直觉的发现可能是实验室参与者试图表现出无偏见的人为产物,以回应禁止对黑人表达种族偏见的社会规范。此外,考虑到将黑人与犯罪联系在一起的普遍刻板印象,以及对法律体系中种族不公正问题的高度关注,实验室参与者可能特别有可能在研究黑人在法律背景下与非法律背景下的判断时,试图表现得不带偏见。假设:我们预测反直觉的种族效应(零效应和亲黑人效应)更有可能发生在实验室研究中,在法律背景下,而不是在非法律背景下。方法:我们对过去四十年来三种主要的社会心理学和法律心理学期刊(Personality and social psychology Bulletin [PSPB];法律与人类行为[LHB];心理学、公共政策与法律[PPPL])。然后我们进行了两个实验,其中学生(N = 314;实验1)和机械土耳其工人(N = 695;实验2)阅读白人和黑人目标在法律或非法律背景下的描述,并根据不同的特征(例如,危险的,值得信赖的)给每个目标打分。结果:我们对文献的分析表明,在法律背景下的种族研究中,与非法律背景下的种族研究相比,反直觉的种族效应更常见。我们的实验同样表明,亲黑人种族效应在法律环境下比在非法律环境下更强。结论:针对黑人的种族偏见的实验室研究——尤其是在法律背景下——可能会产生关于种族对现实世界重要结果影响的误导性结论。研究种族偏见的方法创新是必要的。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Community crime, poverty, and proportion of Black residents influence police descriptions of adolescents. 社区犯罪、贫困和黑人居民比例影响警察对青少年的描述。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000499
Rebecca L Fix, Jeffrey Aaron, Sheldon Greenberg

Objective: Our study examined officers' attitudes and perceptions of adolescents in general (and challenges in policing adolescents) and the degree to which community variables affect those perceptions.

Hypotheses: Our examinations of officers' descriptions of adolescents and challenges in policing adolescents were exploratory. We hypothesized that community characteristics would significantly influence officers' perceptions of adolescents, such that working in more impoverished, higher crime, and more proportionally Black communities would be associated with more negative perceptions of adolescents.

Method: Data were obtained from 1,112 active law enforcement officers representing 30 police agencies/departments across the United States. Participating officers completed a survey about adolescents and challenges in policing adolescents. Publicly available data sets were used to measure select community and police agency/departmental characteristics. We examined qualitative data using an inductive methodological approach.

Results: Police officers' descriptions of adolescents were significantly more negative than positive. Negativity was observed in the relative frequency of negative versus positive comments about adolescents as well as the use of inherently problematic descriptors. Police officers working in more impoverished, higher crime, and more proportionally Black communities displayed significantly more problematic attitudes and significantly fewer positive attitudes compared with those in less proportionally Black communities. The findings related to race were partially-but not completely-explained by other community variables.

