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Morphology's importance for farmland landscape pattern assessment and optimization: A case study of Jiangsu, China 形态学对农田景观格局评估与优化的重要性:中国江苏案例研究
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103364
Suchen Ying , Xiaobin Jin , Xinyuan Liang , Bo Han , Jing Liu , Yinkang Zhou

Farmland landscape pattern (FLP) is critical in ensuring sustainable agricultural production. Amidst the challenge of increasingly fragmented FLP, accurate assessment and optimization strategies are essential. Traditional FLP assessment studies lack significance in ecological representation because they ignore landscape types and their characteristics and overlook changes in landscape details based on overall results. These factors lead to uncertain assessment outcomes. This study introduces a farmland landscape classification system based on morphological spatial pattern analysis to address this. Special attention is given to the internal core and external edge farmland landscape types, resulting in an innovative FLP assessment system being developed. The results of the Jiangsu Province reveal significant patchiness and marginalization of core farmland, particularly worsening from north to south. While recent trends show a slight improvement in the overall situation and effective perforation suppression, challenges persist with low-value FLP expansions in each agricultural zone. This study emphasizes integrating external edge farmland and overall pattern protection for optimal FLP. The improved assessment method identifies areas for scale improvement and fragmentation risks, offering valuable insights for permanent basic farmland policy. Overall, this study enriches the analytical framework of FLP from a morphological perspective, aiding in precise assessment and tailored optimization strategies.

农田景观格局(FLP)对于确保可持续农业生产至关重要。面对农田景观格局日益破碎化的挑战,准确的评估和优化策略至关重要。传统的农田景观格局评估研究忽视了景观类型及其特征,忽略了基于整体结果的景观细节变化,因而缺乏生态代表性。这些因素导致了评估结果的不确定性。针对这一问题,本研究引入了基于形态空间模式分析的农田景观分类系统。对内部核心和外部边缘农田景观类型给予了特别关注,从而开发出一套创新的农田景观评估系统。江苏省的研究结果表明,核心农田的斑块化和边缘化现象明显,尤其是由北向南恶化。虽然近期趋势表明总体情况略有改善,打孔现象得到有效抑制,但各农业区低价值永久耕地扩张的挑战依然存在。本研究强调将外缘农田与整体格局保护相结合,以优化永久林地。改进后的评估方法确定了规模改善和破碎化风险的领域,为永久基本农田政策提供了有价值的见解。总之,本研究从形态学角度丰富了永久基本农田的分析框架,有助于精确评估和量身定制优化策略。
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引用次数: 0
Ecosystem service demand and supply dynamics under different farming systems: A participatory GIS assessment in Malawi 不同耕作制度下的生态系统服务供需动态:马拉维参与式地理信息系统评估
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103372
Daniel Kpienbaareh , Rachel Bezner Kerr , Hanson Nyantakyi-Frimpong , Aaron Iverson , Isaac Luginaah , Esther Lupafya , Laifolo Dakishoni , Lizzie Shumba

The UN Sustainable Development Goals advocates providing training and technical assistance in developing and strengthening integrated monitoring systems to provide reliable forest resources and land use/change information needed for management planning. Several ecosystem service (ES) demand and supply assessments apply biophysical and econometric methods to evaluate ES use patterns. Decentralized participatory social assessments, however, incorporate farmers’ local knowledge and facilitate community-based management. Here, we assessed ES demand and supply in community forests using a participatory approach involving local farmers (N = 100) in Malawi. Indicators were collaboratively developed with stakeholders in intervention and control communities. We demonstrated that integrating local knowledge reveals nuances that biophysical and economic assessments may mask. ES demand outmatched supply in all study communities, as much as three times in some forests, but with variation from community to community. Demand for regulating services was higher in the intervention communities where agroecology is predominantly practiced, which farmers attributed to the knowledge about the role of forests in pollination and water and pest control on farm productivity. Differences in use patterns between communities with contrasting knowledge systems meant local knowledge influenced environmental behavior toward resource use. The study demonstrates the need for inclusive planning, assessment, and management of community forests.

