Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103737
Panka Bencsik , Lester Lusher , Rebecca L.C. Taylor
Time scarcity is one of the strongest correlates of fast food consumption. To estimate the causal effect of time lost on food choice, we match daily store-specific foot traffic data traced via smartphones to plausibly exogenous shocks in highway traffic congestion in Los Angeles County. We find that on days when highways are more congested, individuals are more likely to frequent fast food restaurants and less likely to grocery shop. In our main model, a one standard deviation increase in traffic delay leads to a 1% increase in fast food visits, equivalent to 1.2 million more fast food visits in Los Angeles County per year. The effects are particularly pronounced for afternoon rush hour traffic. Our results imply a net reduction in healthy food store choice due to time lost.
{"title":"Slow traffic, fast food: The effects of time lost on food store choice","authors":"Panka Bencsik , Lester Lusher , Rebecca L.C. Taylor","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2025.103737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2025.103737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Time scarcity is one of the strongest correlates of fast food consumption. To estimate the causal effect of time lost on food choice, we match daily store-specific foot traffic data traced via smartphones to plausibly exogenous shocks in highway traffic congestion in Los Angeles County. We find that on days when highways are more congested, individuals are more likely to frequent fast food restaurants and less likely to grocery shop. In our main model, a one standard deviation increase in traffic delay leads to a 1% increase in fast food visits, equivalent to 1.2 million more fast food visits in Los Angeles County per year. The effects are particularly pronounced for afternoon rush hour traffic. Our results imply a net reduction in healthy food store choice due to time lost.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 103737"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143161493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103738
Hyejin Kim , Jongkwan Lee , Giovanni Peri
In this study, we evaluate the economic effects of a significant increase in low-skilled immigration in Korean Municipalities. Using a change in immigration policy in 2004 and the pre-existing immigrant networks we estimate the effects of low-skilled immigration on local wages, net native migration, and housing prices. We interpret the findings using a canonical representative agent spatial equilibrium model as in Glaeser and Gottlieb (2009) to infer the equilibrium effects of immigration on local productivity and amenities. An increase of immigrants equal to 1 percent of the local population generated a 1% increase in local productivity and a 1.6% decrease in local amenities. We also find a net migration response of zero among natives deriving from an inflow of those who moved for work-related and an outflow of those who moved for amenity-related reasons. Finally, we find a direct negative effect of the immigration shock on measures of local amenities.
{"title":"The effect of low-skilled immigration on local productivity and amenities: Learning from the South Korean experience","authors":"Hyejin Kim , Jongkwan Lee , Giovanni Peri","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2025.103738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2025.103738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we evaluate the economic effects of a significant increase in low-skilled immigration in Korean Municipalities. Using a change in immigration policy in 2004 and the pre-existing immigrant networks we estimate the effects of low-skilled immigration on local wages, net native migration, and housing prices. We interpret the findings using a canonical representative agent spatial equilibrium model as in Glaeser and Gottlieb (2009) to infer the equilibrium effects of immigration on local productivity and amenities. An increase of immigrants equal to 1 percent of the local population generated a 1% increase in local productivity and a 1.6% decrease in local amenities. We also find a net migration response of zero among natives deriving from an inflow of those who moved for work-related and an outflow of those who moved for amenity-related reasons. Finally, we find a direct negative effect of the immigration shock on measures of local amenities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 103738"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143161435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2024.103735
Florin Cucu
This article studies the effects of a major transport infrastructure project, the construction of the U.S. Interstate Highway System (IHS), on the location choices and welfare of high-skill and low-skill workers. In its first part, the article provides reduced-form evidence that the IHS altered the skill composition of metropolitan areas. Event study and instrumental variable regressions show that better-connected cities experienced higher growth in their adult population and share of college-educated residents. Additional results highlight the role played by lower travel times, inter-state migration, and agglomeration economies. The second part of the article rationalizes these patterns using a quantitative spatial model with costly trade, heterogeneous migration costs, and agglomeration economies. Counterfactual experiments show that increasing travel times to their pre-IHS values would lower the expected utility of high-skill workers by an average of 6.1% and that of low-skill workers by 6.4%. These effects exhibit significant variation across cities and, within cities, across skill groups. The findings in this article highlight how transport infrastructure shapes the distribution of skills and the spatial patterns of welfare inequality.