Conclusions: Officers' negative descriptors, their occasional use of inherently problematic terms, and the intensification of those tendencies when working in communities with more poverty, higher crime, and a larger proportion of Black residents suggest an urgent need for intervention to help officers better understand youth. Training that would help police officers better understand youth, recognize developmental influences, and see each youth individually rather than as a representative of a group could help officers interact more supportively with youth, be less likely to inadvertently create confrontation, and more effectively de-escalate situations involving distressed or activated youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:我们的研究调查了警察对青少年的态度和看法(以及管理青少年的挑战),以及社区变量影响这些看法的程度。假设:我们对警官对青少年的描述和警务青少年面临的挑战的研究是探索性的。我们假设社区特征会显著影响警官对青少年的看法,例如在更贫困、犯罪率更高、黑人比例更大的社区工作,会使警官对青少年的看法更消极。方法:数据来自美国30个警察机构/部门的1112名在职执法人员。参与调查的警务人员完成了一份有关青少年及警务工作的挑战的调查。公开可用的数据集用于测量选定的社区和警察机构/部门的特征。我们使用归纳方法检查定性数据。结果:警察对青少年的负面描述显著多于正面描述。在对青少年的消极和积极评论的相对频率以及使用本质上有问题的描述中观察到消极性。与黑人比例较低的社区相比,在贫困程度较高、犯罪率较高、黑人比例较高的社区工作的警察表现出明显更多的问题态度和明显更少的积极态度。与种族有关的研究结果部分地(但不是完全)可以用其他社会变量来解释。结论:警察的负面描述,他们偶尔使用固有问题的术语,以及在贫困,高犯罪率和黑人居民比例较大的社区工作时这些倾向的加剧表明迫切需要干预,以帮助警察更好地了解年轻人。培训将帮助警察更好地了解青年,认识到发展的影响,并将每个青年单独看待,而不是作为一个群体的代表,这有助于警察与青年进行更积极的互动,减少无意中造成对抗的可能性,并更有效地降低涉及痛苦或活跃青年的情况。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Racial differences in legal socialization models across adolescence and emerging adulthood. 青少年和成年初期法律社会化模式的种族差异。
IF 2.5 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000523
Lindsey M Cole, Elizabeth A Moschella-Smith, Paul J Hennigan, Cesar J Rebellon, Karen T Van Gundy, Ellen S Cohn

Objective: White and non-White adolescents report different experiences in the legal system. This disparity impacts their evaluations of, and attitudes toward, legal authorities such that non-White and older adolescents tend to perceive the legal system more negatively. Yet, many researchers assume that the process of legal socialization, which involves internalizing norms and information about the law and the legal system, is universal for all ages and races.

Hypotheses: We hypothesized that legal socialization models would change over the course of adolescent development and would differ by race.

Method: We used data from two longitudinal studies to examine racial differences in the integrated legal socialization model in early, middle, and late adolescence. Study 1 included 140 young adolescents (59% White, 41% non-White), and Study 2 included 296 midadolescents (82% White, 18% non-White) followed into late adolescence/emerging adulthood.

Results: Study 1 identified differences in the integrated legal socialization model for young White and non-White adolescents. Normative status predicted rule-violating behavior for White participants, whereas no predictors or mediators related to rule-violating behavior for non-White participants. In Study 2, legal and moral reasoning during midadolescence became relevant in the model for both groups. Enforcement status predicted rule-violating behavior for non-White youth, whereas normative status continued to predict rule-violating behavior for White youth. In late adolescence/emerging adulthood, differences in the model shifted toward the relation between reasoning and legal attitudes.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that legal socialization is a developmental process occurring and changing throughout adolescence and that this developmental process differs for White and non-White youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

目的:白人和非白人青少年在法律体系中的不同经历。这种差异影响了他们对法律权威的评价和态度,因此非白人和年龄较大的青少年往往对法律体系持更消极的看法。然而,许多研究人员认为,法律社会化的过程,包括内化有关法律和法律体系的规范和信息,对所有年龄和种族都是普遍的。假设:我们假设法律社会化模式会在青少年发展过程中发生变化,并因种族而异。方法:我们使用两项纵向研究的数据来检验青少年早期、中期和晚期综合法律社会化模式的种族差异。研究1包括140名青少年(59%白人,41%非白人),研究2包括296名青春期中期青少年(82%白人,18%非白人),随访至青春期晚期/成年初期。结果:研究1确定了白人青少年和非白人青少年在综合法律社会化模式上的差异。规范状态对白人被试的违规行为有预测作用,而对非白人被试的违规行为没有预测或调节作用。在研究2中,青少年中期的法律和道德推理在两组模型中都变得相关。强制状态预测非白人青年的违规行为,而规范状态继续预测白人青年的违规行为。在青春期晚期/成年初期,模型的差异转向推理和法律态度之间的关系。结论:我们的研究结果表明,法律社会化是一个在整个青春期发生和变化的发展过程,并且这个发展过程在白人和非白人青年中有所不同。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
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Law and Human Behavior
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