Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1177/00936502241269933
Renee Mitson, Eugene Lee, Jonathan Anderson
Based on interviews with app-based gig workers, this study uses Ganesh’s managing surveillance framework to explore relentless visibility and sousveillance (e.g., resistance, activism) to understand how app-based gig workers are being watched, watch others, and experience the economics and authoritative powers of gig work. Findings demonstrate how the intentionally designed technological aspects of mobile app-based gig work and the features of algorithmic management contribute to an ecosystem wherein gig workers are relentlessly observed by their gig parent organizations, how that is perceived by gig workers, and how this creates distrust, resistance and counter-surveillance towards the organization over time. As a result, gig workers begin to conduct their own surveillance, and simultaneously make attempts to surveil the gig parent organizations, and watch those who are watching them. As such, this study proposes a sousveillance spectrum wherein initially compliant gig workers may document surveillance and over time selectively ignore the organization’s rules, both to make the most of an ambiguous employment structure and also to shirk the oversight of the parent organization. Practically, this study provides insight as to how gig workers experience surveillance, how they make efforts to regain power through their own surveillance, and activism, and how the technological aspects of app-based gig work impact casual employment.
{"title":"Gig Workers and Managing App-Based Surveillance","authors":"Renee Mitson, Eugene Lee, Jonathan Anderson","doi":"10.1177/00936502241269933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241269933","url":null,"abstract":"Based on interviews with app-based gig workers, this study uses Ganesh’s managing surveillance framework to explore relentless visibility and sousveillance (e.g., resistance, activism) to understand how app-based gig workers are being watched, watch others, and experience the economics and authoritative powers of gig work. Findings demonstrate how the intentionally designed technological aspects of mobile app-based gig work and the features of algorithmic management contribute to an ecosystem wherein gig workers are relentlessly observed by their gig parent organizations, how that is perceived by gig workers, and how this creates distrust, resistance and counter-surveillance towards the organization over time. As a result, gig workers begin to conduct their own surveillance, and simultaneously make attempts to surveil the gig parent organizations, and watch those who are watching them. As such, this study proposes a sousveillance spectrum wherein initially compliant gig workers may document surveillance and over time selectively ignore the organization’s rules, both to make the most of an ambiguous employment structure and also to shirk the oversight of the parent organization. Practically, this study provides insight as to how gig workers experience surveillance, how they make efforts to regain power through their own surveillance, and activism, and how the technological aspects of app-based gig work impact casual employment.","PeriodicalId":48323,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141994539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1177/00936502241273157
Laurent H. Wang, Miriam J. Metzger
Do existing social inequalities translate into social media privacy management? This study examined racial/ethnic differences in privacy concerns and privacy management behaviors on social media to evaluate empirical evidence for an online privacy divide in the U.S. In addition, we tested two prominent theoretical perspectives–resource-based and identity-based explanations–for such divides. Results from an online survey ( N = 1,401) revealed that compared to White social media users, Latinx and Asian users reported higher horizontal and vertical privacy concerns, Latinx users employed horizontal privacy management strategies more frequently, Black users reported higher horizontal and vertical privacy self-efficacy, and Latinx users reported higher vertical privacy self-efficacy. While unequal distribution of resources (i.e., socioeconomic status) explained some differences among Asian (vs. White) participants, identity-based factor (i.e., perceived discrimination) served to motivate cautious privacy management among Black participants. Theoretical contributions to the privacy and marginalization literature are discussed. Practical implications are provided.
