Applied Geography最新文献_第2页

The impact of multi-dimensional spatial characteristics on recreational walking experiences in nature-symbiotic city 多维空间特征对自然共生城市游憩步行体验的影响

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103865

Wanghuan Hao , Zheng Xian , Zhen Wei , Hanjing Xu , Kun Liu

Recreational walking is a vital component of urban life, with its patterns and experiences profoundly shaped by spatial environment. In nature-symbiotic cities, where urban and natural elements are closely integrated, recreational walking generates distinct perceptual experiences that remain underexplored. This study investigated such experiences in Taiyuan, China, a representative nature-symbiotic city. Recreational walking experiences were assessed through the stay experience and the aesthetic experience by analyzing GPS trajectory data. Both overhead-view and eye-level spatial features were comprehensively considered. Random Forest and GeoShapley were employed to interpret nonlinear and spatial effects. The findings revealed a highly uneven spatial distribution of recreational walking experiences. Among the eye-level variables, blue view index (BLVI), walkability index (WI), and green view index (GVI) significantly influenced the two experiences, while building view index (BUVI) showed a stronger impact on the aesthetic experience. For the overhead-view variables, only the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) significantly influenced the stay experience. Geographic location also played a role. All variables exhibited nonlinear effects, with clear thresholds. Moreover, their effects were spatially heterogeneous, highlighting the need for targeted spatial management. This study revealed the intricate relationship between urban space and recreational walking experiences, offering insights for the planning of walking spaces in nature-symbiotic cities.

休闲步行是城市生活的重要组成部分，其模式和体验深受空间环境的影响。在自然共生的城市中，城市和自然元素紧密结合，休闲步行产生独特的感知体验，这些体验仍未得到充分开发。本文以太原市为研究对象，以太原市为典型的自然共生城市。通过分析GPS轨迹数据，通过停留体验和审美体验来评价休闲步行体验。综合考虑了俯视和眼平的空间特征。随机森林和GeoShapley被用来解释非线性和空间效应。研究结果显示，休闲步行体验的空间分布极不均匀。在眼位变量中，蓝色景观指数（BLVI）、可步行性指数（WI）和绿色景观指数（GVI）对两种体验的影响显著，而建筑景观指数（BUVI）对审美体验的影响更大。对于顶景变量，只有归一化植被指数（NDVI）对停留体验有显著影响。地理位置也发挥了作用。各变量均表现出非线性效应，阈值清晰。此外，它们的影响在空间上是异质的，突出了有针对性的空间管理的必要性。该研究揭示了城市空间与休闲步行体验之间的复杂关系，为自然共生城市的步行空间规划提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of green space environments on college students’ mental health at multiple spatial scales in Chinese universities: An empirical study based on a multilevel mediation model 中国高校绿地环境对大学生心理健康的影响：基于多层次中介模型的实证研究

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2026.103903

Zhenhua Zheng , Yilin Jin , Wanting Liu , Ruochen Yin , Baitong Song , Jiajia Liu , Ning Sun , Hong Chen

Although green spaces have positive effects on mental health, the health benefits of green spaces at different spatial scales within the university environment remain unclear, and the underlying mechanisms are not yet well understood. This study constructs a “Stimulus–Organism–Response” (S-O-R) analytical framework across multiple spatial scales and, by integrating multi-source data with a multilevel mediation model, examines the impacts of the green space environment on the mental health of college students across 34 universities in China. The results confirm the “scale dependence” of green space benefits: although the overall campus (OC) exhibits relatively high greenness, it shows no significant association with mental health; in contrast, the green space environments within the campus buffer zone with 500 m (CBZ500) and the campus buffer zone with 1000 m (CBZ1,000) significantly promote college students’ mental health by enhancing environmental satisfaction. This study reveals the substantial health value of green spaces within campus buffer zones and suggests that universities should strengthen the development and governance of green space environments in areas surrounding campuses.

