Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.1177/10422587221128269
N. Thompson, Orla Byrne, D. Dimov
This article aims to further the rigor and relevance discussion in entrepreneurship studies. It argues that tensions arise due to an adherence to a rigor-as-correspondence perspective, which can be addressed through the advancement of a rigor-as-performativity perspective. Entrepreneurship concepts are tools used to define, represent, and explain entrepreneurial experience, yet how these tools hook onto the world is a question of performance and application rather than unambiguous correspondence. We advocate for a view of rigor and relevance that appreciates the torch-like features of concepts—how they help entrepreneurs deal with the world so that they may fulfil their intentions—whilst retaining an understanding that the future is unknowable and change a constant.
{"title":"Concepts as Mirrors and Torches: Rigor and Relevance as Scholarly Performativity","authors":"N. Thompson, Orla Byrne, D. Dimov","doi":"10.1177/10422587221128269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221128269","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to further the rigor and relevance discussion in entrepreneurship studies. It argues that tensions arise due to an adherence to a rigor-as-correspondence perspective, which can be addressed through the advancement of a rigor-as-performativity perspective. Entrepreneurship concepts are tools used to define, represent, and explain entrepreneurial experience, yet how these tools hook onto the world is a question of performance and application rather than unambiguous correspondence. We advocate for a view of rigor and relevance that appreciates the torch-like features of concepts—how they help entrepreneurs deal with the world so that they may fulfil their intentions—whilst retaining an understanding that the future is unknowable and change a constant.","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"63 1","pages":"2155 - 2173"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91032628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-14DOI: 10.1177/10422587221126486
Boris N. Nikolaev, Michael P. Lerman, C. Boudreaux, Brandon A. Mueller
An emerging body of research has documented that self-employed people are more likely to report higher levels of eudaimonic well-being (EWB; e.g., autonomy, competence, meaning) than their employed counterparts. In this paper, we examine why the self-employed perceive their lives as psychologically more fulfilling even though they face more complex and competing occupational demands that can expose them to more stressors. Specifically, we hypothesize that the self-employed are more likely to engage in problem-focused coping—productive and proactive behaviors and thoughts aimed to help them overcome challenges (e.g., planning and active coping)—and less likely to engage in emotion-focused coping—behaviors and thoughts to merely make them feel better (e.g., venting and denial)—which, in turn, can promote higher levels of EWB. Using data from Waves 2 and 3 of the National Study of Midlife in Development in the United States, we find supportive evidence for our theory. More importantly, we show that the well-being benefits from self-employment accrue almost entirely because the self-employed are more likely to use problem-focused coping as opposed to emotion-focused coping. In a series of robustness tests, including random-effects models, matching estimators, and twin and sibling fixed-effects, we further demonstrate the relevance of coping as a key explanatory mechanism in the relationship between self-employment and EWB.
{"title":"Self-Employment and Eudaimonic Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Problem- and Emotion-Focused Coping","authors":"Boris N. Nikolaev, Michael P. Lerman, C. Boudreaux, Brandon A. Mueller","doi":"10.1177/10422587221126486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221126486","url":null,"abstract":"An emerging body of research has documented that self-employed people are more likely to report higher levels of eudaimonic well-being (EWB; e.g., autonomy, competence, meaning) than their employed counterparts. In this paper, we examine why the self-employed perceive their lives as psychologically more fulfilling even though they face more complex and competing occupational demands that can expose them to more stressors. Specifically, we hypothesize that the self-employed are more likely to engage in problem-focused coping—productive and proactive behaviors and thoughts aimed to help them overcome challenges (e.g., planning and active coping)—and less likely to engage in emotion-focused coping—behaviors and thoughts to merely make them feel better (e.g., venting and denial)—which, in turn, can promote higher levels of EWB. Using data from Waves 2 and 3 of the National Study of Midlife in Development in the United States, we find supportive evidence for our theory. More importantly, we show that the well-being benefits from self-employment accrue almost entirely because the self-employed are more likely to use problem-focused coping as opposed to emotion-focused coping. In a series of robustness tests, including random-effects models, matching estimators, and twin and sibling fixed-effects, we further demonstrate the relevance of coping as a key explanatory mechanism in the relationship between self-employment and EWB.","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"47 1","pages":"2121 - 2154"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85073825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research indicates that investors rely on various criteria to evaluate early-stage companies. However, past research in this area has focused on subsets of factors and does not distinguish between the predictors and causal determinants of start-up valuation. In our study, we applied machine learning and causal discovery to analyze a comprehensive dataset with 57 independent variables and 2,366 valuations of start-ups in the United Kingdom. The results show a strong relationship between good predictors and causal determinants of valuation. However, noncausal variables may still be useful for prediction, and inversely, some observed causes may not help in the prediction task.
