Social Networks最新文献_第6页

Networks of inclusion: Using teams and technology to create diverse social capital 包容网络：利用团队和技术创造多样化的社会资本

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.05.003

Sarah J. Gordon , Wayne E. Baker , Jose Uribe , Cassandra R. Chambers , Bruce A. Desmarais

This study of intraorganizational network dynamics develops a structural approach to the concept of inclusion in organizations. This approach is a complement to the definition of inclusion as a social-psychological response to experiences in a diverse social environment. We analyze networks of interaction over time in a large population of students and evaluate the extent to which two interventions—working in teams and using a social networking service (SNS)—grew and diversified their social capital. Using network data collected before and after 518 undergraduate students worked in 96 teams and participated in the SNS, we analyze the formation of new bridging social capital (ties between demographically dissimilar people) and new bonding social capital (ties between demographically similar people). Team membership had a large effect on social capital, creating positive bonding ties and bridging ties. But teams also created negative ties. The SNS facilitated tie formation but did not create negative ties. Together, the two interventions expanded networks and shifted the balance of ties in favor of bridging ties, producing a more structurally inclusive network. Our study demonstrates how intentional practices can be used to improve network inclusivity, as well as the value of viewing diversity and inclusion through the lens of intraorganizational network dynamics.

组织内网络动力学的研究发展了一种结构方法来研究组织中的包容概念。这种方法是对包容性定义的补充，即对不同社会环境中经历的社会心理反应。我们分析了大量学生的长期互动网络，并评估了两种干预措施——团队合作和使用社交网络服务（SNS）——在多大程度上增长和多样化了他们的社会资本。我们利用518名大学生在96个团队中参与社交网络前后收集的网络数据，分析了新的桥接社会资本（人口统计学上不同的人之间的联系）和新的粘合社会资本（人口统计学上相似的人之间的联系）的形成。团队成员对社会资本有很大的影响，创造了积极的联系和桥梁关系。但团队也会产生负面关系。社交网络促进了关系的形成，但没有造成负面关系。这两项干预措施共同扩大了网络，改变了关系的平衡，有利于弥合关系，产生了一个结构上更具包容性的网络。我们的研究展示了如何利用有意识的实践来提高网络包容性，以及通过组织内部网络动态的视角来看待多样性和包容性的价值。

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引用次数: 0

In the network of the conclave: Social connections and the making of a pope 在秘密会议的网络中：社会关系和教皇的产生

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.07.003

Giuseppe Soda , Alessandro Iorio , Leonardo Rizzo

This study brings a network perspective to papal elections by mapping the relational architecture of the College of Cardinals. Using publicly available data sources, such as official Vatican directories and episcopal consecration records, we assemble a multiplex network that captures cardinals’ co-membership in various collegial bodies of the Vatican and their consecration ties. We then calculate structural metrics to capture three key mechanisms that we suggest have a crucial role in the dynamics of the conclave: status, mediation power, and coalition building. Our descriptive study—publicly released prior to the May 8, 2025 election of Pope Leo XIV—shows that Cardinal Robert F. Prevost, largely ignored by pundits, bookmakers, and AI models, held a uniquely advantageous position in the Vatican network, by virtue of being central in multiple respects. Thus, although being considered an underdog by many, the network perspective suggests that Cardinal Prevost was de facto one of the strongest “papabile.”

本研究通过绘制枢机团的关系架构，将网络视角引入教宗选举。使用公开可用的数据源，例如梵蒂冈官方目录和主教祝圣记录，我们组装了一个多路网络，该网络捕获了梵蒂冈各种共同机构中的枢机主教及其祝圣关系。然后，我们计算结构指标，以捕捉我们认为在秘密会议动态中起关键作用的三个关键机制：地位、调解权力和联盟建设。我们的描述性研究——在2025年5月8日教皇利奥十四当选之前公开发布——表明红衣主教罗伯特·f·普雷沃斯特（Robert F. Prevost）在很大程度上被权威人士、博彩公司和人工智能模型所忽视，但由于在多个方面处于中心地位，他在梵蒂冈网络中占据着独特的优势地位。因此，尽管被许多人认为是弱者，但从网络的角度来看，红衣主教普雷沃斯特实际上是最强大的“papabile”之一。

