Journal of Urban Economics最新文献

英文中文

A better delineation of U.S. metropolitan areas 更好地划分美国大都市地区

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103781

Jordan Rappaport , McKenzie Humann

Metropolitan areas are a fundamental unit of economic analysis. Broadly defined, they are unions of built-up locations near each other among which people travel between places of residence, employment, and consumption. Despite the importance of metropolitan areas, metropolitan Core-Based Statistical Areas and other official U.S. delineations considerably stray from this broad definition. We develop a simple algorithm to better match it, using commuting flows among U.S. census tracts in 2000. Three judgmental parameters govern the threshold strength of commuting ties between locations to include them in the same metropolitan area, the maximum separating distance between locations, and the threshold density of outlying settlement. A parameterization that balances encompassing commuting flows and excluding sparsely settled land delineates 361 Kernel-Based Metropolitan Areas (KBMAs), in aggregate capturing almost all the population and employment of metropolitan CBSAs in a small fraction of their land area. We benchmark KBMAs against two alternative parameterizations, one that prioritizes encompassing commuting flows and one that prioritizes excluding less built-up and less near locations.

大都市区是经济分析的基本单位。从广义上讲，城市是人们在居住地、就业地和消费地之间旅行的相互靠近的已建成地点的联合体。尽管大都市区很重要，但基于大都市区核心的统计区域和其他美国官方划定的范围在很大程度上偏离了这一宽泛的定义。我们开发了一个简单的算法来更好地匹配它，使用2000年美国人口普查区的通勤流量。三个判断参数决定了地点之间通勤联系的阈值强度，包括它们在同一大都市区，地点之间的最大分隔距离和外围聚落的阈值密度。一个平衡通勤流量和不包括稀疏定居土地的参数化划分了361个基于内核的大都市地区（kbma），总的来说，大都市cbsa在其土地面积的一小部分中捕获了几乎所有的人口和就业。我们针对两种可选参数化对kbma进行基准测试，其中一种优先考虑通勤流，另一种优先考虑排除较少建筑和较少靠近的位置。

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引用次数: 0

Does urbanization cause crime? Evidence from rural–urban migration in South Africa 城市化会导致犯罪吗？来自南非农村向城市迁移的证据

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103787

Nelly Exbrayat, Victor Stephane

We study the impact of urbanization driven by internal migration on crime in South Africa. We create a new dataset that combines yearly data on crime and urban population density at the municipality level from 2011 to 2018. We exploit exogenous variations in rural–urban migration induced by climate shocks at origin for identification. We show that higher urban population density leads to a reduction in pecuniary crime rate but has no effect on non-pecuniary crime rate. This negative effect operates through changes in population composition and a social network effect.

我们研究了由内部移民驱动的城市化对南非犯罪的影响。我们创建了一个新的数据集，该数据集结合了2011年至2018年市级犯罪和城市人口密度的年度数据。我们利用由原产地气候冲击引起的农村-城市移民的外生变化进行鉴定。研究表明，较高的城市人口密度会导致金钱犯罪率的降低，但对非金钱犯罪率没有影响。这种负面影响是通过人口构成的变化和社会网络效应来实现的。

引用次数: 0

Where the rubber meets the road: Pavement damage reduces traffic safety and speed 橡胶与道路相遇的地方：路面损坏会降低交通安全和速度

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103786

Margaret Bock , Alexander Cardazzi , Brad R. Humphreys

Road maintenance constitutes a significant component of transportation spending at all levels of government. Formulation of an efficient transportation infrastructure policy requires information about factors affecting road and traffic conditions. We generate the first causal evidence that decreasing pavement quality increases vehicle crash rates and decreases average speed. Results from parallel segment and instrumental variable models using spatially and temporally disaggregated data from Federal-Aid Highway System (FAHS) roads in California show statistically and economically significant increases in vehicle crash rates and decreases in average vehicle speed caused by road damage. These results produce a range of effect sizes that exceed those using standard road quality data. The results imply significant increases in social costs attributable to road damage.

道路养护是各级政府交通支出的重要组成部分。制定有效的交通基础设施政策需要了解影响道路和交通状况的因素。我们产生了第一个因果证据，即降低路面质量会增加车辆碰撞率并降低平均速度。利用加州联邦援助公路系统（FAHS）道路空间和时间分解数据的平行分段和工具变量模型的结果显示，道路损坏导致的车辆碰撞率和平均车速显著增加，从统计学和经济学角度来看都是如此。这些结果产生的影响范围超过了使用标准道路质量数据的影响范围。结果表明，道路损坏造成的社会成本显著增加。

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “The role of agents in fraudulent activities: Evidence from the housing market in Beijing” [Journal of Urban Economics, Volume 142, July 2024, 103668] “中介在欺诈活动中的作用：来自北京房地产市场的证据”的勘误表[城市经济学杂志]，第142卷，2024年7月，103668]

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103782

Sumit Agarwal , Weida Kuang , Long Wang , Yang Yang

引用次数: 0

You can’t sit with us: How locals and tourists compete for amenities in Paris 你不能和我们坐在一起：当地人和游客如何争夺巴黎的便利设施

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103773

Vladimir Avetian , Stefan Pauly

Tourism in cities fosters social interactions between people from distant cultures within limited space. But how does the influx of tourists affect locals’ satisfaction with amenities? Using data on restaurant reviews, we construct a panel of tourist presence in Paris. Based on two unanticipated drops in tourism – the November 2015 terrorist attack and the COVID-19 pandemic – we show that tourism reduces Parisians’ satisfaction with restaurants. We find that social frictions, including xenophobia towards tourists, drive our results. As tourist numbers declined, explicit complaints about tourists in reviews decreased, while other complaints remained unaffected. Locals are least satisfied with dining among tourists from countries with weak social ties to France. Tourists are not affected by the presence of other tourists.