{"title":"Assessing the Factors Related to a Start-Up’s Valuation Using Prediction and Causal Discovery","authors":"Mariia Garkavenko, Tatiana Beliaeva, Éric Gaussier, Hamid Mirisaee, Cédric Lagnier, Agnès Guerraz","doi":"10.1177/10422587221121291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221121291","url":null,"abstract":"Research indicates that investors rely on various criteria to evaluate early-stage companies. However, past research in this area has focused on subsets of factors and does not distinguish between the predictors and causal determinants of start-up valuation. In our study, we applied machine learning and causal discovery to analyze a comprehensive dataset with 57 independent variables and 2,366 valuations of start-ups in the United Kingdom. The results show a strong relationship between good predictors and causal determinants of valuation. However, noncausal variables may still be useful for prediction, and inversely, some observed causes may not help in the prediction task.","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"1 1","pages":"2017 - 2044"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88824010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-14DOI: 10.1177/10422587221120206
Russell E. Browder, Stella K. Seyb, Angela L Forgues, H. Aldrich
The enormous scale of suffering, breadth of societal impact, and ongoing uncertainty wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic introduced dynamics seldom examined in the crisis entrepreneurship literature. Previous research indicates that when a crisis causes a failure of public goods, spontaneous citizen ventures often emerge to leverage unique local knowledge to rapidly customize abundant external resources to meet immediate needs. However, as outsiders, emergent citizen groups responding to the dire shortage of personal protective equipment at the onset of COVID-19 lacked local knowledge and legitimacy. In this study, we examine how entrepreneurial citizens mobilized collective resources in attempts to gain acceptance and meet local needs amid the urgency of the pandemic. Through longitudinal case studies of citizen groups connected to makerspaces in four U.S. cities, we study how they adapted to address the resource and legitimacy limitations they encountered. We identify three mechanisms—augmenting, circumventing, and attenuating—that helped transient citizen groups calibrate their resource mobilization based on what they learned over time. We highlight how extreme temporality imposes limits on resourcefulness and legitimation, making it critical for collective entrepreneurs to learn when to work within their limitations rather than try to overcome them.
{"title":"Pandemic Makers: How Citizen Groups Mobilized Resources to Meet Local Needs in a Global Health Crisis","authors":"Russell E. Browder, Stella K. Seyb, Angela L Forgues, H. Aldrich","doi":"10.1177/10422587221120206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221120206","url":null,"abstract":"The enormous scale of suffering, breadth of societal impact, and ongoing uncertainty wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic introduced dynamics seldom examined in the crisis entrepreneurship literature. Previous research indicates that when a crisis causes a failure of public goods, spontaneous citizen ventures often emerge to leverage unique local knowledge to rapidly customize abundant external resources to meet immediate needs. However, as outsiders, emergent citizen groups responding to the dire shortage of personal protective equipment at the onset of COVID-19 lacked local knowledge and legitimacy. In this study, we examine how entrepreneurial citizens mobilized collective resources in attempts to gain acceptance and meet local needs amid the urgency of the pandemic. Through longitudinal case studies of citizen groups connected to makerspaces in four U.S. cities, we study how they adapted to address the resource and legitimacy limitations they encountered. We identify three mechanisms—augmenting, circumventing, and attenuating—that helped transient citizen groups calibrate their resource mobilization based on what they learned over time. We highlight how extreme temporality imposes limits on resourcefulness and legitimation, making it critical for collective entrepreneurs to learn when to work within their limitations rather than try to overcome them.","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"20 1","pages":"964 - 997"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72733390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-11DOI: 10.1177/10422587221118062
Alexandra Bertschi-Michel, Philipp Sieger, Thomas Wittig, Andreas Hack
A critical yet unanswered question for family-owned firms in a survival-threatening crisis is which turnaround moves to employ and for what reasons. Building on noneconomic goals associated with family ownership and related socioemotional wealth (SEW) considerations, we theorize that the higher the degree of family ownership, the more likely family owners are to sacrifice normative SEW dimensions and to protect instrumental SEW dimensions. This then affects which operational, portfolio, financial, and managerial turnaround moves are likely to be employed, and ultimately, the odds of insolvency. Analyzing a unique sample of responses from 209 bank turnaround managers generally confirms our theorizing.