引用次数: 0

Differences in perceived social connection help explain SES-based gaps in well-being 感知社会联系的差异有助于解释基于ses的幸福感差距

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.03.004

Wicia M. Fang , Andrea Courtney , Matthew O. Jackson , Jamil Zaki

Low socioeconomic status (SES) undergraduates are often worse off in well-being than high-SES peers. These “well-being gaps” lessen when low-SES students self-report being socially connected; however, one’s perception of their own connectedness in a network differs from external proxies. Within a network of 785 undergraduates, we examine two social network measures of connection—self-reported number of friends (outdegree) and number of undergraduate peers who reported them as a friend (indegree). Low- (vs. high-) SES students have a lower outdegree yet have a similar indegree. Critically, low-SES students who report a lower outdegree are also poorer in well-being, even when controlling for indegree, though the effect is small. This work underlines the perception of connection.

社会经济地位低的大学生往往比社会经济地位高的同龄人的幸福感更差。当社会经济地位低的学生自我报告有社会联系时，这些“幸福感差距”会减少；然而，一个人对自己在网络中的连通性的感知不同于外部代理。在一个由785名本科生组成的网络中，我们研究了两种社会网络连接的测量方法——自我报告的朋友数量（学历）和报告他们是朋友的本科生同伴数量（学历）。低（与高）社会经济地位的学生有较低的学历，但有相似的程度。至关重要的是，即使在控制程度的情况下，报告学历较低的低社会经济地位学生的幸福感也较差，尽管影响很小。这项工作强调了联系的感知。

引用次数: 0

Modeling the “who” and “how” of social influence in the adoption of health practices 对采用保健做法时的“谁”和“如何”社会影响进行建模

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.03.006

Neelam Modi , Johan Koskinen , Leslie DeChurch , Noshir Contractor

Family planning is heralded as one of the ten most significant contemporary public health achievements, yet it remains underutilized in countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, that might most benefit from it. While substantial strides have been made to address supply-side barriers to modern contraceptive (MC) adoption in these regions, demand-side obstacles like personal or partner opposition are less understood. This study investigates the role of social influence in shaping MC demand in communities with low modern Contraceptive Prevalence Rates (mCPR). Using the Structured Influence Process (SIP) framework, we examine how an individual's social relations and exposure to persuasive messages, either in support of or opposition to MC use, jointly influence their decision to adopt or reject contraceptives. Using survey data from two different Kenyan communities, both exhibiting low mCPR but one relatively higher than the other, we observe that mere exposure to MC users or non-users during free-time interactions is insufficient to sway usage decisions. However, the combination of direct contact with contraceptive users and persuasive messages emerges as a potent force of influence. In the lower mCPR community, only a few types of persuasive messages are circulated, and they are all consistently influential in either encouraging or discouraging MC use. These messages primarily appeal to individuals’ desire to do what is “right” by emphasizing social validation and deference to trusted authorities, or their desire to do what is “liked” by reinforcing interpersonal bonds and reciprocal obligations. In the higher mCPR community, a broader range of persuasive messages effectively promote MC use; however, only those invoking social shame effectively discourage it. These findings highlight a crucial distinction between “prevalent vs. persuasive” messaging: While many persuasive messages may be prevalent (i.e., used often), only a subset are also persuasive. Recognizing which messages are merely pervasive versus those that are genuinely effective is vital for efficiently allocating resources to promote or counter MC use narratives. Leveraging research across network science and persuasion, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of how social influence shapes contraceptive decision-making.