{"title":"The Online Privacy Divide: Testing Resource and Identity Explanations for Racial/Ethnic Differences in Privacy Concerns and Privacy Management Behaviors on Social Media","authors":"Laurent H. Wang, Miriam J. Metzger","doi":"10.1177/00936502241273157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241273157","url":null,"abstract":"Do existing social inequalities translate into social media privacy management? This study examined racial/ethnic differences in privacy concerns and privacy management behaviors on social media to evaluate empirical evidence for an online privacy divide in the U.S. In addition, we tested two prominent theoretical perspectives–resource-based and identity-based explanations–for such divides. Results from an online survey ( N = 1,401) revealed that compared to White social media users, Latinx and Asian users reported higher horizontal and vertical privacy concerns, Latinx users employed horizontal privacy management strategies more frequently, Black users reported higher horizontal and vertical privacy self-efficacy, and Latinx users reported higher vertical privacy self-efficacy. While unequal distribution of resources (i.e., socioeconomic status) explained some differences among Asian (vs. White) participants, identity-based factor (i.e., perceived discrimination) served to motivate cautious privacy management among Black participants. Theoretical contributions to the privacy and marginalization literature are discussed. Practical implications are provided.","PeriodicalId":48323,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141980589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1177/00936502241273259
Ben Sheehan, Hyun Seung Jin, Brett Martin, Hyoje Jay Kim
Could a subtle shift in the language used by chatbots improve service interactions? This research suggests that a chatbot’s use of interjections (e.g., “wow” and “hmm”), can shape consumer attitudes and behaviors. Four experiments demonstrate that consumers are more satisfied, more willing to purchase, and more likely to remain loyal when chatbots use interjections. The studies find support for a sequential mediation model where interjections increase anthropomorphism, which in-turn increases perceived listening and then impacts consumer responses. Consumers respond positively to interjections because they feel the chatbot is more human-like, and thus capable of attending to them and understanding their needs. This interjection effect holds across a range of consumer contexts and at different stages of the purchasing process. The findings shed light on why anthropomorphism has a positive effect in human-chatbot interactions, while providing a straightforward means of enhancing customer satisfaction, purchase intent, and loyalty.
{"title":"Wow! Interjections Improve Chatbot Performance: The Mediating Role of Anthropomorphism and Perceived Listening","authors":"Ben Sheehan, Hyun Seung Jin, Brett Martin, Hyoje Jay Kim","doi":"10.1177/00936502241273259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241273259","url":null,"abstract":"Could a subtle shift in the language used by chatbots improve service interactions? This research suggests that a chatbot’s use of interjections (e.g., “wow” and “hmm”), can shape consumer attitudes and behaviors. Four experiments demonstrate that consumers are more satisfied, more willing to purchase, and more likely to remain loyal when chatbots use interjections. The studies find support for a sequential mediation model where interjections increase anthropomorphism, which in-turn increases perceived listening and then impacts consumer responses. Consumers respond positively to interjections because they feel the chatbot is more human-like, and thus capable of attending to them and understanding their needs. This interjection effect holds across a range of consumer contexts and at different stages of the purchasing process. The findings shed light on why anthropomorphism has a positive effect in human-chatbot interactions, while providing a straightforward means of enhancing customer satisfaction, purchase intent, and loyalty.","PeriodicalId":48323,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141974272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1177/00936502241263482
Cheng Chen, Mengqi Liao, Joseph B. Walther, S. Shyam Sundar
How do we know when someone knows us? Does it matter whether the knower is a human or a machine? Following the theory of interpersonal knowledge, a between-subjects experiment investigated whether a doctor’s incorporation of individualized knowledge about a patient’s social or medical history enhances doctor-patient relationships in online conversations. Patients in this study conversed with either a human doctor, an AI doctor, or an AI-assisted human doctor. Following previous research, additional factors such as perceptions of effort, relational closeness, privacy intrusiveness, and the provision of privacy control were assessed. Results showed that an AI doctor enhanced patient satisfaction when it employed social individuation messages, which triggered perceptions of increased effort, but only when patients could activate privacy control. Perception of relational closeness with a human doctor and an AI-assisted human doctor did not seem to require social individuation and privacy control. The study concludes with implications for the theory of interpersonal knowledge and AI-mediated communication research, as well as practical implications for improving chatbot medical systems.
