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Measuring teacher effectiveness for gifted and talented students 衡量教师对资优学生的有效性
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102728
Seth Walker , Scott Imberman , Katharine Strunk
This paper investigates the differential effectiveness of teachers across student populations, with a focus on gifted and talented (GT) students. Using data from Los Angeles, we estimate teacher effectiveness (proxied by value-added measures (VAMs) of teachers’ contributions to student achievement growth) for GT students and examine how they are matched to teachers. We additionally estimate VAMs for high- and low-testing students to explore whether GT students are assigned to teachers who are relatively more effective for GT students, or to teachers with broad effectiveness across student groups. Many teachers exhibit similar effectiveness across all subgroups, with particularly strong alignment between GT and high-testing VAMs. This suggests a strong overlap in instructional strengths for high-achieving students, regardless of GT classification. At the same time, a substantial share of teachers show meaningful differences in their relative effectiveness with GT students compared to low-testing students. GT students are consistently assigned to teachers with higher VAMs across all subgroups; however, this alignment is strongest with teachers who are most effective for GT and high-testing students. To a modest extent, GT students are also more likely to be matched to teachers with a relative advantage in teaching GT students compared to their effectiveness with low-testing students.
本文研究了教师在不同学生群体中的差异有效性,重点是资优学生。使用来自洛杉矶的数据,我们估计了GT学生的教师有效性(由教师对学生成绩增长贡献的增值措施(VAMs)代理),并检查了他们如何与教师匹配。我们还估计了高测试和低测试学生的VAMs,以探索GT学生是否被分配给对GT学生相对更有效的教师,还是分配给对学生群体具有广泛有效性的教师。许多教师在所有子群体中都表现出相似的有效性,在GT和高测试vam之间表现出特别强的一致性。这表明,无论GT分类如何,优秀学生的教学优势都有很强的重叠。与此同时,相当一部分教师对GT学生和低测试学生的相对有效性表现出有意义的差异。在所有分组中,GT学生始终被分配给具有较高VAMs的教师;然而,对于那些对GT和高测试学生最有效的老师来说,这种一致性是最强的。在一定程度上,与教授低测试学生的有效性相比,GT学生也更有可能与在教授GT学生方面具有相对优势的教师相匹配。
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引用次数: 0
Unlocking college potential: The role of student expectations and non-cognitive skills in college success 释放大学潜力:学生期望和非认知技能在大学成功中的作用
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102718
Gema Zamarro, Malachi Nichols, Julie Trivitt, Rian Djita
Attending college is a significant human capital investment, but only about 60 % of those who start college will have a completed degree six years later. This makes identifying the skills associated with college success an important policy concern. We surveyed over 1100 entering college freshmen, majoring in business and engineering at a public university in the US, and combined this information with administrative data to create a comprehensive data set that, in addition to the usual academic performance data, cognitive ability measures, and demographics, also included measures of non-cognitive skills, personality traits, student expectations about college grades and performance at graduation. With this information, we analyzed whether students’ subjective expectations about their future grades at graduation are related to non-cognitive skills and whether these expectations align with their actual college performance. We then study factors associated with overperformance and underperformance, beyond what was expected based on past grades and student-observed demographic characteristics, both at the end of their freshman year and at graduation. We also study factors associated with graduation outcomes. We find that non-cognitive skills related to conscientiousness are associated with subjective grade expectations and objective grade performance in college, even after controlling for cognitive ability. However, they do not help predict eventual graduation or on-time graduation. Nevertheless, many students enter college with subjective grade expectations that do not align with their actual performance, which can influence their on-time graduation.