计划生育被誉为当代十大最重要的公共卫生成就之一，但在可能从中受益最多的国家，特别是撒哈拉以南非洲国家，计划生育仍未得到充分利用。虽然在解决这些地区采用现代避孕药具的供应方障碍方面取得了实质性进展，但个人或伴侣反对等需求方障碍却鲜为人知。本研究探讨了社会影响在塑造低现代避孕流行率（mCPR）社区的MC需求中的作用。使用结构化影响过程（SIP）框架，我们研究了个人的社会关系和接触有说服力的信息（无论是支持还是反对MC使用）如何共同影响他们采用或拒绝避孕药具的决定。使用来自两个不同肯尼亚社区的调查数据，两者都表现出较低的mCPR，但一个相对高于另一个，我们观察到，仅仅在空闲时间互动时接触MC用户或非用户不足以影响使用决策。然而，与避孕药具使用者的直接接触和有说服力的信息相结合，成为一种强有力的影响力。在mCPR较低的社区中，只有少数类型的说服性信息被传播，它们在鼓励或阻止使用mCPR方面都具有一致的影响力。这些信息主要是通过强调社会认可和对可信权威的尊重来吸引个人做“正确”的事情的愿望，或者通过加强人际关系和互惠义务来吸引个人做“喜欢”的事情的愿望。在高mCPR群体中，更广泛的说服性信息有效地促进了mCPR的使用；然而，只有那些唤起社会羞耻感的人才能有效地阻止这种行为。这些发现强调了“流行与有说服力”信息之间的关键区别：虽然许多有说服力的信息可能很流行（即经常使用），但只有一小部分是有说服力的。识别哪些信息仅仅是普遍的，哪些是真正有效的，对于有效分配资源以促进或反对MC使用叙述至关重要。利用网络科学和说服的研究，本研究有助于更全面地了解社会影响如何影响避孕决策。

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引用次数: 0

Friends forever? Correlates of high school friendship (in)stability from adolescence to young adulthood 永远的朋友？从青春期到青年期高中友谊（不）稳定的相关因素

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.02.002

Cassie McMillan , Kaley A. Jones , Wade C. Jacobsen , Nayan G. Ramirez , Mark E. Feinberg

Although friendship instability is common throughout adolescence and young adulthood, experiencing high rates of relational turnover is associated with negative health outcomes and lower educational attainment. Currently, we know little about whether the rates and correlates of friendship instability change during the transition to young adulthood, even though this period is characterized by significant life events such as high school completion. Using new and unique network data from the PROSPER study, we address this gap by following the trajectories of roughly 2000 respondents’ close friendships from the start of high school to one year after graduation. Results suggest that friendship dissolution is frequent after high school, with only 35 % of friendships reported in respondents’ senior years of high school remaining intact one year later. Similar histories of substance use were more impactful in inspiring friendship persistence after high school than during adolescence, while the role of shared sociodemographic characteristics did not vary across developmental periods. After high school, young people were also more likely to maintain friendships with peers who previously reciprocated these relationships and reported friends in common. Our findings underscore how friendship dynamics change at the start of young adulthood in ways that carry implications for behavioral trajectories and life outcomes.

虽然友谊不稳定在青春期和青年期很常见，但经历高比率的关系周转率与负面的健康结果和较低的受教育程度有关。目前，我们对友谊不稳定的比率和相关因素是否会在过渡到青年时期发生变化知之甚少，尽管这一时期的特点是发生重大的生活事件，如高中毕业。利用PROSPER研究中新的独特的网络数据，我们通过跟踪大约2000名受访者从高中开始到毕业后一年的亲密友谊轨迹来解决这一差距。结果表明，高中毕业后友谊的破裂是很常见的，只有35% %的受访者在高中高年级的友谊在一年后保持完整。相似的物质使用史在激发高中后的友谊持久性方面比在青春期更有影响力，而共同的社会人口特征的作用在不同的发展时期没有变化。高中毕业后，年轻人也更有可能与以前也有这种关系的同龄人保持友谊，并报告有共同的朋友。我们的研究结果强调了友谊的动态变化是如何在成年初期以影响行为轨迹和生活结果的方式发生的。