{"title":"When an AI Doctor Gets Personal: The Effects of Social and Medical Individuation in Encounters With Human and AI Doctors","authors":"Cheng Chen, Mengqi Liao, Joseph B. Walther, S. Shyam Sundar","doi":"10.1177/00936502241263482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241263482","url":null,"abstract":"How do we know when someone knows us? Does it matter whether the knower is a human or a machine? Following the theory of interpersonal knowledge, a between-subjects experiment investigated whether a doctor’s incorporation of individualized knowledge about a patient’s social or medical history enhances doctor-patient relationships in online conversations. Patients in this study conversed with either a human doctor, an AI doctor, or an AI-assisted human doctor. Following previous research, additional factors such as perceptions of effort, relational closeness, privacy intrusiveness, and the provision of privacy control were assessed. Results showed that an AI doctor enhanced patient satisfaction when it employed social individuation messages, which triggered perceptions of increased effort, but only when patients could activate privacy control. Perception of relational closeness with a human doctor and an AI-assisted human doctor did not seem to require social individuation and privacy control. The study concludes with implications for the theory of interpersonal knowledge and AI-mediated communication research, as well as practical implications for improving chatbot medical systems.","PeriodicalId":48323,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research","volume":"411 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1177/00936502241262056
Wen Shi, Jinhui Li
While recommendation algorithms have significantly empowered human communication process, there is an emerging scholarly and societal concern regarding the potential discrimination inherent in algorithmic decision-making. The present study employs a novel agent-based testing approach to conduct an automated audit of the Douyin algorithm’s recommendations for health-related videos, aiming to investigate its relationship with information inequalities between individuals who are socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged. Our findings imply the possible existence of a new digital divide, wherein the algorithm tends to recommend a smaller proportion of authenticated health-related videos on cheap phone models, representing users in low socioeconomic group. Furthermore, this divide was mitigated when both groups demonstrated the same watching strategy for authenticated information. This study implies that recommendation algorithms actively perpetuate and exacerbate discriminatory social structures in reality. We also advocate for increased attention and education among the low socioeconomic group to enhance their health information literacy and understanding of algorithmic mechanisms.
{"title":"New Digital Divide Shaped by Algorithm? Evidence from Agent-Based Testing on Douyin’s Health-Related Video Recommendation","authors":"Wen Shi, Jinhui Li","doi":"10.1177/00936502241262056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241262056","url":null,"abstract":"While recommendation algorithms have significantly empowered human communication process, there is an emerging scholarly and societal concern regarding the potential discrimination inherent in algorithmic decision-making. The present study employs a novel agent-based testing approach to conduct an automated audit of the Douyin algorithm’s recommendations for health-related videos, aiming to investigate its relationship with information inequalities between individuals who are socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged. Our findings imply the possible existence of a new digital divide, wherein the algorithm tends to recommend a smaller proportion of authenticated health-related videos on cheap phone models, representing users in low socioeconomic group. Furthermore, this divide was mitigated when both groups demonstrated the same watching strategy for authenticated information. This study implies that recommendation algorithms actively perpetuate and exacerbate discriminatory social structures in reality. We also advocate for increased attention and education among the low socioeconomic group to enhance their health information literacy and understanding of algorithmic mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":48323,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1177/00936502241263941
Yoo Ji Suh, Hyun Suk Kim
This study examined the psychological mechanisms underlying the persuasive effects of moral reframing—matching message content to recipients’ core moral foundations—by focusing on processing fluency, message processing depth, and self-affirmation as mediators. An online experiment conducted in South Korea demonstrated that, across two policy issues, moral reframing promoted processing fluency and self-affirmation, thereby enhancing the perceived persuasiveness of policy advocacy messages. Furthermore, self-affirmation increased support for policies advocated by the messages. However, the depth of message processing did not differ between participants who read messages aligned with their moral foundations and those exposed to mismatched messages. In sum, the results suggest that moral reframing enhances persuasion by facilitating reflection on positive self-aspects and intuitive processing, rather than by encouraging deeper processing of the messages.