联合国可持续发展目标提倡在开发和加强综合监测系统方面提供培训和技术援助,以提供管理规划所需的可靠的森林资源和土地使用/变化信息。一些生态系统服务 (ES) 需求和供应评估采用生物物理和计量经济学方法来评估 ES 的使用模式。然而,分散参与式社会评估结合了农民的当地知识,促进了以社区为基础的管理。在此,我们采用参与式方法评估了马拉维当地农民(N = 100)对社区森林中生态系统服务的需求和供应。指标是与干预社区和对照社区的利益相关者共同制定的。我们证明,结合当地知识可以揭示生物物理和经济评估可能掩盖的细微差别。在所有研究社区,环境服务的需求量都大于供应量,有些森林的需求量甚至是供应量的三倍,但各社区之间存在差异。在以生态农业为主的干预社区,对调节服务的需求较高,农民将其归因于对森林在授粉、水和病虫害控制方面对农业生产率所起作用的了解。知识体系不同的社区在使用模式上存在差异,这意味着当地知识影响着资源使用的环境行为。这项研究表明,有必要对社区森林进行全面规划、评估和管理。
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引用次数: 0
XAI in geographic analysis of innovation: Evaluating proximity factors in the innovation networks of Chinese technology companies through web-based data XAI 在创新地理分析中的应用:通过网络数据评估中国科技企业创新网络中的邻近因素
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103373
Chenxi Liu , Zhenghong Peng , Lingbo Liu , Hao Wu , Jan Kinne , Meng Cai , Shixuan Li

This research explores the nonlinear interactions among multidimensional proximities, including geographical, cognitive, organizational, institutional, social, and technological aspects, and their impact on innovation within networks of over three million technology firms in China. Utilizing an innovative combination of web-based hyperlink and textual data analysis, supplemented by patent information, we delve into how these proximity dimensions influence corporate innovation capabilities. Our methodology integrates text-based deep learning techniques and employs the XGBoost model along with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithm and partial dependence plots to uncover the nuanced effects of proximity on innovation. The findings reveal that while geographical distance often correlates with larger cognitive and organizational proximities, underdeveloped regions exhibit stronger technological, institutional, and social proximities compared to their developed counterparts. The study further identifies social structure and technological differences as pivotal factors impacting collaborative innovation, with both positive and negative effects fluctuating alongside changes in proximity dimensions. Notably, we uncover that geographical proximity has a pronounced boundary effect on innovation, highlighting the critical role of spatial considerations in the digital age of innovation networks. This research contributes to the understanding of urban innovation dynamics and offers valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners aiming to foster innovation ecosystems.

本研究探讨了多维接近性之间的非线性相互作用,包括地理、认知、组织、制度、社会和技术方面,以及它们对中国 300 多万家科技企业网络内创新的影响。利用基于网络的超链接和文本数据分析的创新组合,并辅以专利信息,我们深入研究了这些接近性维度如何影响企业创新能力。我们的研究方法整合了基于文本的深度学习技术,并采用 XGBoost 模型、SHAP 算法和部分依赖图来揭示邻近性对创新的细微影响。研究结果表明,虽然地理距离往往与较大的认知和组织邻近性相关,但与发达地区相比,欠发达地区在技术、制度和社会方面表现出更强的邻近性。研究进一步发现,社会结构和技术差异是影响合作创新的关键因素,其积极和消极影响随着距离维度的变化而波动。值得注意的是,我们发现地理邻近性对创新具有明显的边界效应,这凸显了空间因素在创新网络数字化时代的关键作用。这项研究有助于人们了解城市创新动态,并为旨在培育创新生态系统的政策制定者和城市规划者提供有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Mapping local suitability for STEM work-related experiential opportunities in Georgia 绘制佐治亚州科学、技术、工程和数学工作相关体验机会的地方适宜性地图
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103370
Jerry Shannon, Karen Webber, Amy Stich, Amanda Aragon, Marguerite Madden

