Social Networks最新文献_第2页

The ties that bother: Difficult relationships in the personal networks of older adults 困扰的关系：老年人人际网络中的困难关系

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.11.006

Lea Ellwardt , Theo G. van Tilburg

Objectives

Theorizations of social exchanges often assume that people prefer interactions with supportive others but avoid others they perceive as demanding or difficult. Yet, many social relationships are ambivalent, i.e., entail a combination of positive and negative interactions. We refer to difficult relationships as ties with an equal and high share of both elements or ties where the net balance of these two elements is outweighed by negativity. This study inquires how many difficult relationships prevail in the personal network in late life and where they originate.

Methods

Survey data are from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) on egocentric networks. The sample comprised 892 respondents (mean age 73; range 61–100) and their 4273 network members. Models consist of mixed effects and logistic regressions for explaining difficulty on the relationship level and the network level.

Results

We found that 15 % of older adults engage in difficult relationships. The difficulty was most often found in involuntary relationships (with siblings, parents, neighbors), and relationships characterized by low receipt but high provision of emotional support, and high volatility. The difficulty in a personal network was more likely for older adults embedded in instable networks and networks that yielded difficult relationships among members in their network.

Discussion

People may face structural constraints that pressure them to continue engaging socially with others, even if they sometimes find them to be difficult. Research should take these ties seriously, as negative ties may bother more than positive ties benefit older adults.

社会交流的理论通常假设人们更喜欢与支持他们的人交往，而避免与他们认为要求高或难相处的人交往。然而，许多社会关系是矛盾的，即需要积极和消极互动的结合。我们把困难的关系称为两种因素都占同等比例和很高比例的关系，或者这两种因素的净平衡被消极因素所抵消的关系。这项研究探讨了在晚年的人际网络中有多少困难的关系，以及它们的起源。方法调查数据来自阿姆斯特丹纵向老龄化研究（LASA）的自我中心网络。样本包括892名受访者（平均年龄73岁，范围61-100岁）和他们的4273名网络成员。模型由混合效应和逻辑回归组成，用于解释关系层面和网络层面的难度。结果我们发现15% %的老年人陷入了困难的人际关系。困难通常出现在非自愿的关系中（与兄弟姐妹，父母，邻居），以及以低接收但高提供的情感支持和高波动性为特征的关系中。老年人更有可能陷入不稳定的人际网络，以及人际网络中成员之间产生困难关系的网络。人们可能面临结构性限制，迫使他们继续与他人交往，即使他们有时发现这很难。研究人员应该认真对待这些关系，因为消极关系对老年人的影响可能大于积极关系对老年人的益处。

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引用次数: 0

The influence of relational mobility on social exclusion behavior: The mediating role of social participation intention 关系流动对社会排斥行为的影响：社会参与意愿的中介作用

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.11.004

Shuyue Zhang , Linlin Lei , Lilan Liu , Shijiang Zuo

Structural features of social networks could influence interpersonal interactions, yet few studies have examined their link to social exclusion. This research investigated how relational mobility affects social exclusion behavior, with social participation intention as a mediator. We first developed the Social Exclusion Behavior Scale and demonstrated its reliability and validity in Study 1a (N = 1275). Using this scale, Study 1b (N = 650) found that relational mobility was negatively correlated with social exclusion behavior, and social participation intention played a mediating role. Study 2 (N = 209) manipulated relational mobility to clarify causal relationship and found that participants in the high-mobility group (vs. low-mobility) exhibited stronger social participation intentions and subsequently engaged in less social exclusion behavior. These findings identify relational mobility as a key structural feature of social networks influencing social exclusion behavior, clarify its underlying mechanism, and offer practical insights for interventions aimed at reducing social exclusion behavior.