{"title":"Sacrifice, Protect, and Hope for the Best: Family Ownership, Turnaround Moves, and Crisis Survival","authors":"Alexandra Bertschi-Michel, Philipp Sieger, Thomas Wittig, Andreas Hack","doi":"10.1177/10422587221118062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221118062","url":null,"abstract":"A critical yet unanswered question for family-owned firms in a survival-threatening crisis is which turnaround moves to employ and for what reasons. Building on noneconomic goals associated with family ownership and related socioemotional wealth (SEW) considerations, we theorize that the higher the degree of family ownership, the more likely family owners are to sacrifice normative SEW dimensions and to protect instrumental SEW dimensions. This then affects which operational, portfolio, financial, and managerial turnaround moves are likely to be employed, and ultimately, the odds of insolvency. Analyzing a unique sample of responses from 209 bank turnaround managers generally confirms our theorizing.","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"8 1","pages":"1132 - 1168"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75368695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.1177/10422587221127000
Mojca Svetek
Building on social-psychological insights into social perception and judgment and empirical findings from the entrepreneurship literature, we propose that early-stage equity investors look at two main dimensions to assess entrepreneurs seeking early-stage financing: competence and cooperativeness. In all, 84 angel investors and venture capitalists active in Europe participated in a conjoint experiment. The results show that investors prioritize entrepreneurs’ competence over their cooperativeness. Entrepreneurs’ competence is even more appealing to investors when combined with coachability. We find that entrepreneurs can compensate for a lack of experience by demonstrating solid market knowledge and appearing to be coachable. Furthermore, the results suggest that investors differ in their consideration of entrepreneurs’ cooperativeness, but not competence, when making investment decisions—a finding that is conditional on investors’ usual level of involvement in their portfolio ventures. We discuss these findings from a theoretical and practical perspective.
{"title":"The Role of Entrepreneurs’ Perceived Competence and Cooperativeness in Early-Stage Financing","authors":"Mojca Svetek","doi":"10.1177/10422587221127000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221127000","url":null,"abstract":"Building on social-psychological insights into social perception and judgment and empirical findings from the entrepreneurship literature, we propose that early-stage equity investors look at two main dimensions to assess entrepreneurs seeking early-stage financing: competence and cooperativeness. In all, 84 angel investors and venture capitalists active in Europe participated in a conjoint experiment. The results show that investors prioritize entrepreneurs’ competence over their cooperativeness. Entrepreneurs’ competence is even more appealing to investors when combined with coachability. We find that entrepreneurs can compensate for a lack of experience by demonstrating solid market knowledge and appearing to be coachable. Furthermore, the results suggest that investors differ in their consideration of entrepreneurs’ cooperativeness, but not competence, when making investment decisions—a finding that is conditional on investors’ usual level of involvement in their portfolio ventures. We discuss these findings from a theoretical and practical perspective.","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"25 1","pages":"2047 - 2076"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78245922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.1177/10422587221126493
M. Markowska, Helene Ahl, L. Naldi
This article explores why an increasing number of Swedish mothers are becoming entrepreneurs; this choice appears counterintuitive given the prevailing social welfare system prioritizes the rights of employed women. Using an interpretative stance, we analyzed the life stories of 18 Swedish mothers who created new ventures while caring for young children. The value of the time afforded by parental leave policies was identified as vital to the business creation process. Hence, we argue that time is a critical entrepreneurship-relevant resource; this is illustrated by the positive effect of the Swedish welfare system upon entrepreneurship entry and the timing of this decision.