上大学是一项重要的人力资本投资,但只有大约60%的大学生能在六年后获得完整的学位。这使得确定与大学成功相关的技能成为一个重要的政策关注点。我们调查了1100多名即将进入大学的新生,他们是美国一所公立大学的商业和工程专业的学生,并将这些信息与行政数据结合起来,创建了一个全面的数据集,除了通常的学习成绩数据、认知能力测量和人口统计数据外,还包括非认知技能、个性特征、学生对大学成绩和毕业表现的期望。根据这些信息,我们分析了学生对毕业时未来成绩的主观期望是否与非认知技能有关,以及这些期望是否与他们的实际大学表现一致。然后,我们研究了与表现优异和表现不佳相关的因素,超出了基于过去成绩和学生观察到的人口特征的预期,包括在他们一年级结束时和毕业时。我们还研究了与毕业结果相关的因素。我们发现,即使在控制了认知能力之后,与尽责性相关的非认知技能也与大学主观成绩期望和客观成绩表现相关。然而,他们不能帮助预测最终毕业或按时毕业。然而,许多学生进入大学时,主观的成绩预期与他们的实际表现不一致,这可能会影响他们按时毕业。
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引用次数: 0
Financial literacy calls the roll — The effectiveness of a financial education program in Italian schools 金融素养点名——意大利学校金融教育项目的有效性
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102731
Tommaso Agasisti , Alessio D’Ignazio , Gabriele Iannotta , Angela Romagnoli , Marco Tonello
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of “Financial Education in School”, a comprehensive financial education program implemented by the Bank of Italy across primary and secondary schools nationwide. The initiative combines teacher training, tailored educational materials, and interactive classroom activities to embed financial literacy into the curriculum. Drawing on two randomized controlled trials with more than 1500 students in grades 5 and 8, we report three main findings. First, teacher-led instruction significantly improves financial knowledge, with large effect sizes of 0.54 and 0.66 standard deviations for grade 5 and grade 8, respectively. Second, distributing self-study booklets without guided lessons has no average effect, except among socioeconomically advantaged students. Third, while overall impacts on financial attitudes are limited, teacher-led instruction fosters greater willingness to delay immediate rewards (patience) among younger pupils and supports disadvantaged students in developing more future-oriented saving preferences. Overall, the results highlight the central role of schools and teachers in delivering effective and equitable financial education.
本文评估了意大利银行在全国中小学实施的综合金融教育项目“学校金融教育”的有效性。该计划结合教师培训、量身定制的教育材料和互动式课堂活动,将金融知识融入课程。通过对1500多名五年级和八年级学生进行的两项随机对照试验,我们报告了三个主要发现。首先,教师主导教学显著提高了学生的金融知识水平,五年级和八年级的效应量分别为0.54和0.66标准差。其次,除了社会经济条件优越的学生之外,分发没有指导课程的自学小册子的效果并不平均。第三,虽然对财务态度的总体影响有限,但教师主导的教学在低年级学生中培养了更大的延迟即时回报(耐心)的意愿,并支持弱势学生发展更多面向未来的储蓄偏好。总体而言,结果突出了学校和教师在提供有效和公平的金融教育方面的核心作用。
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引用次数: 0
Skills, degrees, and labor market inequality 技能、学位和劳动力市场不平等
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102704
Peter Q. Blair , Papia Debroy , Justin Heck
Income inequality between workers with and without bachelor’s degrees has grown sharply over the past 50 years. Canonical explanations attribute this trend to skill-biased technological change, often labeling workers with bachelor’s degrees as “skilled” and those without as “unskilled.” We offer a complementary approach by using the skill requirements of a worker’s current job as a proxy for their skill set. This method enables skill-based comparisons across educational backgrounds and ties observed skills directly to labor market demand. It also broadens the definition of a skilled worker to include those who develop expertise through work experience. We refer to such workers as Skilled Through Alternative Routes (STARs), consistent with the idea that human capital is accumulated not only through formal education but also through on-the-job work experience. Building on this framework, we develop a model of job transitions in which the Absolute Skill Mobility Friction (ASMF) is defined as the elasticity of the flow rate between two occupations with respect to the skill distance separating them. Empirically, we find that STARs and bachelor’s degree holders experience similar mobility frictions when moving between jobs with comparable skill requirements. However, STARs face greater friction than bachelor’s degree holders when moving to higher-wage jobs that demand more skills than their current occupation. This gap in upward mobility persists unmitigated in tight labor markets, suggesting that human capital differences alone do not account for labor market inequality by education.
