American Political Science Review最新文献

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Financial Crises and the Selection and Survival of Women Finance Ministers 金融危机与女性财政部长的选择和生存

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1017/s0003055423000825

BRENNA ARMSTRONG, TIFFANY D. BARNES, DAINA CHIBA, DIANA Z. O’BRIEN

Women remain underrepresented in cabinets, especially in high-prestige, “masculine” portfolios. Still, a growing number of states have appointed women to the finance ministry—a powerful position typically reserved for men. Drawing on the “glass cliff” phenomenon, we examine the relationship between financial crises and women’s ascension to, and survival in, this post. With an original dataset on appointments to finance ministries worldwide (1972–2017), we show that women are more likely to first come to power during a banking crisis. These results also hold for currency and inflation crises and even when accounting for the political and economic conditions that might otherwise explain this relationship. Subsequent examination of almost 3,000 finance ministers’ tenures shows that, once in office, crises shorten men’s (but not women’s) time in the post. Together, these results suggest that women can sometimes seize on crises as opportunities to access traditionally male-dominated positions.

女性在内阁中的代表性仍然不足，尤其是在高声望的“男性化”职位中。尽管如此，越来越多的州已经任命女性担任财政部长——这是一个通常由男性担任的重要职位。在“玻璃悬崖”现象的基础上，我们研究了金融危机与女性晋升和生存之间的关系。通过1972年至2017年全球财政部任命的原始数据集，我们发现女性更有可能在银行业危机期间首次掌权。这些结果也适用于货币和通货膨胀危机，甚至在考虑到可能解释这种关系的政治和经济条件时也是如此。随后对近3000名财政部长任期的调查显示，一旦上任，危机会缩短男性(而非女性)的在任时间。综上所述，这些结果表明，女性有时可以抓住危机作为机会，进入传统上由男性主导的职位。

引用次数: 0

The Political Consequences of Green Policies: Evidence from Italy—CORRIGENDUM 绿色政策的政治后果:来自意大利的证据-勘误

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1017/s0003055423001065

ITALO COLANTONE, LIVIO DI LONARDO, YOTAM MARGALIT, MARCO PERCOCO

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引用次数: 0

Representation from Below: How Women’s Grassroots Party Activism Promotes Equal Political Participation 来自下层的代表:妇女基层政党行动主义如何促进平等政治参与

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1017/s0003055423000953

TANUSHREE GOYAL

Extensive research investigates the impact of descriptive representation on women’s political participation; yet, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This article develops a novel theory of descriptive representation, arguing that women politicians mobilize women’s political participation by recruiting women as grassroots party activists. Evidence from a citizen survey and the natural experiment of gender quotas in India confirm that women politicians are more likely to recruit women party activists, and citizens report greater contact with them in reserved constituencies during elections. Furthermore, with women party activists at the helm, electoral campaigns are more likely to contact women, and activist contact is positively associated with political knowledge and participation. Evidence from representative surveys of politicians and party activists and fieldwork in campaigns, further support the theory. The findings highlight the pivotal role of women’s party activism in shaping women’s political behavior, especially in contexts with pervasive clientelism and persistent gender unequal norms.

广泛的研究调查了描述性代表对妇女政治参与的影响;然而，潜在的机制仍不清楚。本文发展了一种新的描述性表征理论，认为女性政治家通过招募女性作为基层政党活动家来动员女性的政治参与。来自公民调查和印度性别配额自然实验的证据证实，女性政治家更有可能招募女性政党活动家，公民报告在选举期间在保留选区与她们接触更多。此外，在女性政党积极分子掌舵的情况下，竞选活动更有可能与女性接触，而积极分子的接触与政治知识和参与正相关。来自对政治家和政党积极分子的代表性调查以及竞选中的实地调查的证据进一步支持了这一理论。研究结果强调了女性政党激进主义在塑造女性政治行为方面的关键作用，特别是在裙带主义普遍存在和性别不平等规范持续存在的背景下。

引用次数: 0

Segregation and the Spatial Externalities of Inequality: A Theory of Interdependence and Public Goods in Cities 隔离与不平等的空间外部性:城市中相互依赖与公共产品的理论