{"title":"Roads, internal migration and the spatial sorting of U.S. high-skill workers","authors":"Florin Cucu","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article studies the effects of a major transport infrastructure project, the construction of the U.S. Interstate Highway System (IHS), on the location choices and welfare of high-skill and low-skill workers. In its first part, the article provides reduced-form evidence that the IHS altered the skill composition of metropolitan areas. Event study and instrumental variable regressions show that better-connected cities experienced higher growth in their adult population and share of college-educated residents. Additional results highlight the role played by lower travel times, inter-state migration, and agglomeration economies. The second part of the article rationalizes these patterns using a quantitative spatial model with costly trade, heterogeneous migration costs, and agglomeration economies. Counterfactual experiments show that increasing travel times to their pre-IHS values would lower the expected utility of high-skill workers by an average of 6.1% and that of low-skill workers by 6.4%. These effects exhibit significant variation across cities and, within cities, across skill groups. The findings in this article highlight how transport infrastructure shapes the distribution of skills and the spatial patterns of welfare inequality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 103735"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143161878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103740
Simone Moriconi , Giovanni Peri , Riccardo Turati
This paper analyzes the political preferences of immigrants’ offspring in relation to the rural–urban divide of political preferences in European countries. Using data on individual voting behavior and political preferences in 22 European countries between 2001 and 2017, we analyze whether second-generation immigrants have different preferences on a left–right political spectrum, relative to other natives. We show that they have a significant left-wing preference after controlling for a large set of individual characteristics and origin fixed effects. In spite of their concentration in urban areas, where native residents are also more left-leaning than the average, this difference is not a result of their location, as the difference is particularly strong in non-urban areas. Second-generation immigrants are also more likely to be politically active, to participate in demonstrations or petitions and to exhibit stronger preferences for inequality-reducing government intervention, internationalism and multiculturalism. Growing up with an immigrant father experiencing challenges in his labor market integration seems to be the stronger predictor of the left-wing preference of second-generation.
{"title":"Analyzing political preferences of second-generation immigrants across the rural–urban divide","authors":"Simone Moriconi , Giovanni Peri , Riccardo Turati","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2025.103740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2025.103740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper analyzes the political preferences of immigrants’ offspring in relation to the rural–urban divide of political preferences in European countries. Using data on individual voting behavior and political preferences in 22 European countries between 2001 and 2017, we analyze whether second-generation immigrants have different preferences on a left–right political spectrum, relative to other natives. We show that they have a significant left-wing preference after controlling for a large set of individual characteristics and origin fixed effects. In spite of their concentration in urban areas, where native residents are also more left-leaning than the average, this difference is not a result of their location, as the difference is particularly strong in non-urban areas. Second-generation immigrants are also more likely to be politically active, to participate in demonstrations or petitions and to exhibit stronger preferences for inequality-reducing government intervention, internationalism and multiculturalism. Growing up with an immigrant father experiencing challenges in his labor market integration seems to be the stronger predictor of the left-wing preference of second-generation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 103740"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-02-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2025.103751
Felipe González , Hugo E. Silva
We use bus GPS data across 500 routes to estimate the impact of priority infrastructure on buses’ speed and ridership in Chile. Almost 100 million bus trips allow us to leverage within-route variation in the proportion of the route in which buses travel along bus lanes or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridors. Corridors increase bus speeds by 20% at peak hours. Bus lanes, often seen as an equally effective but cheaper alternative to a BRT corridor, are, on average, ineffective. However, bus lanes achieve the same travel time savings as BRT corridors only when fully isolated from private vehicles, coupled with monitoring cameras and enforcement.