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引用次数: 0

Birds of a feather sign together: Co-ratification patterns in the International environmental agreement network 物以类聚：国际环境协定网络中的共同批准模式

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.03.007

Selena M. Livas , Carter T. Butts

International environmental agreements (IEAs) are a form of joint action that require coordination and cooperation. The action of ratifying an IEA is influenced by national level characteristics as well as agreement characteristics. However, these agreements can also be seen as being connected through the overlapping countries that ratify them, while countries can be seen as connected through the agreements they choose to co-ratify. The implicit bipartite structure of the IEA network, constituted by both countries and treaties, can give rise to two distinct, yet interacting one mode networks. Exploring the factors that influence each network can build on our understanding of IEA ratification in the present as well as the past, while expanding our understanding of agreement ratification generally. Moreover, the central sociological theories addressing IEA ratification have implications for how categories of countries co-ratify at different rates, both individually and together. The aim of this study is to explore how categories of both countries and agreements are associated with varying rates of co-ratification and how these associations have changed over time. Our analysis employs newly coded network data from over 840 multilateral IEAs between 208 countries, ranging in signing date from 1857 to 2022; using both period-based and lagged analyses, we consider the effects of past and ongoing mechanisms of treaty ratification. Our findings demonstrate only modest support for regionalism, while suggesting an evolution in the patterning of co-ratification, with a regime change from a world systems configuration to a world society one over the past 20 to 30 years. In addition to providing a picture of the evolving IEA system, this work demonstrates how the use of network methods in combination with a dual focus of countries and treaties can further our knowledge of various forms of agreement ratification.

国际环境协定是一种需要协调与合作的联合行动形式。批准国际能源机构的行动既受到国家层面特点的影响，也受到协定特点的影响。然而，这些协定也可以通过批准它们的重叠国家被视为相互联系的，而各国也可以通过它们选择共同批准的协定被视为相互联系的。由国家和条约构成的国际能源机构网络的隐性两部分结构可以产生两个不同但相互作用的单一模式网络。探索影响每个网络的因素可以建立在我们对现在和过去的国际能源署批准的理解的基础上，同时扩大我们对协议批准的总体理解。此外，关于批准国际能源机构的核心社会学理论对不同类别的国家如何以不同的速度单独或共同批准也有影响。本研究的目的是探讨国家和协定的类别如何与不同的共同批准率相关联，以及这些关联如何随着时间的推移而变化。我们的分析采用了来自208个国家的840多个多边国际原子能机构的新编码网络数据，这些国家的签署日期从1857年到2022年不等；使用基于时期和滞后的分析，我们考虑了过去和正在进行的条约批准机制的影响。我们的研究结果表明，对区域主义的支持程度并不高，同时表明，在过去20至30年里，共同批准的模式发生了演变，从世界体系结构转变为世界社会结构。除了提供不断发展的国际能源机构系统的图片外，这项工作还展示了如何将网络方法与国家和条约的双重重点相结合，可以进一步了解各种形式的协定批准。

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引用次数: 0

An Optimal Transport approach to model the community structure of the International Trade Network 国际贸易网络群体结构模型的优化运输方法

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.03.008

Rossana Mastrandrea , Paolo Pagnottoni , Nicolò Pecora , Alessandro Spelta

This paper introduces a novel framework to analyze the community structure of the International Trade Network by integrating Optimal Transport theory with a gravity-based null model. Unlike traditional modularity approaches, our method accounts for socio-economic constraints and assesses the extent to which residual heterogeneity shapes the community structure. This allows for a more economically grounded and policy-relevant analysis, enabling scenario simulations of economic shocks, trade disruptions, and policy changes. Empirical results show that while our approach aligns with standard modularity methods in stable periods, it outperforms them during crises, capturing deeper economic and financial dynamics. Notably, our findings reveal that the degree of financial development of countries plays a critical role in shaping the emerging partitions.