社会网络的结构特征可能会影响人际交往，但很少有研究调查它们与社会排斥的联系。本研究以社会参与意愿为中介，探讨关系流动对社会排斥行为的影响。我们首先开发了社会排斥行为量表，并在研究1a中验证了其信度和效度（N = 1275）。利用该量表，研究1b （N = 650）发现，关系流动性与社会排斥行为呈负相关，社会参与意愿起中介作用。研究2 （N = 209）利用关系流动性来澄清因果关系，发现高流动性组（相对于低流动性组）的参与者表现出更强的社会参与意愿，随后较少参与社会排斥行为。研究结果表明，关系流动是影响社会排斥行为的关键结构特征，并阐明了其潜在机制，为减少社会排斥行为的干预提供了实践见解。

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引用次数: 0

Social network connectivity and food insecurity among single parents: Findings from a representative survey in Ghana 单亲家庭的社交网络连接和粮食不安全：来自加纳一项代表性调查的结果

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.12.002

Obed Jones Owusu-Sarpong , Kabila Abass , Solomon Osei-Tutu , Armstrong Francis Tumawu , Razak M. Gyasi

Background

This study examines the association between social network connectivity and food insecurity among single parents in Ghana, and explores the modifying roles of age, sex, and spatial differences.

Methods

Data were collected from 627 single parents selected through a multi-stage stratified sampling technique. Social networks were evaluated using the Lubben Social Network Scale - 6 Item Version (LSNS-6). Food insecurity was assessed using the FIES Scale. Hierarchical multivariable linear regression models and interaction analyses were performed to evaluate the hypothesized associations.

Results

The mean age (SD) was 45.0 (14.7) years, and 67.3 % were females. After full adjustment, greater social network connectivity was significantly associated with lower food insecurity (B = −.093,p < 0.001). Age (B= −.002, p < 0.01) and spatial variations (B=.047, p < 0.05) moderated this association. Additionally, we observed significant negative associations of the social networks of relatives (B=-.105, p < 0.001) and of friends (B=.073, p < 0.01) with food insecurity

Conclusions

Social network connectivity was negatively associated with food insecurity, and this association was stronger among young adults and urban residents. Efforts for targeted interventions for single parents, in building resilient social network connectivity may provide a safety net in times of need.

本研究考察了加纳单亲家庭的社交网络连通性与粮食不安全之间的关系，并探讨了年龄、性别和空间差异的调节作用。方法采用多阶段分层抽样方法，对627名单亲家长进行调查。使用Lubben社会网络量表-6项版本（LSNS-6）对社会网络进行评估。粮食不安全状况采用FIES量表进行评估。采用分层多变量线性回归模型和相互作用分析来评估假设的关联。结果平均年龄（SD）为45.0（14.7）岁，女性占67.3% 。充分调整后，更大的社会网络连通性与更低的粮食不安全显著相关（B = - 0.093,p <； 0.001）。年龄(B=−。002, p <； 0.01)和空间差异（B= 0.047, p <； 0.05）调节了这种关联。此外，我们观察到亲属（B=- 0.105, p <； 0.001）和朋友（B= 0.073, p <； 0.01）的社会网络与食品不安全之间存在显著的负相关关系。结论：社会网络连接与食品不安全之间存在负相关关系，这种关联在年轻人和城市居民中更为强烈。努力为单亲父母提供有针对性的干预措施，建立有弹性的社会网络连接，可以在需要时提供安全网。

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引用次数: 0

Social isolation by design: Bias in measuring core networks in Taiwan? 社会隔离设计：衡量台湾核心网络的偏差？

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.11.001

Minheng Chen , Yang-chih Fu , Xin Guo , Qiang Fu

The estimation and measurement of the size of egocentric networks have sparked vigorous discussion and debate. Drawing on datasets from the Taiwan Social Change Survey, this study explores methodological issues pertaining to the change of core networks in Taiwan from 1997 to 2017 via a modified Poisson mixture approach, assesses the efficiency of name generators as a survey instrument via Fisher Information Maximizer, and investigates the role of social desirability in reporting core networks. Net of other effects, the study finds that individuals expressing a strong sense of social desirability report significantly fewer close contacts and face a higher risk of social isolation. Name generators in this study are associated with trivial design errors and can yield estimates comparable to those produced by exact enumeration. These findings are situated in the drastic changes in face-to-face survey interviews as well as the cultural context of Taiwan and, more broadly, East Asia. They call for further research inquiries into methodological issues regarding measuring and estimating egocentric networks in a transnational and modern setting.