{"title":"How Moral Reframing Enhances Political Persuasion: The Role of Processing Fluency and Self-Affirmation","authors":"Yoo Ji Suh, Hyun Suk Kim","doi":"10.1177/00936502241263941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241263941","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the psychological mechanisms underlying the persuasive effects of moral reframing—matching message content to recipients’ core moral foundations—by focusing on processing fluency, message processing depth, and self-affirmation as mediators. An online experiment conducted in South Korea demonstrated that, across two policy issues, moral reframing promoted processing fluency and self-affirmation, thereby enhancing the perceived persuasiveness of policy advocacy messages. Furthermore, self-affirmation increased support for policies advocated by the messages. However, the depth of message processing did not differ between participants who read messages aligned with their moral foundations and those exposed to mismatched messages. In sum, the results suggest that moral reframing enhances persuasion by facilitating reflection on positive self-aspects and intuitive processing, rather than by encouraging deeper processing of the messages.","PeriodicalId":48323,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1177/00936502241262377
Randy Stein, Caroline E. Meyersohn
Do people trust journalists who provide fact-checks? Building upon research on negativity bias, two studies support the hypothesis that people generally trust journalists when they confirm claims as true, but are relatively distrusting of journalists when they correct false claims. In Study 1, participants read a real fact-check that corrected or confirmed a claim about politics or economics. In Study 2, participants read a real report that corrected or confirmed a marketing claim for one of several products. Participants in both studies had higher levels of distrust for journalists providing corrections, perceiving them as more likely to be lying and possessing ulterior motives. This effect held even among corrections consistent with respondents’ prior beliefs (i.e., for claims that participants thought might be false). The results represent a novel reason why people distrust journalists and resist belief correction. We discuss implications for transparency in journalism, and for how journalists frame fact-checks.
{"title":"Whose Pants Are on Fire? Journalists Correcting False Claims are Distrusted More Than Journalists Confirming Claims","authors":"Randy Stein, Caroline E. Meyersohn","doi":"10.1177/00936502241262377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241262377","url":null,"abstract":"Do people trust journalists who provide fact-checks? Building upon research on negativity bias, two studies support the hypothesis that people generally trust journalists when they confirm claims as true, but are relatively distrusting of journalists when they correct false claims. In Study 1, participants read a real fact-check that corrected or confirmed a claim about politics or economics. In Study 2, participants read a real report that corrected or confirmed a marketing claim for one of several products. Participants in both studies had higher levels of distrust for journalists providing corrections, perceiving them as more likely to be lying and possessing ulterior motives. This effect held even among corrections consistent with respondents’ prior beliefs (i.e., for claims that participants thought might be false). The results represent a novel reason why people distrust journalists and resist belief correction. We discuss implications for transparency in journalism, and for how journalists frame fact-checks.","PeriodicalId":48323,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/00936502241265537
Roselia Mendez Murillo, Jennifer A. Kam
Latina/o/x/e families who experience migration-related separation face the heart-wrenching decision to live apart from each other, often to obtain better life opportunities for the entire family. In these situations, children live in a country separate from one or more parents, while a primary caregiver (e.g., the other parent, a grandmother, an aunt) looks after the children. Utilizing semi-structured interview data with 20 family triads (i.e., separated parent, separated child, primary caregiver) and drawing from the long-distance relational maintenance model (LDRMM), this study explores how primary caregivers help or impede separated parents and children’s relational maintenance, while living apart in two different countries. Prospectively, caregivers were usually tasked with the responsibility of informing the child and helping them understand the upcoming family separation. Introspectively, most primary caregivers facilitated relational maintenance by directly connecting the child with the parent, providing the resources for the two parties to communicate (e.g., cellphone, WIFI), and emphasizing the benefits of the separation. Retrospectively, primary caregivers helped the children understand the separated parents’ return; however, this often came at the expense of the primary caregiver feeling forgotten or overlooked by the child.
