Children and Youth Services Review最新文献

{"title":"Technoference unplugged: Age, gender, and the disruption of adolescent well-being","authors":"Tayyaba Ali ,&nbsp;Sidra Iqbal ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zubair","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Guided by developmental autonomy and gender socialization frameworks, this study examines how age and gender are associated with parental and adolescent technoference and adolescent behavioral outcomes, tests their predictive contribution to technoference controlling for covariates, and assesses their moderating role in the associations between technoference and behavioral outcomes, offering a theoretically grounded perspective on demographic influences on adolescent adjustment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods/Analysis</h3><div>Data were collected from 450 adolescents (232 girls, 218 boys; aged 11–17 years) across private and public schools. Technoference was assessed with the Technoference Scale, and behavioral outcomes with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Analyses involved correlations, hierarchical regressions (controlling for socioeconomic status and device use), and PROCESS moderation tests for age and gender.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Age was positively associated with adolescent technoference, while gender exhibited no significant direct effect. Neither age nor gender predicted parental or adolescent technoference after adjusting for covariates. Gender moderated the impact of parental technoference on adolescent technoference and adolescent behavioral outcomes (internalizing, externalizing, prosocial). Age moderated the parental technoference → prosocial behavior link, and gender moderated the associations between adolescent technoference and internalizing and externalizing behaviors.</div></div><div><h3>Novelty</h3><div>Understanding technoference is challenging due to the differential roles of age and gender in adolescents’ behavioral outcomes. This study offers a novel integrated framework that demonstrates how gender moderates’ associations between parental and adolescent technoference and behavioral outcomes, while age uniquely moderates the parental technoference → prosocial behavior association. Findings advance Developmental Autonomy theory by underscoring age-linked prosocial vulnerability and extend Gender Socialization theory by demonstrating gendered behavioral patterns, providing insights that can inform theory and culturally sensitive interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108750"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying the general strain theoretical framework to exploring the associations between adverse childhood experiences and problematic Internet use","authors":"Wen-Hsu Lin ,&nbsp;Hui-Ker Su ,&nbsp;Chi Chiao","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Previous studies revealed the detrimental effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on later health. However, the limited studies explored the relationship between ACEs during adolescence and subsequent problematic Internet use (PIU), with a focus on possible mediating and moderating roles of loneliness and education attainment. Built upon General Strain Theory, we hypothesized ACEs as strains directly related to deviant coping, namely PIU, and indirectly through negative emotion, namely loneliness. In addition, this relationship may be varied by conditioning effect, namely different educational attainment.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Data were obtained from the Taiwan Youth Project, a 17-year longitudinal study (2000–2017), which followed two cohorts of adolescents (7th and 9th graders) from Northern Taiwan annually (N = 1964). ACEs were measured using ten items during early adolescence, which included essential facets such as abuse and neglect. PIU was assessed using a 5-item version of the Chen Internet Addiction Scale during young adulthood. Adult’s loneliness was assessed using the 6-item de Jong-Gierveld short scale. A generalized structural equation model was employed under Stata 16.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that young adults who had experienced ACEs were more likely to suffer from PIU (AOR = 1.14, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), and they were more likely to report emotional loneliness, which, in turn, increased the risk of PIU (AOR = 1.19, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Education stratification indicated that significant associations were only found for those who graduated from a private college.