对自我中心网络大小的估计和测量引发了激烈的讨论和争论。本研究以台湾社会变迁调查资料为基础，运用修正的泊松混合方法，探讨1997 - 2017年台湾核心网路变迁的方法问题，运用Fisher Information Maximizer评估名称生成器作为调查工具的效率，并探讨社会期望度在核心网路报告中的作用。考虑到其他影响，研究发现，表现出强烈的社会渴望感的个人报告的亲密接触明显减少，面临更高的社会孤立风险。本研究中的名称生成器与微不足道的设计错误有关，并且可以产生与精确枚举产生的结果相当的估计。这些发现是基于面对面调查访谈的剧烈变化，以及台湾乃至更广泛的东亚的文化背景。他们呼吁对在跨国和现代环境中测量和估计自我中心网络的方法问题进行进一步的研究和调查。

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引用次数: 0

Alter composition with overlapping group memberships 使用重叠的组成员改变组合

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.12.001

Martin G. Everett , Stephen P. Borgatti

In this paper, we examine common methods of analyzing network data in which we characterize nodes via categorical attributes. For example, we consider alter composition (counting the number of alters of a given type), alter heterogeneity (measuring the diversity of ego’s alters), homophily (similarity between ego and their alters) and Gould-Fernandez brokerage (assessing how often a node is in a position to broker between different categories). All of these techniques assume that all nodes belong to one and only one category -- i.e., the categorical attribute forms a node partition. However, there are a number of circumstances in which network actors belong to multiple categories. For example a manager might belong to multiple teams or project groups, while a teacher may teach more than one subject. We present a general approach for generalizing measures originally designed for mutually exclusive categories to the case where we have multiple memberships. Instead of a categorical vector, our method assumes a node by category membership matrix that is row-stochastic (e.g., the proportion of effort spent on each of several projects). Multiplying the adjacency matrix by this indicator matrix gives the indirect affinity each node has to each category through its alters. In the special case where each row has a single non-zero value (i.e., 1), the product counts the number of alters in each category, providing a true generalization of existing measures. In addition, we extend Burt’s structural holes measures to not only take into account category membership, but also handle the case of multiple memberships.

在本文中，我们研究了分析网络数据的常用方法，其中我们通过分类属性来表征节点。例如，我们考虑了改变构成（计算给定类型的改变数量）、改变异质性（测量自我的改变的多样性）、同质性（自我与其改变之间的相似性）和古尔德-费尔南德斯中介（评估节点在不同类别之间进行中介的频率）。所有这些技术都假定所有节点都属于且仅属于一个类别——即，分类属性形成一个节点分区。然而，在许多情况下，网络参与者属于多个类别。例如，经理可能属于多个团队或项目组，而教师可能教授多个科目。我们提出了一种通用方法，用于将最初为互斥类别设计的度量推广到我们有多个成员的情况。我们的方法没有使用分类向量，而是假设了一个按类别隶属矩阵的节点，该矩阵是行随机的（例如，在几个项目中的每个项目上花费的努力的比例）。将邻接矩阵乘以该指示矩阵，得到每个节点通过其变化与每个类别之间的间接亲缘关系。在每行都有一个非零值（即1）的特殊情况下，乘积计算每个类别中的变化数，从而提供现有度量的真正泛化。此外，我们扩展了Burt的结构漏洞度量，不仅考虑了类别隶属关系，而且还处理了多个隶属关系的情况。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond weak ties in prison: An investigation of core support networks of incarcerated persons 超越监狱中的弱关系：对在押人员核心支持网络的调查