在过去的50年里,拥有和没有学士学位的工人之间的收入差距急剧扩大。规范的解释将这种趋势归因于技能偏向的技术变革,通常将拥有学士学位的工人称为“熟练”,而没有学士学位的工人则称为“不熟练”。我们提供了一种互补的方法,即使用工人当前工作的技能要求作为其技能集的代理。这种方法可以实现跨教育背景的技能比较,并将观察到的技能直接与劳动力市场需求联系起来。它还扩大了技术工人的定义,包括那些通过工作经验发展专业知识的人。我们将这些工人称为通过替代途径(STARs)的熟练工人,这与人力资本不仅通过正规教育而且通过在职工作经验积累的观点一致。在此框架的基础上,我们开发了一个工作转换模型,其中绝对技能流动性摩擦(ASMF)被定义为两个职业之间相对于分离它们的技能距离的流动速率的弹性。根据经验,我们发现,当在技能要求相当的工作之间转换时,明星和学士学位持有者经历了类似的流动性摩擦。然而,与拥有学士学位的人相比,明星们在跳槽到工资更高、对技能要求更高的工作时面临着更大的摩擦。这种向上流动的差距在紧张的劳动力市场中仍然存在,这表明人力资本差异本身并不能解释教育造成的劳动力市场不平等。
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引用次数: 0
How do classmates matter for the class-size effects? 同学对班级规模的影响有多大?
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102689
Ryuichi Tanaka , Tong Wang
This paper investigates the effect of class-size reduction on students’ academic outcomes, with a particular emphasis on its heterogeneity based on classmates’ characteristics. We estimate the causal effects of class-size reduction on students’ mathematics and language test scores by controlling for student and teacher fixed effects. To address potential endogeneity, we employ the predicted class size with a cap as an instrumental variable for the actual class size. Utilizing rich panel data on Japanese primary school students, our findings indicate a positive and robust average effect of class-size reduction on mathematics test scores. Furthermore, we find that classes with high-ability classmates benefit even more from class-size reduction in terms of language test scores. The effect of class-size reduction on mathematics test scores is found to depend positively on the ability of the lowest-achieving student in a class. Additionally, classes with a higher proportion of female students tend to benefit more from class-size reduction. Our results lend support to the theoretical framework proposed by Lazear (2001).
本文研究了班级规模缩小对学生学业成绩的影响,并特别强调了其基于同学特征的异质性。我们通过控制学生和教师的固定效应来估计班级规模减少对学生数学和语言考试成绩的因果效应。为了解决潜在的内生性问题,我们采用带有上限的预测班级规模作为实际班级规模的工具变量。利用日本小学生的丰富面板数据,我们的研究结果表明班级规模减少对数学考试成绩的平均影响是积极的和稳健的。此外,我们发现有高能力同学的班级在语言测试成绩方面从班级规模的减少中受益更多。研究发现,班级规模缩小对数学考试成绩的影响正依赖于班级中成绩最低的学生的能力。此外,女生比例较高的班级往往从班级规模缩小中受益更多。我们的研究结果支持了Lazear(2001)提出的理论框架。
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引用次数: 0
The timing of the unconditional cash transfers and human capital accumulation: experimental evidence from Malawi 无条件现金转移和人力资本积累的时机:来自马拉维的实验证据
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102705
Paul Sirma , Sudhanshu Handa , Maxton Tsoka
Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) are effective policy instruments to increase schooling outcomes, but are UCTs effective in the long term? This paper provides the first evidence on the long-term schooling impacts of a national cash transfer program in Africa. Specifically, we follow a panel of school-aged children in the Malawi Social Cash Transfer Program (SCTP) in three waves (2013-baseline, 2015-endline, and 2021-follow-up) and compare their schooling outcomes between children randomized to receive transfers early and those randomized to receive the transfers later. In the short-term, we find that school enrollment and highest-grade completion are significantly higher for children in the early treatment group, and these impacts are highest for children who were not in school at baseline, and for older children, these impacts are enhanced the closer the distance to a secondary school. In the long term, five years after the late treatment group started receiving transfers, these impacts disappeared. The results are consistent with the school environment for this population in Malawi, where very few children manage to complete primary school and transition to secondary school. The policy implication is that UCTs alone cannot raise grade attainment without complementary investments in school quality.