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results suggest that exploring the association between ACE and PIU needed to be emotionally sensitive and context-appropriate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108743"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal attribution of poverty and social isolation among the Korean youth: the mediating effect of relative deprivation","authors":"Soo-Bi Lee ,&nbsp;Jae-Kyoung Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the relationship between young adults’ perception of poverty and social isolation, with a particular focus on the mediating role of relative deprivation. Drawing on survey data from 521 individuals aged 19 to 39 in South Korea, this study employed cross-sectional regression analysis using PROCESS Macro Model 4 and bootstrapping methods to test the significance of mediation effects. The findings indicate that subjective perceptions of poverty, defined as attributing poverty to personal failings such as lack of effort or misfortune, do not directly influence social isolation. However, these perceptions were indirectly associated with isolation through their relationship with relative deprivation, which was in turn positively associated with social isolation. These results suggest that youth isolation should not be addressed solely through individual efforts or motivation. Instead, policies and psychosocial interventions should target the cognitive and emotional mechanisms underlying poverty perceptions and relative deprivation. By highlighting the cross-sectional associations among multidimensional inequality perceptions, social comparison, and social isolation, this study underscores the need for youth welfare policies that incorporate the perceptual and structural dimensions of poverty.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108787"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective factors in unaccompanied foreign minors: a qualitative study from a neuroeducational professional perspective","authors":"Sara Arenas-Carranza,&nbsp;Jorge Expósito-López,&nbsp;Eva María Olmedo-Moreno","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increase in Unaccompanied Foreign Minors (UFMs) across Mediterranean countries has heightened the need to understand the emotional, cognitive, and developmental challenges associated with their migratory trajectories. These challenges—linked to trauma, affective deprivation, stimulation deficits, and inconsistent care systems—shape their adjustment and learning processes in the host country. This study aims to identify the main consequences of these experiences and the protective factors that best support UFMs’ development. An interpretative qualitative design was employed through a collective case study based on in-depth interviews with fourteen professionals from diverse roles and institutional contexts in Spain and Italy. Data were analysed using an inductive–deductive coding strategy in MAXQDA, supported by expert validation, member checking, triangulation, and a multi-layered reliability protocol. The findings highlight the central role of stable, supportive relationships and affective co-regulation in promoting recovery and facilitating adaptation. Other protective elements include early cognitive and linguistic stimulation, culturally sensitive practices, restorative institutional environments, and structured accompaniment during the transition to adulthood. In contrast, stimulation deficits, family pressure, and inadequately structured systems intensify vulnerability. Overall, the results underscore the need to rethink current intervention models through a trauma-aware perspective that strengthens emotional support, learning conditions, and early guidance to promote more sustainable inclusion trajectories for UFMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108748"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Best practice vs. reality: An exploratory study of communication dynamics during forensic dental and medical examinations in child abuse investigations","authors":"Hayley Manalang Ko ,&nbsp;Gunn Astrid Baugerud ,&nbsp;Miriam S. Johnson ,&nbsp;Unni-Mette Stamnes Köpp ,&nbsp;Ewa A. Szyszko Hovden","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forensic health examinations are a routine part of child abuse investigations, yet healthcare professionals may lack the skills required to communicate effectively with victims. Best practice interviewing techniques have been adopted in various professions, yet they have not been widely implemented among healthcare professionals. Little is known about the communication dynamics during forensic health examinations in relation to best practice interviewing principles. Participants included nine youths (aged 13–16) and eight healthcare professionals involved in forensic dental and medical examinations carried out as part of child abuse investigations. Using a hybrid content analysis approach supplemented by inductive coding, healthcare professionals’ utterances were coded to identify the use of open-ended or closed-ended statements. Children’s responses were categorised as descriptive, “don’t know,” or yes/no. The length of each utterance or response was measured by word count. Preliminary revealed that healthcare professionals primarily used option-posing utterances, while invitations were used in only 0.6% of cases. Conversations also lacked a clear structure, with key components such as introductory statements and ground rules inconsistently applied. This study highlights the need to establish best practice interviewing techniques tailored for healthcare settings. Given their crucial role in child abuse investigations, healthcare professionals should receive training in evidence-based communication strategies. Implementing structured interviewing protocols in medical and dental contexts could improve information gathering while ensuring child-centred, ethical, and supportive interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108786"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mentalization and externalizing behavior from early adolescence to young adulthood: A meta-analysis","authors":"Renée E. Klein Schaarsberg ,&nbsp;Johanneke van Agten ,&nbsp;Demi