城市旅游业促进了来自遥远文化的人们在有限空间内的社会交往。但是，大量涌入的游客如何影响当地人对便利设施的满意度呢？利用餐馆评论的数据，我们构建了一个巴黎游客存在的面板。根据2015年11月的恐怖袭击和2019冠状病毒病大流行这两次意外的旅游业下降，我们表明旅游业降低了巴黎人对餐馆的满意度。我们发现，社会摩擦，包括对游客的仇外心理，推动了我们的结果。随着游客数量的下降，评论中对游客的明确投诉减少了，而其他投诉则没有受到影响。在与法国社会关系较弱的国家游客中，法国人对餐饮最不满意。游客不受其他游客的影响。

引用次数: 0

Did cities increase skills during industrialization? Evidence from rural-urban migration 城市在工业化过程中提高了技能吗？从农村向城市迁移的证据

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-05-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103772

Jonatan Andersson , Jakob Molinder

The process of industrialization is typically associated with urbanization and a large urban-rural gap in productivity and skills. To what extent were these disparities driven by the direct impact on occupational attainment of living in an urban area or the result of the positive self-selection of migrants moving to cities? In this paper, we leverage exceptional Swedish longitudinal data that allow us to estimate the impact of rural-urban migration on occupational attainment during Sweden’s industrialization from the 1880s to the 1930s using a staggered treatment difference-in-differences estimator. We attribute roughly half of the urban premium to a direct impact of living in an urban area, whereas the other half is driven by self-selection into cities. A third of the direct impact of residing in cities is explained by a static effect, reflecting the urban advantage, while the rest is the result of a dynamic effect as individuals move into higher-skilled occupations over time in urban areas.

工业化进程通常与城市化以及生产力和技能方面的巨大城乡差距有关。这些差异在多大程度上是由生活在城市地区对职业成就的直接影响或移居城市的移民积极自我选择的结果造成的？在本文中，我们利用特殊的瑞典纵向数据，使我们能够使用交错处理差异估计器估计19世纪80年代至30年代瑞典工业化期间城乡迁移对职业成就的影响。我们将城市溢价的大约一半归因于生活在城市地区的直接影响，而另一半则是由自我选择进入城市所驱动的。居住在城市的直接影响有三分之一可以用静态效应来解释，这反映了城市的优势，而其余的则是动态效应的结果，因为随着时间的推移，个人在城市地区进入了更高技能的职业。

引用次数: 0

Tenant rights, eviction, and rent affordability 租户权利，驱逐和租金负担能力

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103762

N. Edward Coulson , Thao Le , Victor Ortego-Marti , Lily Shen

We use state-level differences in landlord-tenant laws to estimate their impact on rental housing affordability. We construct a Tenant Rights Index (TRI) spanning 1997 to 2016 to assess its effects on eviction rates and rental market outcomes. Increased TRI correlates with higher median rent, higher rent-value ratio, and increased homelessness. To rationalize our findings, we develop a search and matching model of the rental market with free entry of both landlords and tenants, and an endogenous eviction mechanism. In our environment, more stringent eviction regulations reduce evictions and raise the relative demand for housing. However, stricter regulations also lead to higher rents and lower vacancy rates. We calibrate the model to the US rental market to quantitatively assess the mechanism in our model. An increase in eviction costs has a larger impact on the eviction rate and market tightness, with a relatively smaller effect on rents and vacancy rates. Our findings suggest that while stringent regulations may reduce evictions, they could lead to unintended consequences such as inflated house prices and heightened homelessness. Policymakers must carefully balance these potential drawbacks against the goal of tenant protection to avoid exacerbating existing housing affordability challenges.