无条件现金转移支付是提高教育成果的有效政策工具,但无条件现金转移支付是否长期有效?本文首次提供了非洲国家现金转移支付项目对学校教育长期影响的证据。具体来说,我们对马拉维社会现金转移计划(SCTP)的一组学龄儿童进行了三波(2013年基线、2015年结束和2021年随访)的跟踪调查,并比较了被随机分配到较早接受转移的儿童和被随机分配到较晚接受转移的儿童的学业成绩。在短期内,我们发现早期治疗组的儿童入学率和最高年级结业率明显更高,这些影响对于基线时未上学的儿童来说是最高的,对于年龄较大的儿童来说,这些影响越接近中学,这些影响就越强。从长期来看,在晚治疗组开始接受转移治疗5年后,这些影响就消失了。结果与马拉维这一人口的学校环境相一致,在那里很少有儿童能够完成小学学业并过渡到中学。政策的含义是,如果没有对学校质量的补充投资,仅靠UCTs是无法提高成绩的。
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引用次数: 0
The pandemic exodus: What drives private-to-public school migration in Peru 流行病外流:秘鲁私立学校向公立学校迁移的原因
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102685
Gregory Elacqua , Nicolás Figueroa , Andrés Fontaine , Juan Margitic , Carolina Méndez
In 2020, the Peruvian Ministry of Education responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and an unprecedented rise in demand for public schools by implementing a centralized assignment mechanism that allowed thousands of students at various levels of education to move from the private to the public sector. In this study, we explore empirically the determinants of both accepting a place and remaining in the assigned public school. Exploiting the randomness in assignment created by oversubscribed schools within the deferred acceptance algorithm, we causally estimate the role of distance in the decision to accept the assignment and explore its impact on the decision to remain. We also shed light on the determinants influencing parental preferences. Our results show that families care about distance to the assigned public school, as well as academic and peer quality with respect to their school of origin. Parents weigh distance to school, academic performance, and peer demographics differently based on their familiarity with these characteristics. Consequently, experiencing a given school environment can alter the significance of specific attributes when later deciding whether to stay in the assigned school. While school quality (measured by math scores) is more influential at the acceptance stage, distance and peer demographics become more important in the decision to remain. Our findings offer valuable insights into how governments can strengthen the supply of public schooling.
2020年,秘鲁教育部为应对2019冠状病毒病大流行和公立学校需求的空前增长,实施了一项集中分配机制,使数千名各级教育学生从私立转到公立学校。在这项研究中,我们实证地探讨了接受一个地方和留在指定的公立学校的决定因素。利用延迟接受算法中超额认购学校分配的随机性,我们对距离在接受分配决策中的作用进行了因果估计,并探讨了距离对留下决定的影响。我们还揭示了影响父母偏好的决定因素。我们的研究结果表明,家庭关心的是与指定公立学校的距离,以及学术和同伴质量与他们的原学校有关。父母根据对这些特征的熟悉程度,对学校距离、学习成绩和同伴人口统计数据进行不同的衡量。因此,在决定是否留在指定的学校时,经历一个给定的学校环境可以改变特定属性的重要性。虽然学校质量(以数学成绩衡量)在录取阶段更有影响力,但距离和同伴人口统计在决定留下时变得更重要。我们的研究结果为政府如何加强公立学校的供应提供了有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Rank, peer achievement, and shadow education: Evidence from secondary school students in China 等级、同伴成就与影子教育:来自中国中学生的证据
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102682
Chaonuo Dai , Yuzhi Zhou
This paper studies the effects of academic rank and peer achievement on shadow education, such as private tutoring, among secondary students in China. Exploiting the random assignment of students to classrooms, we find that ranking higher relative to peers and better average peer achievement reduce shadow education participation, time use, and monetary expenditure. The effects of rank are more pronounced than peer achievement. Such rank and peer effects are mitigated when parents have imperfect information about a child’s performance, suggesting that educational policies reducing the visibility of precise rank information to parents may reduce the demand for shadow education.