将最优运输理论与基于重力的零模型相结合，提出了一种分析国际贸易网络社区结构的新框架。与传统的模块化方法不同，我们的方法考虑了社会经济约束，并评估了剩余异质性对社区结构的影响程度。这样就可以进行更具经济基础和与政策相关的分析，从而实现对经济冲击、贸易中断和政策变化的情景模拟。实证结果表明，虽然我们的方法在稳定时期与标准模块化方法一致，但在危机期间，它的表现优于标准模块化方法，能够捕捉到更深层次的经济和金融动态。值得注意的是，我们的研究结果表明，各国的金融发展程度在形成新兴分区方面起着关键作用。

引用次数: 0

Spatial dynamics in collective identity: Proximity and homophily in antifascist hyperlink-networks 集体认同的空间动力学：反法西斯超链接网络中的接近性和同质性

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.04.001

Janine Schröder, Jürgen Pfeffer

Internet Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become increasingly popular for social movements of all kinds. Social movement organizations (SMOs) use them to interact and mobilize also across borders. Previous research has highlighted the opportunities for transnational networking and the resulting reduction in the importance of local dependency for SMOs. One movement that combines local direct action with the goal of an international network of activists is Antifa. Single case studies have highlighted that local demonstrations and networks are still vital for antifascist groups. However, studies that examine the influence of spatial dynamics on building an international (digital) network beyond focusing on a single country are still lacking. This study, therefore, examines the impact of proximity on forming digital connections among 355 unique European antifascist groups. Using Exponential Random Graph Modeling (ERGM), we examine the hyperlink network across Europe via the groups’ online presence. The findings reveal that the languages of the groups and the geographical distance between them are significant predictors for the probability of displayed hyperlink connections. These results demonstrate the relevance of proximity theories in the field of digital activism. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of spatial dynamics in shaping online networks, reinforcing the importance of space in contemporary network analysis in social movements studies.

互联网通信技术（ICTs）在各种社会运动中越来越受欢迎。社会运动组织（SMOs）利用它们进行互动和动员，也跨越国界。以前的研究强调了跨国联网的机会，以及因此而降低了对地方依赖的重要性。一个将地方直接行动与国际激进分子网络目标相结合的运动是Antifa。个别案例研究强调，地方示威和网络对反法西斯组织仍然至关重要。然而，研究空间动态对构建国际（数字）网络的影响的研究仍然缺乏，而不是侧重于单个国家。因此，本研究考察了在355个独特的欧洲反法西斯团体中，邻近性对形成数字联系的影响。使用指数随机图模型（ERGM），我们通过集团的在线存在检查整个欧洲的超链接网络。研究结果表明，群体的语言和他们之间的地理距离是显示超链接连接概率的重要预测因素。这些结果证明了接近理论在数字行动主义领域的相关性。该研究有助于更深入地了解塑造在线网络的空间动态，加强空间在当代社会运动研究中网络分析中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of perceptions of exploration and exploitation work activities on dynamic organizational knowledge networks 探索和开发工作活动感知对动态组织知识网络的影响

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.04.004

Andrew Parker , Christian Waldstrøm , Stefano Tasselli

We examine how perceptions of work activities regarding exploration (i.e., pursuit of knowledge for innovation) and exploitation (i.e., pursuit of knowledge for maximizing the benefits of existing resources) affects how individuals change their knowledge networks. We theorize how network choices regarding dynamic micro-network mechanisms of tie change and stability, reciprocity, and closure are influenced by perceptions of exploration and exploitation work activity. We test our ideas in a dataset comprising 135 employees at three time points in an R&D unit using the actor-based Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analysis (SIENA) modeling framework. We find that employees with perceptions of high versus low exploration work activity are more likely to change their network ties, make reciprocal knowledge ties, and have open triadic knowledge networks. Employees with perceptions of high versus low exploitation work activity also are more likely to change their network ties, however, they prefer unreciprocated knowledge ties, and closed triadic knowledge networks.