{"title":"Timeout: The Role of Family-Friendly Policies in Business Start-Up Among Mothers","authors":"M. Markowska, Helene Ahl, L. Naldi","doi":"10.1177/10422587221126493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221126493","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores why an increasing number of Swedish mothers are becoming entrepreneurs; this choice appears counterintuitive given the prevailing social welfare system prioritizes the rights of employed women. Using an interpretative stance, we analyzed the life stories of 18 Swedish mothers who created new ventures while caring for young children. The value of the time afforded by parental leave policies was identified as vital to the business creation process. Hence, we argue that time is a critical entrepreneurship-relevant resource; this is illustrated by the positive effect of the Swedish welfare system upon entrepreneurship entry and the timing of this decision.","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"8 1","pages":"1169 - 1199"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83377597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.1177/10422587221128270
Haiyan Li, S. Ozdemir, Peter A. Heslin
Why do some potential entrepreneurs promptly engage in entrepreneurial behavior while others do not pursue their entrepreneurial intentions or delay acting? This study investigated whether potential entrepreneurs’ mindset shapes engaging in entrepreneurial behavior and the time until they do so. Over a 16-month period, holding more of a growth (vs. fixed) mindset positively predicted taking various entrepreneurial actions and doing so sooner. Interestingly, these effects vanished when individuals faced a less challenging context for entrepreneurship. Post-hoc exploratory analyses revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic magnified the impact of mindsets on entrepreneurial behavior. These findings pave the way for preliminary research on the viability of growth mindset interventions for fostering entrepreneurial behavior.
{"title":"Merely Folklore? The Role of a Growth Mindset in the Taking and Timing of Entrepreneurial Actions","authors":"Haiyan Li, S. Ozdemir, Peter A. Heslin","doi":"10.1177/10422587221128270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221128270","url":null,"abstract":"Why do some potential entrepreneurs promptly engage in entrepreneurial behavior while others do not pursue their entrepreneurial intentions or delay acting? This study investigated whether potential entrepreneurs’ mindset shapes engaging in entrepreneurial behavior and the time until they do so. Over a 16-month period, holding more of a growth (vs. fixed) mindset positively predicted taking various entrepreneurial actions and doing so sooner. Interestingly, these effects vanished when individuals faced a less challenging context for entrepreneurship. Post-hoc exploratory analyses revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic magnified the impact of mindsets on entrepreneurial behavior. These findings pave the way for preliminary research on the viability of growth mindset interventions for fostering entrepreneurial behavior.","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"9 1","pages":"2077 - 2120"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85638285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-03DOI: 10.1177/10422587221121290
A. Rossi, Tom Vanacker, S. Vismara
Little is known about what happens after an unsuccessful equity crowdfunding campaign. Taking a socioemotional wealth perspective, we hypothesize that family business start-ups are more likely to eventually still raise equity financing relative to nonfamily business start-ups. Moreover, while family business start-ups are initially less likely to provide voting rights, we hypothesize that they are more likely to offer shares with voting rights after an unsuccessful campaign. Using data on the UK equity crowdfunding market, we find support for our hypotheses. This study adds novel insights into the nexus between equity crowdfunding and family business literature.
{"title":"Unsuccessful Equity Crowdfunding Offerings and the Persistence in Equity Fundraising of Family Business Start-Ups","authors":"A. Rossi, Tom Vanacker, S. Vismara","doi":"10.1177/10422587221121290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221121290","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about what happens after an unsuccessful equity crowdfunding campaign. Taking a socioemotional wealth perspective, we hypothesize that family business start-ups are more likely to eventually still raise equity financing relative to nonfamily business start-ups. Moreover, while family business start-ups are initially less likely to provide voting rights, we hypothesize that they are more likely to offer shares with voting rights after an unsuccessful campaign. Using data on the UK equity crowdfunding market, we find support for our hypotheses. This study adds novel insights into the nexus between equity crowdfunding and family business literature.","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"38 2","pages":"1327 - 1355"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72453501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/10422587221120291
{"title":"Publication Notice","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/10422587221120291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587221120291","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48443,"journal":{"name":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice","volume":"88 1","pages":"1119 - 1119"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72902766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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