虽然绿地对心理健康有积极的影响，但在不同的空间尺度上，绿地对大学环境的健康效益尚不清楚，其潜在机制尚未得到很好的理解。本研究构建了一个跨空间尺度的“刺激-有机体-反应”（S-O-R）分析框架，通过整合多源数据和多层次中介模型，考察了中国34所高校绿地环境对大学生心理健康的影响。研究结果证实了绿地效益的“尺度依赖”：校园总体绿化度虽较高，但与心理健康无显著相关；500 m校园缓冲带（CBZ500）和1000 m校园缓冲带（cbz1000）内的绿地环境通过提高环境满意度显著促进大学生心理健康。本研究揭示了校园缓冲区绿地的巨大健康价值，并建议高校应加强校园周边绿地环境的开发和治理。

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引用次数: 0

Toward a resilience-oriented ecological network for the Loess Plateau 黄土高原弹性导向生态网络的构建

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2026.103905

Yuan Wang , Zhihui Lin , Hui Dang , Zhuangzhuang Wang , Xianfeng Liu

Constructing resilient ecological networks (ENs) and identifying critical ecological spaces are essential for sustainable development. However, existing research on the robustness of nodes and corridors within ENs is often limited to a single perspective and lacks multidimensional analysis grounded in realistic scenarios. This limitation hinders accurate estimation of the threshold at which external shocks compromise overall network performance. In this study, we established a comprehensive EN resilience assessment framework for analyzing network resilience and identifying the key influences of specific ecological spaces from five dimensions: connectivity, integration, stability, transmissibility, and diversity. We found that the network exhibited strong structural resilience, reflected in high integration (1.00), connectivity (9.07), and stability (0.77); however, its functional resilience remained constrained by weak transmissibility (0.31) and an insufficient corridor buffer. Single and successive component failure simulations demonstrate that network resilience decreases nonlinearly and abruptly when critical elements are disrupted. We further identified the top 15 % of ecological sources and 35 % of ecological corridors as primary ecological spaces, which were concentrated in southeastern Gansu, southwestern Ordos, and the northern ecological demonstration zone of Shaanxi Province. Damaging these areas can trigger cascading effects, disrupting 158 biological migration pathways and causing a >50 % decrease in ecological resilience, ultimately pushing overall ecological resilience below the critical threshold, as they play a crucial role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of ecosystems. These findings elucidate the influence of specific ecological components on overall network resilience, yielding valuable insights for guiding targeted ecological conservation and restoration strategies.

构建弹性生态网络和识别关键生态空间对于可持续发展至关重要。然而，现有的关于网络中节点和廊道鲁棒性的研究往往局限于单一视角，缺乏基于现实场景的多维分析。这种限制阻碍了对外部冲击影响整体网络性能的阈值的准确估计。本文从连通性、整合性、稳定性、可传递性和多样性五个维度构建了网络弹性综合评价框架，分析了网络弹性，并确定了特定生态空间的关键影响因素。研究发现，该网络表现出较强的结构弹性，体现在高整合（1.00）、高连通性（9.07）和高稳定性（0.77）；然而，其功能恢复能力仍然受到弱传递性（0.31）和走廊缓冲不足的限制。单部件故障和连续部件故障仿真表明，当关键部件发生故障时，网络恢复能力呈非线性突然下降。进一步确定了前15%的生态源和35%的生态廊道为一级生态空间，主要集中在甘肃东南部、鄂尔多斯西南部和陕西北部生态示范区。破坏这些区域会引发级联效应，破坏158个生物迁移途径，导致生态恢复力降低50%，最终将整体生态恢复力推至临界阈值以下，因为它们在维持生态系统的结构和功能完整性方面发挥着关键作用。这些发现阐明了特定生态成分对整体网络弹性的影响，为指导有针对性的生态保护和恢复策略提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of urban park visitation among residents and tourists: Insights from mobile phone big data 城市公园居民和游客访问的时空格局及驱动因素：来自手机大数据的洞察