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.12.004

Siyun Peng , Martha Tillson , Maria Rockett , Marisa Booty , Carrie B. Oser

Tie formation has been a core interest of network researchers. However, most existing research on tie formation in prisons has focused on weak ties, assuming that a core network approach is less applicable within total institutions such as prisons. Drawing on egocentric network data from 389 incarcerated individuals and 1352 named network members, this study demonstrates that relationships between incarcerated persons can be examined using a core support network framework. We find that about 20 % of participants include at least one incarcerated peer in their core support networks, with these ties providing both practical and emotional support comparable to that offered by other core support network members. These findings underscore the critical role that peer relationships play in coping with the stresses of incarceration. This study also offers a rare opportunity to test tie formation theories in a total institution context. Specifically, our results support theories of contact opportunities, unmet social needs, and experiential homophily in shaping decisions to include at least one incarcerated peer in core support networks. By examining the dynamics of core support networks during incarceration, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of resilience and trust formation in highly constrained, high-stress environments.

关系的形成一直是网络研究者的核心兴趣。然而，大多数关于监狱关系形成的现有研究都集中在弱关系上，假设核心网络方法在监狱等整体机构中不太适用。利用来自389名在押人员和1352名网络成员的自我中心网络数据，本研究表明，可以使用核心支持网络框架来检验在押人员之间的关系。我们发现大约20% %的参与者在他们的核心支持网络中至少有一个被监禁的同伴，这些关系提供了与其他核心支持网络成员相当的实际和情感支持。这些发现强调了同伴关系在应对监禁压力方面所起的关键作用。本研究也提供了一个难得的机会，在整个制度背景下检验关系形成理论。具体来说，我们的研究结果支持了接触机会理论、未满足的社会需求理论和经验同质性理论，这些理论有助于形成在核心支持网络中包括至少一个被监禁同伴的决策。通过研究监禁期间核心支持网络的动态，本研究有助于更深入地了解高度约束、高压力环境下的恢复力和信任形成。

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引用次数: 0

From mapping to action: Social network analysis as a strategic tool in cross-national community interventions 从绘图到行动：作为跨国社区干预战略工具的社会网络分析

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.11.005

Giorgia Trasciani , Stefano Ghinoi , Guido Conaldi

Community interventions increasingly leverage Social Network Analysis (SNA) both to understand relational patterns and to facilitate structural changes within networks. Indeed, SNA serves not only as an analytical tool but also as a catalyst for reflection and change. Although SNA has been widely used as an intervention tool, its application in cross-national contexts remains underexplored. This study aims to address this research gap by investigating how SNA can contribute to cross-national community interventions. We use a case study approach based on a longitudinal analysis of the Assistance and Legal Program for Emigrant Support (ALPES) network, a cross-national project established at the Italian-French border. In this project, SNA has been used both as a diagnostic tool to map the information exchange network of third-sector organizations and as a strategic intervention strategy that produced behavioral changes in these organizations. Our results show that SNA functioned as both a translational monitoring tool and a catalytic intervention: network visualization prompted organizations to strategically alter their collaborative patterns and address structural gaps in migrant support services across borders. This demonstrates how network feedback processes can enhance inter-organizational collaboration in complex cross-national contexts.

社区干预越来越多地利用社会网络分析（SNA）来理解关系模式和促进网络内的结构变化。实际上，国民核算体系不仅是一种分析工具，而且是促进反思和变革的催化剂。虽然SNA已被广泛用作一种干预工具，但其在跨国背景下的应用仍未得到充分探索。本研究旨在通过调查SNA如何有助于跨国社区干预来解决这一研究缺口。我们采用了一种案例研究方法，该方法基于对移民支持援助和法律计划（ALPES）网络的纵向分析，这是一个在意大利-法国边境建立的跨国项目。在本项目中，SNA既被用作绘制第三部门组织信息交换网络的诊断工具，也被用作在这些组织中产生行为变化的战略干预策略。我们的研究结果表明，SNA既是一种转化监测工具，也是一种催化干预：网络可视化促使组织战略性地改变其合作模式，并解决跨境移民支持服务中的结构性差距。这证明了网络反馈过程如何在复杂的跨国背景下加强组织间协作。