de Jong ,&nbsp;Sterre L. van Haeringen ,&nbsp;Levi van Dam ,&nbsp;Janneke P.C. Staaks ,&nbsp;Geert-Jan J.M. Stams ,&nbsp;Ramón J.L. Lindauer ,&nbsp;Arne Popma","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mentalization is assumed to play a role in healthy youth development, particularly in the domain of social functioning. If compromised, difficulties in social functioning are likely to occur, potentially leading to externalizing behavior. To review the existing empirical research on the association between mentalization (problems) and externalizing behavior in youth, we conducted a <em>meta</em>-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A three-level <em>meta</em>-analysis was conducted, accounting for both within and between study heterogeneity of effect sizes, using Pearson’s <em>r</em> as a measure for the association between mentalization and externalizing behavior. Study (e.g., impact factor and region), sample (e.g., age and type of sample), mentalization (e.g., type of assessment), and outcome characteristics (e.g., type of externalizing behavior) were used to examine potential moderating effects.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The <em>meta</em>-analysis contained 27 reports of 25 independent studies, reporting on 130 effect sizes, and a total sample of 7301 subjects. A significant and small overall correlation between mentalization and externalizing behavior was found (<em>r</em> = 0.11), indicating that stronger developed mentalization capacities were associated with less externalizing behavior problems. Moderator analyses revealed a significant effect for sex and type and assessment of mentalization (problems).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings show that mentalization is both a possible protective and risk factor for externalizing behavior. The enhancement of mentalization in adolescence could be a target in interventions to mitigate externalizing behavior problems. Furthermore, we argue that the assessment of mentalization needs particular attention in future research, allowing us to unravel the relation between mentalization (problems) and externalizing behavior in more detail, providing more opportunities for individualized treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108765"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multisystemic therapy across Europe: Implementation and evolution","authors":"Simone Fox ,&nbsp;Annemarieke Blankestein ,&nbsp;Cathy James ,&nbsp;Tom Jefford ,&nbsp;Femke Kuijpers ,&nbsp;Aurelie Lange ,&nbsp;Terje Ogden ,&nbsp;Knut Taraldsen ,&nbsp;Emma Ulfsdotter Ljunggren","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is a community-based, family intervention for young people with complex social, clinical and educational problems such as aggression, antisocial behaviour or substance misuse. Since the first efficacy trial (Henggeler et al., 1986) and subsequent implementation of MST, the treatment has been expanded globally. There are now more than 600 MST programmes across 15 countries worldwide, including 10 European countries. This article reviews the MST journey in Europe, regarding its implementation, research and adaptation. The difference between the US emphasis on fidelity of implementation and the more flexible need-responsive approach taken in Europe is discussed, together with the implementation challenges related to cultural and contextual differences. We provide a reflection on the related research challenges and differences found in trial results between the US and Europe. The article highlights the way Europe has responded to societal needs by developing more tailored and adapted programmes and the subsequent implications for research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108788"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships Between Peer Bullying, Short Video Addiction, Sleep Deprivation, and Life Satisfaction in School-Aged Children","authors":"Mehtap Metin Karaaslan ,&nbsp;Kübra Berber","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to examine the complex relationships among peer bullying, short video addiction, sleep deprivation, and life satisfaction in school-age children aged 10–12 years. It further explored the mediating roles of short video addiction and sleep in these associations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional design was adopted with a sample of 854 students selected via simple random sampling from public middle schools. Data were collected using validated scales and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and bootstrapping techniques. Model fit indices and indirect effects were tested.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Victimization significantly predicted short video addiction (β = 0.148), which in turn predicted higher sleep deprivation (β = 0.475). Sleep deprivation negatively affected life satisfaction (β =  − 0.297). Notably, short video addiction had an indirect effect on life satisfaction mediated by sleep deprivation (β =  − 0.141). The model demonstrated acceptable fit (RMSEA = 0.047; CFI = 0.879).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings reveal a multi-layered pathway where peer victimization indirectly reduces life satisfaction through digital behavioral patterns and sleep disruptions. This study provides one of the first empirical models integrating these psychosocial variables in children.