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2026.103901

Chang Luo , Yue Tan , Yong Liu , Songlin Sun , Jingren Zhou

Urban parks serve multiple purposes for both residents and visitors. However, most existing research relies on small-scale surveys or questionnaires, which cannot fully capture how these two groups use parks differently across space and time. This study addresses that gap by using large-scale mobile phone signaling data to examine how residents and tourists visit urban parks in Chongqing, China, and what drives those patterns. We first use spatial analysis to identify the spatiotemporal characteristics of park visitation. We then apply multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to assess the influence of park attributes, transit access, built environments, and social media exposure. The results show clear contrasts between the two groups. Residents tend to visit nearby parks frequently, especially on weekends, while tourists concentrate on a small number of highly “internet-famous” parks during holidays. Residents' visitation is shaped mainly by park accessibility and attributes, whereas tourists’ visitation is more strongly linked to social media visibility. In addition, the effects of factors such as distance to metro or bus stops and park size vary across locations for both groups. These findings underscore the importance of considering differences between user groups when planning and managing urban parks.

城市公园对居民和游客都有多种用途。然而，大多数现有的研究都依赖于小规模的调查或问卷调查，这并不能完全捕捉到这两个群体在空间和时间上对公园的不同使用。本研究通过使用大规模移动电话信号数据来研究重庆居民和游客如何访问城市公园，以及是什么驱动了这些模式，从而解决了这一差距。本文首先利用空间分析方法对公园游客的时空特征进行了识别。然后，我们应用多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）来评估公园属性、交通通道、建筑环境和社交媒体曝光的影响。结果显示出两组人之间的明显差异。当地居民倾向于频繁访问附近的公园，尤其是在周末，而游客则在假期集中在少数“网红”公园。居民的访问量主要受公园可达性和属性的影响，而游客的访问量与社交媒体知名度的关系更强。此外，对于这两组人来说，距离地铁或公交车站的距离以及公园的大小等因素的影响在不同的地点也有所不同。这些发现强调了在规划和管理城市公园时考虑用户群体差异的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Leveraging the adaptive cycle framework to unravel the dynamics and governance of cultivated land green use in China 利用适应周期框架揭示中国耕地绿色利用的动态与治理

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2026.103892

Yizhi Hu, Wenxiong Wang, Zijun Liu, Yihao Meng, Haojie Li, Li Dai

Exploring the dynamic evolution of the Cultivated Land Green Use System (CLGUS) is essential for advancing relationships between humans and nature and promoting agricultural sustainability. Based on complex adaptive system and adaptive cycle theories, this study constructs an analytical framework to investigate the spatio-temporal patterns, evolutionary stages, and driving mechanisms of the adaptive cycle evolution in China's CLGUS from 2000 to 2022, using spatial regression and nonlinear methods. Differentiated zoning strategies are further proposed. The results indicate that: (1) The adaptive cycle level of CLGUS in China increased steadily from 0.428 to 0.606, exhibiting temporal evolution patterns and spatial differentiation characteristics. Temporally, it alternated between “steady accumulation” and “stage-leap” phases, while spatially it displayed three-dimensional spatial dislocation and agglomeration trends. (2) The adaptive cycle evolution of CLGUS in China exhibited stage characteristics of dynamic transformation and spatial embedding. Cities in transitional stages, such as r-K and K-Ω, tended to cluster around regions in preceding stages, like r and K. (3) Driving factors showed significant spatio-temporal non-stationarity and nonlinear threshold effects. Relief amplitude, GDP per capita, and urbanization rate exhibited inverted U-shaped relationships with the adaptive cycle level, with critical thresholds shifting dynamically. (4) Based on key factor thresholds, four cultivated land green use zones were delineated: steady-state optimization zone, collaborative regulation zone, targeted breakthrough zone, and system enhancement zone. These findings provide decision-making references for establishing new regional frameworks for cultivated land protection and achieving sustainable use of cultivated land.