Internships, job shadows, cooperative education programs, and other forms of experiential education can play a crucial role in students successfully transitioning from their undergraduate program to a career pathway. We collectively term these opportunities as work-related experiential activities (WREAs). While valuable, students’ access to these experiences can vary based on multiple factors, including their own socioeconomic background, access to social networks, university programs, and geographic context. Little research has been done on the last of these factors, and this paper helps fill this gap by developing a geospatial WREA opportunity index for STEM related opportunities, using census and point-of-interest data to identify census tracts with the greatest rate of WREA opportunity and attractive amenities for students. To do so, we draw on surveys and interviews across multiple college campuses in Georgia, both to identify desirable characteristics for students and to catalog the WREAs they have participated in. This index highlights disparities across college campuses, particularly between those located in metropolitan Atlanta compared to those in smaller cities in the state. This tool provides a way to quantify and visualize those differences in ways that can support investment in programs that help bridge opportunity gaps for students.

实习、工作见习、合作教育项目以及其他形式的体验式教育在学生从本科课程成功过渡到职业道路的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。我们把这些机会统称为与工作相关的体验活动(WREA)。虽然这些体验活动很有价值,但学生获得这些体验的机会可能因多种因素而异,包括他们自身的社会经济背景、社交网络、大学课程和地理环境。本文利用人口普查和兴趣点数据,为 STEM 相关机会制定了一个地理空间 WREA 机会指数,以确定哪些人口普查区的 WREA 机会率最高,以及哪些设施对学生最有吸引力,从而帮助填补这一空白。为此,我们对佐治亚州的多个大学校园进行了调查和访谈,以确定学生的理想特征,并对他们参与的 WREA 进行编目。该指数凸显了各大学校园之间的差距,尤其是位于亚特兰大大都会的大学校园与位于该州较小城市的大学校园之间的差距。该工具提供了一种量化和可视化这些差异的方法,可以支持对有助于缩小学生机会差距的计划进行投资。
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引用次数: 0
Towards a more compact urban form: A spatial-temporal study on the multi-dimensional compactness index of urban form in China 迈向更紧凑的城市形态:中国城市形态多维紧凑指数的时空研究
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103368
Xiaoxu Xing , Weihao Shi , Xiwei Wu , Yang Liu , Xiaoxi Wang , Yaojun Zhang

Compact urban forms are essential for sustainable development, while few studies developed multidimensional urban form compactness index at the national scale from the perspective of spatial-temporal data, limiting our understanding of urban compactness mechanisms. In this study, a multidimensional urban form compactness index was created for 296 cities in China, focusing on spatial topology, morphology, and dynamics, addressing a gap in national-scale analyses from spatial-temporal viewpoints. Key findings include: (i) In the last two decades, significant alterations have occurred in urban compactness, with cities witnessing enhancements from 2005 to 2020. There's a spatial evolution trend characterized by higher compactness in the southeast and lower in the northwest, advancing from northwest to southeast. (ii) Urban expansion elements generally undermine urban compactness, whereas agglomeration efficiency elements contribute positively. (iii) Over time, while urban expansion impacts have shown relative stability over the years, agglomeration efficiency indicators have undergone an N-shaped fluctuation. Spatially, factors associated with urban sprawl enhance compactness in western and northeastern China, while land use factors are particularly effective in the northeastern, western, and northern areas. The study emphasizes the importance of using multidimensional composite indicators for thorough understanding of urban form compactness, offering significant insights for future policy and urban management.