{"title":"JUE insight: Efficiency of bus priority infrastructure","authors":"Felipe González , Hugo E. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2025.103751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2025.103751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We use bus GPS data across 500 routes to estimate the impact of priority infrastructure on buses’ speed and ridership in Chile. Almost 100 million bus trips allow us to leverage within-route variation in the proportion of the route in which buses travel along bus lanes or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridors. Corridors increase bus speeds by 20% at peak hours. Bus lanes, often seen as an equally effective but cheaper alternative to a BRT corridor, are, on average, ineffective. However, bus lanes achieve the same travel time savings as BRT corridors only when fully isolated from private vehicles, coupled with monitoring cameras and enforcement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 103751"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2024.103733
Guglielmo Barone , Guido de Blasio , Elena Gentili
This paper documents the higher growth experienced by politically connected municipalities in Italy between the end of World War II and the fall of the Berlin Wall. It leverages the peculiarities of the institutional setting and compares population growth in connected and unconnected municipalities with similar characteristics at the beginning of the period. Our results indicate a population premium of 7.4% over 40 years. Connected municipalities benefited from the location of state-owned enterprises, more infrastructures and higher public spending. Political connections favored industrialization, higher employment and wages, but crowded out private entrepreneurship. Local communities repaid these benefits through voting. There is no evidence of higher agglomeration economies in politically connected cities, suggesting that political connections have not been output-enhancing from a nationwide perspective. The difference in population growth rates fades away after the end of the connections.
{"title":"Politically connected cities: Italy 1951–1991","authors":"Guglielmo Barone , Guido de Blasio , Elena Gentili","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper documents the higher growth experienced by politically connected municipalities in Italy between the end of World War II and the fall of the Berlin Wall. It leverages the peculiarities of the institutional setting and compares population growth in connected and unconnected municipalities with similar characteristics at the beginning of the period. Our results indicate a population premium of 7.4% over 40 years. Connected municipalities benefited from the location of state-owned enterprises, more infrastructures and higher public spending. Political connections favored industrialization, higher employment and wages, but crowded out private entrepreneurship. Local communities repaid these benefits through voting. There is no evidence of higher agglomeration economies in politically connected cities, suggesting that political connections have not been output-enhancing from a nationwide perspective. The difference in population growth rates fades away after the end of the connections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103733"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2024.103725
Claes Bäckman , Chandler Lutz
We study how mortgage innovation can cause a housing boom even within a robust regulatory framework and strictly enforced recourse borrowing. Specifically, we find that the 2003 introduction of interest-only (IO) mortgages in Denmark ignited a housing boom that increased house prices 36 percent. In line with IO loans lowering debt-service payments and relaxing payment-to-income constraints, results show higher IO loan uptake and house price growth in areas with greater ex-ante benefits of such mortgages. Overall, our results are relevant for the many countries where IO loans play a sizable role in mortgage finance.
{"title":"Mortgage innovation and house price booms","authors":"Claes Bäckman , Chandler Lutz","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study how mortgage innovation can cause a housing boom even within a robust regulatory framework and strictly enforced recourse borrowing. Specifically, we find that the 2003 introduction of interest-only (IO) mortgages in Denmark ignited a housing boom that increased house prices 36 percent. In line with IO loans lowering debt-service payments and relaxing payment-to-income constraints, results show higher IO loan uptake and house price growth in areas with greater ex-ante benefits of such mortgages. Overall, our results are relevant for the many countries where IO loans play a sizable role in mortgage finance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103725"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the effects of real estate transfer taxes (RETT) on property prices using a rich micro dataset of roughly 17 million German properties for the period from 2005 to 2019. Our empirical analysis exploits variation in RETT rate hikes across German states and over time. Our monthly event study estimates indicate a price response that strongly exceeds the change in the tax burden for single transactions. Twelve months after a reform, a one percentage point increase in the tax rate reduces property prices by on average 3%. Price effects are larger for apartments (−4%) than for single-family houses (−2%). Exploring potential mechanisms, we provide evidence that different holding periods are the main driver of the differential price effect between property types.