研究耕地绿色利用系统（CLGUS）的动态演变，对于推进人与自然关系、促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。基于复杂适应系统和适应周期理论，运用空间回归和非线性方法，构建了2000 - 2022年中国CLGUS适应周期演化的时空格局、演化阶段和驱动机制分析框架。进一步提出差异化分区策略。结果表明：(1)中国CLGUS的适应周期水平从0.428稳步上升至0.606，呈现出时间演化格局和空间分异特征。在时间上表现为“稳定积累”和“阶段性飞跃”交替，在空间上表现为三维空间错位和集聚趋势。(2)中国CLGUS自适应周期演化表现出动态转换和空间嵌入的阶段性特征。处于过渡阶段的城市（r-K和K-Ω）倾向于围绕r和K等前阶段的区域聚集。(3)驱动因素表现出显著的时空非平稳性和非线性阈值效应。起伏幅度、人均GDP和城市化率与适应周期水平呈倒u型关系，临界阈值动态移动。(4)基于关键因子阈值，划分了4个耕地绿色利用区：稳态优化区、协同调控区、定向突破区和系统增强区。研究结果为建立新的区域耕地保护框架，实现耕地可持续利用提供了决策参考。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum to “Growth of the wildland-urban interface and its spatial determinants in the Polish Carpathians” [Applied Geography 163 (2024) 103180] “波兰喀尔巴阡山脉荒地-城市界面的增长及其空间决定因素”的勘误[应用地理163 (2024)103180]

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103791

Dominik Kaim , Piotr Szubert , Mahsa Shahbandeh , Jacek Kozak , Krzysztof Ostafin , Volker C. Radeloff

引用次数: 0

Beyond discrete indicators: Modeling intersectional flood vulnerability 超越离散指标：交叉洪水脆弱性建模

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2026.103894

Sina Razzaghi Asl , Eric Tate , Christopher T. Emrich , Md Asif Rahman , Kaeleb Royster

Social vulnerability to flooding is shaped by intersectional social marginalization, yet most quantitative assessments employ indicators of single populations. This study applies spatial machine learning to examine how the intersectional social vulnerability indicators of poverty-race, poverty-housing tenure, and race-housing tenure compare with traditional discrete indicators of single populations in predicting flood exposure in California. Using geographically weighted random forests and partial dependence plots, we model spatial heterogeneity and non-linear relationships between social vulnerability and exposure. We quantified flood exposure using a population-adjusted measure derived from building footprints and modeled 500-year fluvial and pluvial flood hazard. The results reveal distinct explanatory power of discrete and intersectional indicators. Variable importance analysis shows that intersectional indicators, such as Poor Renters and Non-white Renters, have stronger predictive importance than their discrete counterparts, particularly in urban regions, with mean local IncMSE values of 15.6–16.9 % compared to 12.3–14.8 %. Partial dependence analysis revealed threshold effects of non-linear indicator influence, with predicted exposure increasing sharply once intersectional populations exceed ∼60 % of tract-level representation. Our findings highlight limitations of assuming uniform indicator effects, and the need for non-linear, spatially adaptive models that increase conceptual alignment between social vulnerability theory and indicator modeling by integrating intersectional dimensions.

社会对洪水的脆弱性是由交叉社会边缘化形成的，但大多数定量评估采用单一人口的指标。本研究应用空间机器学习研究了贫困-种族、贫困住房使用权和种族-住房使用权的交叉社会脆弱性指标与传统的单一人口离散指标在预测加州洪水暴露方面的比较。利用地理加权随机森林和部分依赖图，我们模拟了社会脆弱性与暴露之间的空间异质性和非线性关系。我们使用从建筑足迹中得出的人口调整措施来量化洪水暴露，并模拟了500年的河流和洪水灾害。结果显示离散指标和交叉指标具有明显的解释力。变量重要性分析表明，交叉性指标，如贫困租房者和非白人租房者，比其离散对应指标具有更强的预测重要性，特别是在城市地区，平均当地IncMSE值为15.6 - 16.9%，而12.3 - 14.8%。部分依赖分析揭示了非线性指标影响的阈值效应，一旦交叉种群超过60%的区域水平代表性，预测的暴露量就会急剧增加。我们的研究结果强调了假设统一指标效应的局限性，以及对非线性、空间适应性模型的需求，这些模型通过整合交叉维度来增加社会脆弱性理论和指标模型之间的概念一致性。