紧凑的城市形态对可持续发展至关重要,但很少有研究从时空数据的角度编制全国尺度的多维城市形态紧凑指数,这限制了我们对城市紧凑机制的理解。本研究从空间拓扑、形态和动态三个维度,建立了中国 296 个城市的多维城市形态紧凑指数,弥补了从时空角度进行全国尺度分析的空白。主要研究结果包括(i) 近 20 年来,城市紧凑度发生了显著变化,2005 年至 2020 年城市紧凑度均有所提高。城市紧凑度呈现出东南高西北低、由西北向东南推进的空间演化趋势。(ii) 城市扩张要素总体上削弱了城市紧凑性,而集聚效率要素则起到了积极作用。(iii) 从时间上看,多年来城市扩张的影响相对稳定,而集聚效率指标则经历了 N 型波动。从空间上看,与城市扩张相关的因素增强了中国西部和东北地区的紧凑性,而土地利用因素在东北、西部和北部地区尤为有效。该研究强调了使用多维综合指标深入理解城市形态紧凑性的重要性,为未来的政策和城市管理提供了重要启示。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring spatial non-stationarity of child labour and its related factors: A multiscale geographically weighted regression study of India 探索童工及其相关因素的空间非平稳性:印度多尺度地理加权回归研究
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103363
Tom Cunningham , Wendy Olsen , Nuno Pinto

The relationships between various factors and child labour have been explored in the literature but, despite findings that suggest the predictive factors of child labour can vary according to context, there has been little research that has used spatial methods of analysis or attempted to estimate local relationships between covariates and the prevalence of child labour. This paper seeks to address this knowledge gap by using geographically weighted regression (GWR) and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) models. Using India 2011 Census Data as a case study, the findings show that GWR and MGWR models both perform significantly better than a global regression model across the whole of India. The study also finds significant spatial non-stationarity in the relationships between child labour and its covariates, with the association between district-level child labour rates and both the Muslim population and the child sex ratio found to have opposite directions in different parts of the country. Using MGWR, it was also possible to demonstrate that different covariates interact with child labour at various spatial scales, suggesting that interventions aiming to address varying aspects of the child labour problem may need to be deployed at different administrative levels to maximise their efficacy.

文献中对各种因素与童工之间的关系进行了探讨,但尽管研究结果表明,童工的预测因素可能因环境而异,但很少有研究使用空间分析方法或试图估算协变量与童工发生率之间的地方关系。本文试图利用地理加权回归(GWR)和多尺度地理加权回归(MGWR)模型来填补这一知识空白。以印度 2011 年人口普查数据为例,研究结果表明,在印度全国范围内,GWR 和 MGWR 模型的表现均明显优于全局回归模型。研究还发现,童工与其协变量之间的关系存在明显的空间非平稳性,在印度不同地区,地区级童工率与穆斯林人口和儿童性别比之间的关系方向相反。通过使用 MGWR,还可以证明不同的协变量在不同的空间尺度上与童工现象相互影响,这表明旨在解决童工问题不同方面的干预措施可能需要在不同的行政级别上进行部署,以最大限度地发挥其功效。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the dose-response of landscape preference: A case study in Singapore 探索景观偏好的剂量反应:新加坡案例研究
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103357
Mingyu Zhao , Yatao Zhang

Despite pursuing greening initiatives, cities might experience excessive greenery at the neighborhood level. The intension of this research is to promote ecosystem services and avoid the mantle of so-called “green urbanism”. Hence, examining the dose-response relationship is essential to understanding the intricate interplay between residential greenery quantity and landscape preference. Drawing upon preference assessment data from multiple neighborhoods with 30 typical scenes (n = 147), we employ Kaplan's landscape preference matrix (KLPM) to quantify the spatial distribution of greenery and individuals' preference assessment from the perspectives of Mystery, Coherence, Legibility, and Complexity. Results from multiple and ridge regressions indicate that the dose-response curve follows a polynomial shape, with landscape preferences reaching a threshold as the NDVI value increased from 0.35 to 0.42. Beyond the threshold, the trend of landscape preference levels tapers off and eventually plateaus. Therefore, the conclusion of our cross-sectional experiment adequately reflects the threshold effect of landscape preference toward greenery quantity. Furthermore, the weight of Mystery, Coherence, and Legibility in KLPM all showed a positive strong correlation, but the dose-response relationship cannot be fully explained by Complexity. These results inform how designers can more effectively promote optimal doses of nearby nature to circumvent worldwide overheated "Garden City” initiatives.