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引用次数: 0

Getting lonely and isolated? Transitions in social isolation profiles over time and factors associated with them among older adults 感到孤独和孤立？随着时间的推移，老年人社会孤立状况的转变以及与之相关的因素

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.12.005

Pildoo Sung , Angelique Chan , Abhijit Visaria , June May-Ling Lee

The interplay between the structural, functional, and evaluative dimensions of social isolation and their temporal dynamics remains underexplored. We investigated (1) older adults’ distinct social isolation profiles, each characterized by varying degrees of social ties, perceived social support, and loneliness; (2) the stability and changes in these profiles over time; and (3) factors associated with key transition patterns. Using random-intercept latent transition analysis on two-wave longitudinal data from 1305 older Singaporeans aged 60–91 years, we identified five time-invariant profiles: (1) diverse ties and support, less lonely (24.4 % at baseline); (2) relative ties and support, less lonely (25.8 %); (3) friend ties and support, less lonely (9.3 %); (4) less supportive ties, less lonely (31.1 %); and (5) less supportive ties, lonely (9.4 %). Over time, more than half of the respondents (56.1 %) changed profiles. Specifically, less educated and financially insecure older adults were more likely to transition from profiles with supportive ties (profiles 1–3) to the profile with less supportive ties (profile 4), without a concomitant rise in loneliness. Instead, increases in depressive symptoms were associated with persistence in or transition into the lonely profile (profile 5). Overall, socioeconomic disadvantages and deteriorating mental health were identified as distinct risk factors for reduced perceived support and loneliness, respectively, highlighting the necessity for tailored interventions.

社会孤立的结构、功能和评价维度与其时间动态之间的相互作用仍未得到充分探讨。我们调查了：(1)老年人不同的社会隔离特征，每个特征都以不同程度的社会联系、感知的社会支持和孤独感为特征；(2)这些剖面随时间的稳定性和变化；(3)与关键过渡模式相关的因素。通过对1305名年龄在60-91岁的新加坡老年人的两波纵向数据进行随机截距潜在过渡分析，我们确定了五个不变的特征：(1)不同的联系和支持，较少孤独（基线时24.4 %）；(2)有亲属关系和支持，孤独感少（25.8 %）；(3)朋友关系和支持，减少孤独感（9.3 %）；(4)支持关系少，孤独感少（31.1% %）；(5)支持关系少，孤独（9.4% %）。随着时间的推移，超过一半的受访者（56.1%）改变了个人资料。具体来说，受教育程度较低、经济上没有安全感的老年人更有可能从有支持性关系的形象（形象1-3）转变为没有支持性关系的形象（形象4），而孤独感却没有随之上升。相反，抑郁症状的增加与持续或过渡到孤独状态有关（特征5）。总体而言，社会经济劣势和心理健康恶化分别被确定为减少感知支持和孤独感的明显风险因素，强调了量身定制干预措施的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Multiple senses of community in central and peripheral neighborhoods of seville: The fragmentation of personal networks in social housing estates 塞维利亚中心和外围社区的多重社区意识：社会住宅小区中个人网络的碎片化

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.11.002

Isidro Maya-Jariego, Francisco J. Santolaya, Pablo Pastor-Alcayde

A neighborhood's psychological sense of community is shaped by residents’ rootedness and their participation in everyday activities such as walking or using green spaces. Having children, owning a home, or walking a dog are often positively associated with a stronger sense of belonging to the local environment. However, the social foundations of the subjective experience of belonging and emotional connection to one’s neighborhood remain underexplored. Moreover, relatively few empirical studies have examined multiple senses of community simultaneously. This study analyzes the relationship between the structural characteristics of personal networks and the psychological sense of community among residents of four neighborhoods in the historic center and one in the urban periphery of Seville, in southern Spain. In each case, we also compare the sense of belonging to the neighborhood and to the city. The community survey included 430 residents. Personal networks characterized by higher fragmentation and greater homophily were more common in the peripheral neighborhood, where residents also reported a comparatively lower sense of community than in the historic center. However, the strongest predictors of neighborhood- and city-level belonging were comparative perceived well-being, length of residence in the neighborhood, and the number of neighborhoods in which respondents had previously lived.