{"title":"Relational Maintenance for Separated Latina/o/x/e Immigrant Parents and Their Children: A Focus on Primary Caregivers as Communication Gatekeepers","authors":"Roselia Mendez Murillo, Jennifer A. Kam","doi":"10.1177/00936502241265537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241265537","url":null,"abstract":"Latina/o/x/e families who experience migration-related separation face the heart-wrenching decision to live apart from each other, often to obtain better life opportunities for the entire family. In these situations, children live in a country separate from one or more parents, while a primary caregiver (e.g., the other parent, a grandmother, an aunt) looks after the children. Utilizing semi-structured interview data with 20 family triads (i.e., separated parent, separated child, primary caregiver) and drawing from the long-distance relational maintenance model (LDRMM), this study explores how primary caregivers help or impede separated parents and children’s relational maintenance, while living apart in two different countries. Prospectively, caregivers were usually tasked with the responsibility of informing the child and helping them understand the upcoming family separation. Introspectively, most primary caregivers facilitated relational maintenance by directly connecting the child with the parent, providing the resources for the two parties to communicate (e.g., cellphone, WIFI), and emphasizing the benefits of the separation. Retrospectively, primary caregivers helped the children understand the separated parents’ return; however, this often came at the expense of the primary caregiver feeling forgotten or overlooked by the child.","PeriodicalId":48323,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141768477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1177/00936502241260202
Ron Tamborini, Joshua Baldwin, Sara M. Grady, Melinda Aley, Henry Goble, Matthew Olah, Sujay Prabhu
Four studies examine the appeal of protagonists who are sometimes immoral in real-world (Studies 1 & 2) and fictional (Studies 3 & 4) settings. In both, character appeal is influenced by the combination of moral/immoral behaviors a protagonist performs and their moral/immoral behavior relative to another person’s (i.e., their moral superiority/inferiority). Additionally, Study 2 examines the effect of character behavior (moral/immoral vs. highly self-beneficial) on appeal, finding that if two protagonists are equally immoral, one who elsewise behaves morally at times is more appealing than one who is elsewise self-beneficial. Studies 3 and 4 replicate these findings using a fictional drama and fantasy premise instead of a real-world setting. Findings suggest the effect of characters’ immoral behavior on appeal varies based on the moral behavior of comparison characters regardless of the setting’s fictionality. Discussion considers whether moral superiority alters the likelihood that audiences will emulate an imperfect hero’s immoral actions.
{"title":"The Impact of Comparative Moral Superiority on Protagonist Appeal","authors":"Ron Tamborini, Joshua Baldwin, Sara M. Grady, Melinda Aley, Henry Goble, Matthew Olah, Sujay Prabhu","doi":"10.1177/00936502241260202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241260202","url":null,"abstract":"Four studies examine the appeal of protagonists who are sometimes immoral in real-world (Studies 1 & 2) and fictional (Studies 3 & 4) settings. In both, character appeal is influenced by the combination of moral/immoral behaviors a protagonist performs and their moral/immoral behavior relative to another person’s (i.e., their moral superiority/inferiority). Additionally, Study 2 examines the effect of character behavior (moral/immoral vs. highly self-beneficial) on appeal, finding that if two protagonists are equally immoral, one who elsewise behaves morally at times is more appealing than one who is elsewise self-beneficial. Studies 3 and 4 replicate these findings using a fictional drama and fantasy premise instead of a real-world setting. Findings suggest the effect of characters’ immoral behavior on appeal varies based on the moral behavior of comparison characters regardless of the setting’s fictionality. Discussion considers whether moral superiority alters the likelihood that audiences will emulate an imperfect hero’s immoral actions.","PeriodicalId":48323,"journal":{"name":"Communication Research","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141755410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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