本文研究了学业等级和同伴成就对中学生影子教育(如课外辅导)的影响。通过随机分配学生到教室,我们发现相对于同伴排名较高和同伴平均成绩较好的学生减少了影子教育的参与、时间使用和金钱支出。等级的影响比同伴的成就更明显。当父母对孩子的表现信息不完全时,这种等级和同伴效应会得到缓解,这表明教育政策降低了父母对精确等级信息的可见性,可能会减少对影子教育的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Foreign language skills and labor market outcomes: The case of English in Mexico 外语技能和劳动力市场结果:以墨西哥的英语为例
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102702
Oscar Galvez-Soriano
This paper examines the labor market effects of English instruction in the context of a developing, non-English-speaking country. I leverage a natural experiment in Mexico, where six states introduced English as a subject in public elementary schools during the 1990s. Using individual-level data from the 2014 Subjective Well-being Survey, which uniquely includes a self-reported measure of English-speaking ability, I estimate the causal effects of these policy changes using a staggered Difference-in-Differences design with robust estimators that account for treatment effect heterogeneity. The results indicate that state English programs increased English proficiency, especially among individuals from higher-income households and those with more educated parents. However, despite this improvement in language skills, the programs had no significant effect on wages. I show that this null effect is consistent with general equilibrium dynamics: the interventions expanded labor supply, particularly among women and low-educated individuals, but did not raise labor demand sufficiently to generate wage gains. Complementary analyses show no impact on higher education enrollment, domestic or international migration, or shifts between formal and informal employment. These findings suggest that while early exposure to English instruction can increase language proficiency and labor force participation, the broader economic benefits may be limited in the absence of complementary labor demand shocks. This contributes new evidence to the literature on language skills and labor markets, highlighting the importance of considering equilibrium effects and workforce composition when evaluating education policies.
本文以一个发展中非英语国家为背景,考察英语教学对劳动力市场的影响。我利用了墨西哥的一个自然实验,在20世纪90年代,墨西哥的六个州在公立小学中引入了英语作为一门课程。使用2014年主观幸福感调查的个人层面数据,其中独特地包括英语能力的自我报告测量,我使用交错差中差设计和稳健估计器来估计这些政策变化的因果影响,这些估计器考虑了治疗效果的异质性。结果表明,国家英语课程提高了英语水平,尤其是那些来自高收入家庭和父母受教育程度更高的人。然而,尽管语言技能有所提高,但这些项目对工资没有显著影响。我表明,这种零效应与一般均衡动力学是一致的:干预扩大了劳动力供应,特别是在女性和受教育程度低的个人中,但没有充分提高劳动力需求来产生工资增长。补充分析显示,对高等教育入学率、国内或国际移民、正式和非正式就业之间的转变没有影响。这些发现表明,虽然早期接触英语教学可以提高语言能力和劳动力参与率,但在缺乏互补的劳动力需求冲击的情况下,更广泛的经济效益可能有限。这为语言技能和劳动力市场的文献提供了新的证据,强调了在评估教育政策时考虑均衡效应和劳动力构成的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Buying time: Financial aid allows college students to work less while enrolled 购买时间:经济援助允许大学生在入学期间减少工作量
IF 1.8 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102686
Drew M. Anderson, Melanie A. Zaber
Many empirical studies have found that financial aid improves college attainment. Few have been able to test why. This study used administrative records of employment and earnings to get a more complete picture of students’ finances during college and test one potential mechanism: financial aid buys students time by allowing them to work less in off-campus jobs. We studied recipients of New Jersey’s need-based Tuition Aid Grant (TAG). We used the eligibility cutoffs of TAG to identify groups of otherwise similar students who received sharply different amounts of aid. A prior study took the same approach and found that TAG increased on-time graduation rates from public universities. At these schools, 80 percent of TAG recipients worked at some point during the year. This study found that when students received additional aid, on average they reduced earnings dollar for dollar.
许多实证研究发现,经济援助提高了大学成绩。很少有人能够检验其中的原因。这项研究使用了就业和收入的行政记录,以更全面地了解学生在大学期间的财务状况,并测试一种潜在的机制:经济援助通过允许学生减少在校外工作来节省时间。我们研究了新泽西州基于需求的学费援助补助金(TAG)的接受者。我们使用TAG的资格截止点来确定其他方面相似的学生群体,他们获得的援助金额相差很大。之前的一项研究采用了同样的方法,发现TAG提高了公立大学的准时毕业率。在这些学校,80%的援助计划受助人在一年中的某个时间点工作。这项研究发现,当学生获得额外的资助时,他们的平均收入会相应减少。
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引用次数: 0
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Economics of Education Review
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