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1017/s0003055423000722

ALICE Z. XU

Conventional wisdom claims that racial diversity undermines public goods provision. I show that class-based differences, instead, incentivize cooperation for public goods. Class-based segregation reduces spatial externalities of inequality (e.g., sewage pollution and crime) spilling over from impoverished areas (e.g., slums) to the middle class. Conversely, I argue that in integrated (de-segregated) cities, the scale of such externalities undermines the efficacy of private services (e.g., private security), thereby inducing middle-class preferences for externalities-correcting public goods. Thus, while segregation polarizes preferences, integration aligns the middle class with the poor in coalitions that support public goods over private alternatives. I illustrate the theory using focus groups, a proposed quasi-experimental strategy, and an original face-to-face survey of 4,208 households across 420 neighborhoods in São Paulo, Brazil. The analysis introduces self-interest in reducing intergroup externalities as a mechanism for cooperation for public goods even in diverse societies. Using mechanism vignettes, I distinguish the mechanism from the affective attitudes—racial tolerance, social affinity—of intergroup contact.

传统观点认为，种族多样性会破坏公共产品的供应。我表明，阶级差异反而激励了公共产品的合作。基于阶级的隔离减少了不平等的空间外部性(例如，污水污染和犯罪)从贫困地区(例如，贫民窟)蔓延到中产阶级。相反，我认为在一体化(去隔离)的城市中，这种外部性的规模削弱了私人服务(例如私人保安)的效力，从而诱导中产阶级对外部性的偏好-纠正公共产品。因此，虽然隔离使偏好两极分化，但融合使中产阶级与穷人结成联盟，支持公共产品而不是私人替代品。我使用焦点小组，一种拟实验策略，以及对巴西圣保罗420个社区的4208个家庭的原始面对面调查来说明这一理论。该分析将减少群体间外部性的自利作为一种公共产品合作机制引入，即使在不同的社会中也是如此。通过机制小插曲，我将机制与群体间接触的情感态度——种族宽容、社会亲和力——区分开来。

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引用次数: 0

Can neurological recovery occur after late decompression of an intradural cement leakage? 硬膜内水泥渗漏后期减压后能否恢复神经功能?

IF 1.4 1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.25259/JNRP_105_2023

Mehmet Yigit Akgun, Ozkan Ates, Caner Gunerbuyuk, Oguz Baran, Ali Fahir Ozer

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) can be applied widely from osteoporotic to metastatic fractures. Pain, radiculopathy, spinal cord compression, pulmonary embolism, and infection are common complications of this procedure. However, rare complications such as intradural cement leakage have also been reported. There is little or no data on the results obtained after the late intervention. In addition, the midline total laminectomy method, which is the classical method, was predominantly used in intradural cement leaks after PV. We would like to report a 69-year-old female patient who underwent vertebroplasty for her L1 osteoporotic fracture about 3 months ago in an external center and subsequently developed paresis. The patient's surgery was successfully performed without the need for stabilization by hemilaminectomy. The improvement in the clinical findings of our case despite the late decompression shows that surgery is the most satisfactory option in such patients. As a surgical method, total excision can be achieved with the posterior hemilaminectomy approach.

经皮椎体成形术(PV)可以广泛应用于骨质疏松性骨折和转移性骨折。疼痛、神经根病、脊髓压迫、肺栓塞和感染是该手术的常见并发症。然而，罕见的并发症如硬膜内水泥渗漏也有报道。关于晚期干预后获得的结果的数据很少或没有。此外，中线全椎板切除术是PV术后硬膜内水泥渗漏的经典方法。我们想报告一位69岁的女性患者，她在大约3个月前因L1骨质疏松性骨折在外中心行椎体成形术，随后出现瘫瘫。患者手术成功，无需半椎板切除术进行稳定。尽管我们的病例进行了晚期减压，但临床表现的改善表明手术是这类患者最令人满意的选择。作为一种外科方法，全切除可以通过后路半椎板切除术来实现。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of adalimumab on interleukin 12/23 signalling pathways in human keratinocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide A. 阿达木单抗对脂多糖A处理人角质形成细胞白细胞介素12/23信号通路的影响

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-05 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2023.129272

Paulina Buda, Piotr Michalski, Oliwia Warmusz, Anna Michalska-Bańkowska, Tomasz Sirek, Piotr Ossowski, Paweł Bogdał, Damian Strojny, Anna Pisany-Syska, Beniamin Oskar Grabarek

Introduction: The interleukin-12/23 (IL-12/23) signalling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In addition, even molecularly targeted therapy has been reported to lose adequate response to treatment.