我们研究了关于探索（即为创新而追求知识）和利用（即为使现有资源的利益最大化而追求知识）的工作活动的观念如何影响个人改变其知识网络的方式。我们理论化了关于联系变化和稳定、互惠和封闭的动态微网络机制的网络选择如何受到勘探和开发工作活动的感知的影响。我们使用基于参与者的实证网络分析模拟调查（SIENA）建模框架，在研发部门的三个时间点的135名员工组成的数据集中测试了我们的想法。我们发现，与低勘探工作活动相比，高勘探工作活动感知的员工更有可能改变他们的网络联系，建立互惠的知识联系，并拥有开放的三元知识网络。感知高剥削与低剥削工作活动的员工也更有可能改变他们的网络联系，然而，他们更喜欢无回报的知识联系和封闭的三元知识网络。

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引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal analysis of the dynamic evolution and driving factors of trade networks in the Belt and Road countries “一带一路”沿线国家贸易网络动态演化及驱动因素时空分析

IF 2.9 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.03.005

Xingxuan Zhuo , Liuqing Lin , Jiefan Lian

As the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) continues to advance, trade networks among BRI countries have evolved significantly. Understanding development patterns within these trade networks is crucial for promoting further growth. This study adopts a spatiotemporal perspective to analyze the dynamic evolution and driving factors of trade networks among BRI countries, utilizing the Separable Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model (STERGM) and a change point detection model. These methods assess the impact of endogenous structural variables, exogenous edge-level covariates, and exogenous nodal variables on the formation and dissolution of trade networks, as well as on stage-specific changes within these networks. The findings reveal that: (1) around 2017, the trade networks underwent a significant shift, with high-trade-value relationships growing faster than low-trade-value ones, and the networks have a small-world character. (2) China, Turkey, India, and Russia hold central positions in the trade networks, functioning as “bridges” and “hubs”; the prominence of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Ukraine has increased, while Thailand and United Arab Emirates have seen a relative decline; (3) geographical proximity, bilateral investment treaties, and shared legal origins foster trade network development, whereas exchange rate volatility and political distance have a negative impact. Countries with high urbanization, large populations, and strong economies are more likely to form trade relations. And these effects on the formation and maintenance of trade relations changed significantly before and after 2017. Therefore, while enhancing their own economic and social development, BRI countries should work to strengthen trade relations by bridging political differences and establishing trade agreements.

随着 "一带一路 "倡议（BRI）的不断推进，"一带一路 "国家之间的贸易网络也发生了显著变化。了解这些贸易网络的发展模式对于促进进一步发展至关重要。本研究采用时空视角，利用可分离时空指数随机图模型（STERGM）和变化点检测模型，分析金砖国家间贸易网络的动态演化和驱动因素。这些方法评估了内生结构变量、外生边缘级协变量和外生节点变量对贸易网络形成和解体的影响，以及对这些网络内部特定阶段变化的影响。研究结果表明(1）2017 年前后，贸易网络发生了显著变化，高贸易价值关系的增长速度快于低贸易价值关系的增长速度，网络具有小世界特征。(2）中国、土耳其、印度和俄罗斯在贸易网络中占据核心地位，发挥着 "桥梁 "和 "枢纽 "的作用；波兰、捷克和乌克兰的地位有所上升，而泰国和阿联酋的地位相对下降；（3）地理位置接近、双边投资条约和共同的法律渊源促进了贸易网络的发展，而汇率波动和政治距离则产生了负面影响。城市化程度高、人口众多、经济实力雄厚的国家更有可能形成贸易关系。而这些对贸易关系形成和维持的影响在2017年前后发生了显著变化。因此，金砖国家在加强自身经济和社会发展的同时，应努力通过弥合政治分歧和建立贸易协定来加强贸易关系。

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引用次数: 0