</div><div><strong>Implications:</strong> Interventions targeting short video addiction and sleep regulation may enhance children’s life satisfaction. Findings also validate the Life Satisfaction Scale for use in the 10–12 age group.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108746"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145898049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to ensuring child participation in the daily practice of Lithuanian child welfare professionals","authors":"Ilona Tamutienė ,&nbsp;Vytautas Kirka","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studies on child participation reveal a significant gap between the declaration of child participation in their own protection and provision processes and the reality of such participation. Reviews of children’s experiences indicate a tendency for children to be ignored or to be engaged merely symbolically. Without meaningful child participation, there is a greater likelihood of overestimating or underestimating violence, misidentifying children’s needs, and selecting protection and provision measures that are not effective enough. It is therefore essential to investigate the factors that prevent meaningful child participation. The views of professionals who decide whether and how to involve children in decision-making, and the obstacles they encounter in achieving child participation in protection and provision processes, are fundamental. This article aims to analyse the obstacles to ensuring child participation based on the everyday experiences of child welfare professionals. To achieve this goal, the following objectives have been set: (1) to identify obstacles to child participation related to the attitudes of street-level bureaucrats towards child participation; (2) to identify obstacles to child participation related to social, organisational, and institutional factors in child protection; and (3) to provide recommendations on how to improve the quality of child participation in child protection and provision processes. The study is based on theoretical approaches of street-level bureaucrats and meaningful child participation. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with child welfare professionals were used to collect empirical data. Sixteen child welfare specialists participated in the study, conducted from November to December 2022. Data analysis identified obstacles that significantly limit the child participation in the child protection process. These include the paternalistic and protectionist approaches of professionals towards children, the influence of their parents (prohibiting communication with specialists, failure to create a safe environment, manipulation of the child’s opinion), lack of specialist competence and measures to facilitate child participation, as well as time constraints and heavy workloads. In practice, the interaction of these obstacles creates conditions for children to be ignored or for their participation to be tokenistic. The article provides conclusions and recommendations for removing the identified barriers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108770"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parent group facilitators’ reflections on accessibility of in-person and videoconference meetings","authors":"Cristina A. Granda","doi":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.108768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the COVID-19 pandemic, facilitators of preexisting parent groups (including support groups, parent education, and playgroups) quickly shifted meetings from in-person (IP) to videoconference (VC) format. This study explores facilitators’ perceptions of each meeting format’s affordances and/or constraints on accessibility. Such perspectives are pertinent as organizations decide how to provide services to families with young children, a population at higher risk for contagious viruses. Ten facilitators of parent groups for families of children prenatal to 5 years old engaged in one of four 90-minute VC focus groups to share experiences facilitating VC parent group meetings. Facilitators from organizations providing basic needs services saw IP meetings affording parents greater accessibility due to the interactions or services offered to recruit parents (e.g., providing meals, diapers, connection to resources, etc.). They felt that difficulties with virtual participation made VC parent group meetings less accessible for parents. Yet, other facilitators experienced in VC believed that VC meetings improved parent accessibility by eliminating travel and geographic barriers. They saw IP meetings as restrictive for parents with issues commuting, getting out of the house with their children or maintaining health and safety boundaries. For all facilitators, VC meetings were shorter, more frequent, and offered at a wider variety of times than IP, which some facilitators believed improved accessibility. No facilitators considered IP or VC meetings as the sole format to address all parents’ accessibility needs. These nuanced findings imply a need to identify both the subcomponents of accessibility to programming as well as the heterogeneous accessibility needs of participants and staff.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48428,"journal":{"name":"Children and Youth Services Review","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 108768"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}