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引用次数: 0

A multimodal framework for assessing park accessibility and equity from spatial proximity to experiential quality 一个从空间接近性到体验质量评估公园可达性和公平性的多模式框架

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2026.103893

Wenting Luo , Yuting Guo , Robert Tenzer , Yang Xu , Zhongtian Ma

Ensuring equal access to urban parks is vital for sustainable city development. However, prevailing assessment of park accessibility, which mainly rely on spatial proximity, offer a limited perspective by overlooking destination appeal and journey quality. Utilizing social media and street view images, this study proposes a novel multimodal framework that advanced the evaluation of park accessibility from spatial proximity to experiential quality. The framework first integrated online public feedback and offline facility quality using the PCA-AHP-TOPSIS method to evaluate park attractiveness. Then a greenery-perceived distance was proposed by integrating street-level visual greenness and travel distance across three modes to model the perceived impedance of journeys. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is tested in the main area of Wuhan, China. The results reveal that the proposed attraction coefficient correlates more strongly with actual park usage (R² = 0.68) than area-based metrics (R² = 0.41). Incorporating GVI significantly improves the explanatory power for visitation frequency, particularly for walking (R² increase from 0.45 to 0.50) and cycling (from 0.44 to 0.48). GVI's influence varies across travel modes: within a 30-min threshold, walking visitation shows a strong positive correlation with GVI while being weakly affected by distance, whereas distance remains the dominant deterrent for cycling and driving. A pronounced spatial disparity is identified, with 45.3 % of walking zones lacking park access within 30 min, highlighting a mismatch between accessibility and population density. This framework provides practical tools for urban planning and public health, contributing meaningfully to the long-term sustainable development of cities.

确保平等进入城市公园对城市可持续发展至关重要。然而，目前对公园可达性的评估主要依赖于空间接近性，忽视了目的地的吸引力和旅行质量，提供了有限的视角。利用社交媒体和街景图像，本研究提出了一个新的多模式框架，将公园可达性的评价从空间接近性提升到体验质量。该框架首先使用PCA-AHP-TOPSIS方法综合了在线公众反馈和离线设施质量来评估公园吸引力。在此基础上，结合三种模式下的街道视觉绿化度和出行距离，提出了一种绿色感知距离模型来模拟出行感知阻抗。该框架的有效性在中国武汉的主要地区进行了测试。结果表明，建议的吸引力系数与公园实际使用的相关性更强（R2 = 0.68），而不是基于区域的指标（R2 = 0.41）。纳入GVI显著提高了访问频率的解释力，尤其是步行（R2从0.45增加到0.50）和骑行（R2从0.44增加到0.48）。不同出行方式对GVI的影响存在差异：在30分钟阈值内，步行访问量与GVI呈强正相关，距离对GVI的影响较弱，而距离仍然是骑行和驾车的主要阻碍因素。研究还发现了明显的空间差异，45.3%的步行区在30分钟内没有公园通道，凸显了可达性与人口密度之间的不匹配。这一框架为城市规划和公共卫生提供了实用工具，对城市的长期可持续发展作出了有意义的贡献。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of skill-biased technological change on urban-rural income inequality: Evidence from China 技能偏向的技术变革对城乡收入不平等的影响：来自中国的证据

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2026.103891

Yuxin Pan , Feifan Gao , Zuge Xing

As technological progress reshapes the skill demands of regional labor markets, developing countries often exhibit pronounced income inequality. However, existing research on skill-biased technological change (SBTC) primarily focuses on its impact on labor forces with varying skill levels, paying insufficient attention to its role in urban-rural income inequality (URII). This study employs machine learning models to estimate the level of SBTC across 246 prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2015 and analyzes its effect on URII. The results show that China's SBTC intensity increased significantly during the study period, with every 1 % rise in SBTC widening the URII by 0.108 %. This effect remains robust across multiple robustness tests. Furthermore, the widening effect is particularly pronounced in regions with higher foreign direct investment, urbanization level, and non resource-dependent cities. Finally, we find that task biased technological change further amplifies the positive impact of SBTC on URII. Our findings provide policy implications for refining urban-rural development strategies to enhance the inclusivity of technological progress and facilitate skill upgrading among rural laborers.