一个社区的心理社区感是由居民的根和他们参与的日常活动，如散步或使用绿地形成的。有孩子、有房子或遛狗通常与对当地环境的强烈归属感呈正相关。然而，归属和情感联系的主观体验的社会基础仍然没有得到充分的探索。此外，相对较少的实证研究同时考察了多种社区意识。本研究分析了西班牙南部塞维利亚历史中心和城市外围四个街区居民的个人网络结构特征与社区心理意识之间的关系。在每一种情况下，我们也比较了对社区和城市的归属感。该社区调查包括430名居民。以碎片化程度更高、同质性更强为特征的个人网络在周边社区更为常见，与历史中心相比，那里的居民报告的社区意识也相对较低。然而，社区和城市级别归属的最强预测因子是比较感知幸福感，在社区居住的时间长短以及受访者以前居住的社区数量。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of dyads and extended networks on political talk: A factorial survey experiment in the Netherlands 二元和扩展网络对政治谈话的影响：荷兰的一个析因调查实验

IF 2.4 2区社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Social Networks

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2025.11.003

Bas Hofstra , Thijmen Jeroense , Jochem Tolsma

Open political dialogue is regarded as foundational to democratic health and our social fabric. Here, we study political dialogue by examining with whom we prefer to talk about politics and why. In so doing, we develop and test hypotheses about what random encounters (e.g., meeting similar versus dissimilar others, meeting friends or colleagues) foster political dialogue, pose and test conjectures about what features of extended networks facilitate political debate, and present a new unique factorial survey experiment to answer our questions. We incorporated this factorial survey experiment within the NEtherlands Longitudinal Lifecourse Study 2022 (NELLS) and presented to a large sample of Dutch citizens – including Dutch ethnic majority members as well as minoritized Dutch with a Turkish or Moroccan heritage – a choice to engage in political talk or not. Hierarchical linear models reveal that relationship strength, rather than identity similarity (e.g., gender, ethnic), is the primary driver of opting for political dialogue. However, in encounters lacking prior relationship history, gender similarity increases the willingness to engage, and similar political views do relate to engaging in substantive debate modeled dichotomously. Ethnic diversity within extended networks fosters political discussion, while network size has a nonlinear association – medium-sized networks are more conducive to dialogue than very small or very large ones. These findings contribute to debates on political polarization by highlighting the relational conditions that encourage political exchange.

公开的政治对话被视为民主健康和我们的社会结构的基础。在这里，我们通过研究我们更喜欢和谁谈论政治以及为什么谈论政治来研究政治对话。在这样做的过程中，我们发展并测试了关于随机相遇（例如，与相似或不同的人会面，与朋友或同事会面）促进政治对话的假设，提出并测试了关于扩展网络的哪些特征促进政治辩论的猜想，并提出了一个新的独特的因子调查实验来回答我们的问题。我们在荷兰纵向生命历程研究2022 （NELLS）中纳入了这一因子调查实验，并向大量荷兰公民（包括荷兰多数民族成员以及土耳其或摩洛哥血统的少数民族荷兰人）提供了参与政治谈话或不参与政治谈话的选择。层次线性模型显示，关系强度，而不是身份相似性（如性别、种族），是选择政治对话的主要驱动因素。然而，在缺乏先前关系历史的遭遇中，性别相似性增加了参与的意愿，相似的政治观点确实与参与实质性辩论有关。扩展网络中的种族多样性促进了政治讨论，而网络规模具有非线性关联——中等规模的网络比非常小或非常大的网络更有利于对话。这些发现通过强调鼓励政治交流的关系条件，有助于对政治两极分化的辩论。

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引用次数: 0