我们使用州一级的房东-租客法律差异来估计它们对租赁住房负担能力的影响。我们构建了1997年至2016年的租户权利指数（TRI），以评估其对驱逐率和租赁市场结果的影响。增加的TRI与更高的中位数租金、更高的租金价值比和更多的无家可归者相关。为了合理化我们的研究结果，我们建立了一个房东和租客自由进入的租赁市场搜索和匹配模型，以及一个内生的驱逐机制。在我们的环境中，更严格的驱逐规定减少了驱逐，并提高了对住房的相对需求。然而，更严格的监管也导致了更高的租金和更低的空置率。我们将模型校准为美国租赁市场，以定量评估我们模型中的机制。驱逐成本的增加对驱逐率和市场紧张程度的影响较大，而对租金和空置率的影响相对较小。我们的研究结果表明，虽然严格的法规可能会减少驱逐，但它们可能会导致意想不到的后果，如房价上涨和无家可归现象加剧。政策制定者必须仔细权衡这些潜在的缺点和保护租户的目标，以避免加剧现有的住房负担能力挑战。

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引用次数: 0

When does crime respond to punishment?: Evidence from drug-free school zones 什么时候犯罪对惩罚有反应？来自无毒学区的证据

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103763

Robert Gonzalez , Ranae Jabri , Sarah Komisarow

Economic theory suggests that crime should respond to punishment severity. However, empirical evidence on this link is ambiguous. We propose one explanation for this discrepancy: Punishments deter crime but only when the probability of detection is moderate. Using increases in punishment severity in drug-free school zones along with changes in the probability of detection resulting from a community crime-monitoring program, we demonstrate that drug-related crime drops in blocks just within the drug-free school zones, where punishments are more severe, but only if the monitoring intensity – and hence the probability of detection – is at intermediate levels.

经济理论认为，犯罪应该对严厉的惩罚做出反应。然而，这种联系的经验证据是模糊的。我们对这种差异提出了一种解释：惩罚能阻止犯罪，但只有在被发现的可能性适中的情况下。通过对禁毒区惩罚力度的提高，以及社区犯罪监控项目导致的被发现概率的变化，我们证明，禁毒区内街区的毒品相关犯罪有所下降，在禁毒区，惩罚更严厉，但前提是监控强度——以及因此被发现的概率——处于中等水平。

引用次数: 0

Why do right to carry laws increase violence? Effects on gun theft and clearance rates 为什么携带权法会增加暴力？对枪支盗窃和清除率的影响

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103761

John J. Donohue , Samuel V. Cai , Matthew V. Bondy , Philip J. Cook

Since the 1970s most state restrictions on carrying handguns in public have been eased or eliminated. Several of the early impact evaluations of these changes tended to support the belief that laws that facilitated gun carrying by private citizens deterred violent crime (while possibly increasing property crime). But more recent studies of the impacts of right to carry (RTC) laws conclude that the net effect is to increase state-level violent-crime rates relative to more restrictive regimes. This finding implies that the deterrence mechanism is swamped by other mechanisms, but there has been little evidence on which ones are important in practice. Using a novel data set of 217 large cities over 41 years, we confirm that violent crime increases following RTC adoption. We then document two mechanisms that may account for this result, finding a 50 percent increase in gun theft and a 9-18 percent reduction in violent crime clearance rates. Further analysis of city-level heterogeneity in RTC-induced effects is consistent with the hypothesis that gun theft is a likely cause of the RTC-induced increase in violent crime and more tentative evidence points to clearance as a potential driver.

自20世纪70年代以来，大多数州对在公共场合携带手枪的限制已经放宽或取消。对这些变化的一些早期影响评估倾向于支持这样一种信念，即促进公民私人携带枪支的法律可以阻止暴力犯罪（同时可能增加财产犯罪）。但最近对持枪权（RTC）法律影响的研究得出结论，其净效应是相对于更严格的制度，增加了州一级的暴力犯罪率。这一发现意味着威慑机制被其他机制所淹没，但几乎没有证据表明哪些机制在实践中是重要的。利用217个大城市41年来的新数据集，我们证实了采用RTC后暴力犯罪有所增加。然后，我们记录了两种可能解释这一结果的机制，发现枪支盗窃增加了50%，暴力犯罪清除率降低了9- 18%。进一步分析城市层面的rtc诱导效应的异质性，与枪支盗窃可能是rtc诱导的暴力犯罪增加的一个原因的假设是一致的，更多的初步证据表明清场是一个潜在的驱动因素。

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引用次数: 0

Tax policy and the heterogeneous costs of homeownership 税收政策和房屋所有权的异质性成本

IF 5.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Urban Economics

Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103750

Kelly C. Bishop , Jakob Dowling , Nicolai V. Kuminoff , Alvin D. Murphy

The real economic cost of homeownership depends on an intricate system of taxes and subsides that vary over time and across the United States. We incorporate the key features of this system into a framework for measuring the annual user cost of housing and we use it to document how housing costs and subsidies varied over time, across space, and with household demographics in 2016–2017. Then we examine how the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 subsequently reduced subsidies and increased the relative cost of housing. We report how these changes varied by geography, homeownership, race, income, and voting behavior.

拥有住房的实际经济成本取决于一个复杂的税收和补贴体系，这个体系随着时间和美国各地的变化而变化。我们将该系统的主要特征纳入了一个衡量年度住房用户成本的框架，并用它来记录2016-2017年住房成本和补贴如何随时间、空间和家庭人口统计数据而变化。然后，我们将研究2017年的《减税和就业法案》（Tax Cuts and Jobs Act）随后如何减少补贴并增加住房的相对成本。我们报告了这些变化是如何因地理位置、房屋所有权、种族、收入和投票行为而变化的。

引用次数: 0

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Journal of Urban Economics

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