随着技术进步重塑区域劳动力市场的技能需求，发展中国家往往表现出明显的收入不平等。然而，现有关于技能偏倚技术变革（SBTC）的研究主要集中在其对不同技能水平劳动力的影响上，而对其在城乡收入不平等（URII）中的作用关注不足。本研究采用机器学习模型估算了2005 - 2015年中国246个地级市的SBTC水平，并分析了其对URII的影响。结果表明，研究期间，中国的SBTC强度显著增加，每增加1%，uri就会扩大0.108%。这种效应在多个稳健性测试中保持稳健性。此外，在外国直接投资、城市化水平和非资源依赖型城市较高的地区，这种扩大效应尤为明显。最后，我们发现任务偏向的技术变革进一步放大了SBTC对URII的积极影响。研究结果为完善城乡发展战略以增强技术进步的包容性和促进农村劳动力技能升级提供了政策启示。

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引用次数: 0

Bluetech in Baltimore: Co-creating smart city innovations with local youth 巴尔的摩Bluetech：与当地青年共同创造智慧城市创新

IF 5.4 2区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY

Applied Geography

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103887

Michele Masucci , Dillon Mahmoudi , Alan Wiig

This paper presents a case study of a climate-focussed digital internship pilot program intent on increasing engagement with, and jobs in, the “Bluetech” ocean-based economy in Baltimore, Maryland. Understanding participants' lived experiences across multiple strands of alignment–including general interest, digital skills and technology access, environmental knowledge, and perceptions of climate and environmental problems–supported their engagement in the program and advanced their educational and workforce goals. Those experiences are undergirded by the historical setting of Baltimore, which is navigating contemporary interrelated impacts of global change due to climate, economic, and digital infrastructure transformations. Like many cities, Baltimore has developed a policy agenda focused on technological innovation, sustainability, and education as conduits of progress meant to address these concerns. However, the promise of innovation across these policy areas may not be realized if Baltimore's youth do not attain the necessary digital competencies and relevant knowledge to address them. An iterative pedagogy was applied in order to help interns gain conceptual depth, technical skills, and content knowledge, and yielded insights about how youth may traverse the complexities of the modern Bluetech economy. Baltimore's innovation-forward policy agenda continues to require technology, education access and opportunity to connect to the economic directions being designed. And yet, the same advancement of innovation may also exacerbate the longstanding poverty present in the city if more is not done to bridge everyday experiences of youth with opportunities to learn and engage in foundational experiences, skills and knowledge upon which innovation will be based.

本文介绍了一个以气候为重点的数字实习试点项目的案例研究，该项目旨在增加与马里兰州巴尔的摩市“蓝色科技”海洋经济的接触和就业机会。了解参与者在多个方面的生活经历，包括一般兴趣、数字技能和技术获取、环境知识以及对气候和环境问题的看法，有助于他们参与项目，并推进他们的教育和劳动力目标。巴尔的摩的历史背景为这些经验提供了基础，该城市正在应对气候、经济和数字基础设施转型带来的全球变化的当代相互关联的影响。像许多城市一样，巴尔的摩制定了一项政策议程，重点关注技术创新、可持续性和教育，作为解决这些问题的进步渠道。然而，如果巴尔的摩的年轻人没有获得必要的数字能力和相关知识来解决这些问题，那么这些政策领域的创新承诺可能无法实现。为了帮助实习生获得概念深度、技术技能和内容知识，采用了迭代教学法，并就年轻人如何穿越现代蓝科技经济的复杂性产生了见解。巴尔的摩的创新政策议程继续需要技术、教育和机会来连接正在设计的经济方向。然而，如果不采取更多措施，将年轻人的日常经历与学习和参与创新所基于的基础经验、技能和知识的机会联系起来，那么创新的进步也可能加剧城市中长期存在的贫困。

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引用次数: 0