尽管采取了绿化措施,但城市可能会在街区层面出现过度绿化的情况。本研究旨在促进生态系统服务,避免所谓的 "绿色城市主义"。因此,研究剂量-反应关系对于理解住宅绿化数量与景观偏好之间错综复杂的相互作用至关重要。根据多个社区 30 个典型场景(n = 147)的偏好评估数据,我们采用卡普兰景观偏好矩阵(KLPM),从神秘性、连贯性、可识别性和复杂性的角度量化了绿化的空间分布和个人的偏好评估。多元回归和山脊回归的结果表明,剂量-反应曲线呈多项式形状,当 NDVI 值从 0.35 增加到 0.42 时,景观偏好达到阈值。超过阈值后,景观偏好水平的趋势逐渐减弱,最终趋于平稳。因此,我们的横断面实验结论充分反映了景观偏好对绿量的阈值效应。此外,在 KLPM 中,神秘感、连贯性和可读性的权重都呈现出正相关的强相关性,但复杂性并不能完全解释这种剂量-反应关系。这些结果告诉我们,设计师如何才能更有效地促进附近自然的最佳剂量,以避免世界范围内过热的 "花园城市 "倡议。
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引用次数: 0
Geospatial modelling of housing rents from TOD using MGWR and implications on integrated transportation-land use planning 利用 MGWR 对来自 TOD 的住房租金进行地理空间建模,以及对综合交通-土地利用规划的影响
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103356
Shengfu Yang , Chen Peng , Shougeng Hu , Peng Zhang

Revealing the effect of transit-oriented development (TOD) on housing rents is critical for supporting transportation financing and sustainable urban development. However, existing research has not thoroughly examined the effects of land use type and TOD type on housing rents, crucially lacking geospatial modelling. This study investigates the spatial effect of TOD on housing rents using multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) and the relationship of land use type and TOD type to this effect. The results show that MGWR accurately quantifies the spatial effect. Meanwhile, the important TOD variables (integrated transit index, land use entropy, overall walkability) have positive effects on housing rents, which show spatial heterogeneity. Moreover, the premium effect of TOD station areas with a smaller proportion of residential and commercial land and a larger proportion of educational and cultural facilities is higher. Furthermore, in TOD station areas where transportation supply capacity is high but urban development is lagging, land use entropy and overall walkability have a strong influence on housing rents. Based on the study's results, we offer three recommendations for implementing TOD practices into integrated transportation and land use planning. This study renews our understanding of the outcomes of TOD both perspectively and methodologically.

揭示公交导向开发(TOD)对住房租金的影响对于支持交通融资和可持续城市发展至关重要。然而,现有研究并未深入研究土地利用类型和 TOD 类型对住房租金的影响,关键是缺乏地理空间模型。本研究利用多尺度地理加权回归(MGWR)研究了 TOD 对住房租金的空间影响,以及土地利用类型和 TOD 类型与这种影响的关系。结果表明,MGWR 准确地量化了空间效应。同时,重要的 TOD 变量(综合交通指数、土地利用熵、总体步行能力)对住房租金有正向影响,显示出空间异质性。此外,居住和商业用地比例较小、教育和文化设施比例较大的 TOD 站点区的溢价效应更高。此外,在交通供给能力较强但城市发展滞后的 TOD 站点区域,土地利用熵和整体步行能力对住房租金的影响较大。根据研究结果,我们为在综合交通和土地利用规划中实施 TOD 实践提出了三点建议。这项研究从视角和方法两方面更新了我们对 TOD 成果的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling the daily rhythm of urban space: Exploring the influence of built environment on spatiotemporal mobility patterns 揭示城市空间的日常节奏:探索建筑环境对时空流动模式的影响
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103366
Cansu Güller , Cigdem Varol