Aim: To determine the expression patterns of mRNAs and miRNAs related to IL-12/23 signalling pathways in the human keratinocyte culture exposed to liposaccharide A (LPS) and then adalimumab in comparison with untreated cells.

Material and methods: Human, adult, low-Calcium, high-Temperature keratinocyte (HaCaT) cultures were exposed to 1 µg/ml LPS for 8 h, and then adalimumab was added to the cultures at a concentration of 8 µg/ml and incubated for 2, 8, and 24 h. We used mRNA and miRNA microarray, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques.

Results: STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, IL-6, IL-6R, SOCS3, and JAK3 genes differentiated HaCaT cultures with the drug from controls regardless of the time the cells were exposed to the drug. The addition of adalimumab to a culture previously exposed to LPS resulted in silencing of SOCS3 and IL-6 expression compared to the control, while for the other transcripts they were found to be overexpressed compared to the control culture. The assessment indicated the strongest connections between JAK3 and hsa-miR-373-5p (target score 96); SOCS3, STAT5, and hsa-miR-1827 (target score 96).

Conclusions: Our study indicates that adalimumab has the strongest modulating effect on mRNA and miRNA expression of JAK/STAT and IL-6-dependent IL-12/23 pathways.

白介素-12/23 (IL-12/23)信号通路在银屑病的发病过程中起重要作用。此外，据报道，即使是分子靶向治疗也会对治疗失去足够的反应。目的:比较暴露于脂多糖A (LPS)和阿达木单抗的人角质细胞培养物中与IL-12/23信号通路相关的mrna和mirna的表达模式。材料和方法:将人、成人、低钙、高温角质细胞(HaCaT)培养物暴露于1µg/ml LPS中8小时，然后以8µg/ml的浓度添加阿达木单抗，孵育2、8和24小时。我们使用mRNA和miRNA微阵列、定量逆转录聚合酶链反应和酶联免疫吸附测定技术。结果:STAT1、STAT3、STAT5、IL-6、IL-6R、SOCS3和JAK3基因与药物作用的HaCaT培养物不同于对照组，与细胞暴露于药物的时间无关。与对照组相比，将阿达木单抗添加到先前暴露于LPS的培养物中导致SOCS3和IL-6表达沉默，而其他转录本则被发现与对照培养物相比过表达。评估表明JAK3与hsa-miR-373-5p之间的联系最强(目标评分为96);SOCS3, STAT5和hsa-miR-1827(目标评分96)。结论:我们的研究表明，阿达木单抗对JAK/STAT和il -6依赖性IL-12/23通路的mRNA和miRNA表达具有最强的调节作用。

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引用次数: 0

What’s Wrong with Neocolonialism: The Case of Unequal Trade in Cultural Goods 新殖民主义错在哪里:文化商品不平等贸易的案例

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0003055423000795

SHUK YING CHAN, ALAN PATTEN

Unequal patterns of cultural exchange between the Global South and Global North are sometimes labeled “neo-colonial.” What, if anything, is wrong with these patterns? Debates surrounding cultural globalization have traditionally divided proponents of free trade and cultural preservation. The article develops an alternative account grounded in a global application of the ideal of social equality. Citizens of privileged societies ought to regard and relate to citizens of disadvantaged societies as social equals. Patterns of cultural exchange play an important role in promoting these relationships. Historically, colonized peoples were often regarded as inferior based on perceived failures to produce cultural achievements. To the extent that unequal global cultural production and exchange persist, the colonial pattern remains. The duty to relate to foreigners as equals implies that Global North countries should stop pressing for cultural trade concessions and instead favor the import of cultural goods from the Global South.

全球南方和全球北方之间不平等的文化交流模式有时被贴上“新殖民主义”的标签。如果有的话，这些模式有什么问题吗?传统上，围绕文化全球化的争论将自由贸易和文化保护的支持者分为两派。本文在社会平等理想的全球应用基础上发展了另一种解释。特权社会的公民应该以平等的态度看待和对待弱势社会的公民。文化交流的模式在促进这些关系方面发挥着重要作用。从历史上看，被殖民的人民往往被认为是劣等的，因为他们被认为没有创造出文化成就。只要不平等的全球文化生产和交流继续存在，殖民模式就依然存在。平等对待外国人的义务意味着，全球北方国家应该停止要求文化贸易让步，转而支持从全球南方国家进口文化产品。

引用次数: 0

From Rents to Welfare: Why Are Some Oil-Rich States Generous to Their People? 从租金到福利:为什么一些富油国家对人民慷慨?