{"title":"Who bears the burden of real estate transfer taxes? Evidence from the German housing market","authors":"Mathias Dolls , Clemens Fuest , Carla Krolage , Florian Neumeier","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the effects of real estate transfer taxes (RETT) on property prices using a rich micro dataset of roughly 17 million German properties for the period from 2005 to 2019. Our empirical analysis exploits variation in RETT rate hikes across German states and over time. Our monthly event study estimates indicate a price response that strongly exceeds the change in the tax burden for single transactions. Twelve months after a reform, a one percentage point increase in the tax rate reduces property prices by on average 3%. Price effects are larger for apartments (−4%) than for single-family houses (−2%). Exploring potential mechanisms, we provide evidence that different holding periods are the main driver of the differential price effect between property types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103717"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2024.103729
Jingjing Chen , Wei Chen , Ernest Liu , Jie Luo , Zheng Song
Containing the COVID-19 pandemic by non-pharmacological interventions is costly. Using high-frequency, city-to-city truck flow data, this paper estimates the economic cost of lockdown in China, a stringent yet effective policy prior to the Omicron surge. By comparing the truck flow change in the cities with and without lockdown, we find that a one-month full-scale lockdown causally reduces the truck flows connected to the locked down city in the month by 54%, implying a decline of the city’s real income with the same proportion in a gravity model of city-to-city trade. We also structurally estimate the cost of lockdown in the gravity model, where the effects of lockdown can spill over to other cities through trade linkages. Imposing full-scale lockdown on the four largest cities in China (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen) for one month would reduce the real national GDP by 8.7%, of which 8.5% is contributed by the spillover effects.
{"title":"The economic cost of locking down like China: Evidence from city-to-city truck flows","authors":"Jingjing Chen , Wei Chen , Ernest Liu , Jie Luo , Zheng Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Containing the COVID-19 pandemic by non-pharmacological interventions is costly. Using high-frequency, city-to-city truck flow data, this paper estimates the economic cost of lockdown in China, a stringent yet effective policy prior to the Omicron surge. By comparing the truck flow change in the cities with and without lockdown, we find that a one-month full-scale lockdown causally reduces the truck flows connected to the locked down city in the month by 54%, implying a decline of the city’s real income with the same proportion in a gravity model of city-to-city trade. We also structurally estimate the cost of lockdown in the gravity model, where the effects of lockdown can spill over to other cities through trade linkages. Imposing full-scale lockdown on the four largest cities in China (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen) for one month would reduce the real national GDP by 8.7%, of which 8.5% is contributed by the spillover effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103729"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2024.103731
Ziyang Chen , Ting Chen , Yatang Lin , Jin Wang
This article examines the determinants and economic efficiency of state-led urbanization, increasingly the mantra of developing countries, focusing on China’s skyscraper development as a prominent example. Employing a political economy lens, we find that local governments subsidized skyscraper development through discounted land prices to encourage the development of new urban agglomerations, particularly in cities where local leaders are motivated by stronger career incentives and during the central government’s monetary easing policy period. But 5 to 10 years after completion, subsidized skyscrapers yield few spatial spillovers in land price premium, new business formation, or endogenous urban amenities, compared to unsubsidized ones. The lack of spillovers is caused by poor location, less reliable developers, and inadequate infrastructure. One important policy implication is that without careful consideration of local factors and related externalities, state interventions in urban development may fail to realize the fruits of public investment.
{"title":"Building tall, falling short: An empirical assessment of Chinese skyscrapers","authors":"Ziyang Chen , Ting Chen , Yatang Lin , Jin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jue.2024.103731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article examines the determinants and economic efficiency of state-led urbanization, increasingly the mantra of developing countries, focusing on China’s skyscraper development as a prominent example. Employing a political economy lens, we find that local governments subsidized skyscraper development through discounted land prices to encourage the development of new urban agglomerations, particularly in cities where local leaders are motivated by stronger career incentives and during the central government’s monetary easing policy period. But 5 to 10 years after completion, subsidized skyscrapers yield few spatial spillovers in land price premium, new business formation, or endogenous urban amenities, compared to unsubsidized ones. The lack of spillovers is caused by poor location, less reliable developers, and inadequate infrastructure. One important policy implication is that without careful consideration of local factors and related externalities, state interventions in urban development may fail to realize the fruits of public investment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Economics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103731"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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