Urban mobility research is crucial due to the complex and dynamic nature of cities. Traditional zoning methods often overlook the temporal dynamics of urban space usage. This paper aims to investigate the daily rhythm of urban space usage and how built environmental features affect spatiotemporal mobility. The methodology integrates various urban data sources, including street and building vectors and points of interest (POI). In Ankara, Türkiye, temporal usage types were identified using principle component analysis and k-means algorithms via Google Maps location-based service data. Multinomial logistic regression model was used to examine the impact of built-environment factors on daily mobility patterns. Results reveal distinct daily usage rhythms, categorizing busy areas into morning, noon, early evening, late evening, diurnal, and nocturnal zones. The study finds: (1) temporal usage is closely associated with spatial characteristics and resident income; (2) work-related activities drive morning mobility, while nighttime mobility relates to residence, income, and accessibility; and (3) population density alone does not guarantee continuous activities; diverse POIs alongside high density are crucial. The identified relationship between mobility measures and urban built environment indicators provides a comprehensive understanding of spatiotemporal variations, offering insights for critical policy evaluations and proposals for the future of urban areas.

由于城市的复杂性和动态性,城市交通研究至关重要。传统的分区方法往往忽视了城市空间使用的时间动态。本文旨在研究城市空间使用的日常节奏以及建筑环境特征如何影响时空流动性。该方法整合了各种城市数据源,包括街道和建筑矢量以及兴趣点(POI)。在土耳其安卡拉,通过谷歌地图基于位置的服务数据,使用原理成分分析和 k-means 算法确定了时空使用类型。多项式逻辑回归模型用于研究建筑环境因素对日常移动模式的影响。结果显示了不同的日常使用节奏,将繁忙区域划分为早晨、中午、傍晚、深夜、昼夜和夜间区域。研究发现:(1) 时间上的使用与空间特征和居民收入密切相关;(2) 与工作相关的活动推动了早晨的流动,而夜间的流动则与居住地、收入和交通便利性有关;(3) 仅靠人口密度并不能保证持续的活动;在高密度的同时,多样化的 POI 也至关重要。流动性衡量指标与城市建筑环境指标之间的关系为我们提供了对时空变化的全面理解,为重要的政策评估和未来城市地区的建议提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Regional fiscal disparities in Chinese cities: Revenue-expenditure perspective 中国城市的地区财政差距:收入-支出视角
IF 4 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2024.103362
Yan Yan , Canfei He , Tao Liu , Haoyan Yang

This study takes China, which is going through severe and unbalanced fiscal pressure, as the research object, using the Need-Capacity Gap method to evaluate the fiscal condition of 284 Chinese regions at prefecture level and above in 2000, 2010, and 2020, and further analyzes the changes in the fiscal disparities. The fiscal disparities of Chinese prefectures have generally shown a differentiation trend in the past 20 years, which is manifested in the continuous optimization of the areas with good fiscal conditions and the deterioration of the areas with poor fiscal conditions. The differentiation of regional fiscal conditions not only exists at the national level, but is also prevalent between and within different regions, between and within prefectures of different administrative class, and between and within prefectures of different urbanization levels. Differences in revenue raising capacity are the main driver of fiscal divergence, and the contribution of revenues to fiscal disparities has been increasing over time. Finally, the study provides a discussion on the relationship between fiscal disparities and regional inequality and the role of transfers in reducing fiscal disparities.

本研究以财政压力严重失衡的中国为研究对象,运用需求-能力差距法对 2000 年、2010 年和 2020 年中国 284 个地级及以上地区的财政状况进行了评价,并进一步分析了财政差距的变化。近 20 年来,中国地级财政差距总体呈现分化趋势,表现为财政状况好的地区不断优化,财政状况差的地区不断恶化。地区财政状况的分化不仅存在于全国范围内,还普遍存在于不同地区之间和地区内部、不同行政级别的县之间和县内部、不同城市化水平的县之间和县内部。财政收入能力的差异是财政差异的主要驱动因素,而且随着时间的推移,财政收入对财政差异的贡献越来越大。最后,本研究讨论了财政差距与地区不平等之间的关系,以及转移支付在缩小财政差距方面的作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Applied Geography
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