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0003055423000977

FERDINAND EIBL, STEFFEN HERTOG

Why do some, but not all oil-rich states provide generous welfare to their populations? Building on a case study of Oman in the 1960s and 1970s, we argue that anti-systemic subversive threats motivate ruling elites in oil states to use welfare as a tool of mass co-optation. We use the generalized synthetic control method and difference-in-difference regressions for a global quantitative test of our argument, assessing the effect of different types of subversion on a range of long-term welfare outcomes in oil-rich and oil-poor states. We demonstrate that the positive effect of subversion appears limited to center-seeking subversive threats in oil-rich countries. The paper addresses a key puzzle in the literature on resource-rich states, which makes contradictory predictions about the impact of resource rents on welfare provision.

为什么一些石油资源丰富的国家，而不是所有的国家，为他们的人民提供慷慨的福利?基于上世纪60年代和70年代阿曼的案例研究，我们认为，反系统性颠覆性威胁促使石油国家的统治精英利用福利作为大规模合作的工具。我们使用广义综合控制方法和差分回归对我们的论点进行了全球定量检验，评估了不同类型的颠覆对富油和贫油国家一系列长期福利结果的影响。我们证明，颠覆的积极影响似乎仅限于石油丰富国家寻求中心的颠覆威胁。本文解决了资源丰富国家文献中的一个关键难题，即对资源租金对福利提供的影响做出了相互矛盾的预测。

引用次数: 0

The Ambivalence of Alexander Berkman’s Anti-Prison Anarchism 亚历山大·伯克曼反监狱无政府主义的矛盾心理

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1017/s0003055423000965

NOLAN BENNETT

Alexander Berkman’s 1912 Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist is a significant book in the development of American anti-prison politics, not despite, but because of its ambivalent approach to prisons. I trace through Berkman’s book and archive an unresolved tension between two approaches to the prison: advocacy for political prisoners, whereby the prison is a state tool for suppressing radical ideas, and advocacy against the politics of prisons, whereby the prison is an “aggravated counterpart” of social structures and a site of struggle. Berkman’s ambivalence between these approaches amid his memoirs and activism exemplifies the complex development of U.S. thinking on prisons and enduring tensions in contemporary prison politics.

亚历山大·伯克曼1912年的《一个无政府主义者的监狱回忆录》在美国反监狱政治的发展中是一本重要的书，不是因为它对监狱的矛盾态度，而是因为它对监狱的态度。我在伯克曼的书和档案中找到了一种未解决的张力，存在于监狱的两种方式之间:支持政治犯，认为监狱是压制激进思想的国家工具;反对监狱政治，认为监狱是社会结构的“恶化的对应物”，是斗争的场所。伯克曼在他的回忆录和行动主义中对这些方法的矛盾心理体现了美国对监狱思想的复杂发展以及当代监狱政治中持久的紧张局势。

引用次数: 0

Media Reflect! Policy, the Public, and the News 媒体反映!政策、公众和新闻

1区社会学 Q1 POLITICAL SCIENCE

American Political Science Review

Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1017/s0003055423000874

CHRISTOPHER WLEZIEN, STUART SOROKA

Mass media are often portrayed as having large effects on democratic politics. Media content is not simply an exogenous influence on publics and policymakers, however. There is reason to think that this content reflects publics and politics as much as—if not more than—it affects them. This letter examines those possibilities, focusing on interactions between news coverage, budgetary policy, and public preferences in the defense, welfare, and health-care domains in the United States. Results indicate that media play a largely reflective role. Taking this role into account, we suggest, leads to a fundamentally different perspective on how media content matters in politics.

大众传媒经常被描绘成对民主政治有很大影响。然而，媒体内容不仅仅是对公众和决策者的外生影响。有理由认为，这些内容反映了公众和政治，即使不是更多，也不亚于它对他们的影响。这封信考察了这些可能性，重点是新闻报道、预算政策和美国国防、福利和医疗保健领域的公众偏好之间的相互作用。结果表明，媒体在很大程度上起着反映作用。我们认为，考虑到这一角色，就会对媒体内容在政治中的作用产生根本不同的看法。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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American Political Science Review

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