American Psychologist最新文献

Black boys and young men are disproportionately burdened with navigating contexts of community violence resulting from race-based structural inequities and concentrated disadvantage. Despite this chronic adversity, many Black boys and young men thrive; however, resilience research has traditionally focused on identifying individual- and family-level factors that support resilience. Research has yet to fully examine community-level resources that facilitate processes of resilience for Black boys and young men in the contexts of trauma, violence, and poverty. Guided by ecological frameworks and using the community-based participatory method of action-oriented community diagnosis, our qualitative study examines the perspectives of diverse community stakeholders (N = 29) whose roles and influence span systems levels and shape contexts of violence and healing for Black boys and young men in Greensboro, North Carolina. Findings point toward relationship (mentoring), community (safe spaces to heal), and societal (interventions to dismantle racism) level opportunities and barriers ("terroristic territorialism") to promote resilience in Black boys and young men. Implications for research and praxis that broadens the scope of resilience research from successful adaptation to conditions of community violence to community-level intervention to promote resilience and transformation are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Though youth living in disadvantaged neighborhoods experience greater risk for poor behavioral and mental health outcomes, many go on to show resilience in the face of adversity. A few recent studies have identified neural markers of resilience in cognitive and affective brain networks, yet the broader network organization supporting resilience in youth remains unknown, particularly in relation to neighborhood disadvantage. Moreover, most studies have defined resilience as the absence of psychopathology, which does not consider growing evidence that resilience also includes positive outcomes across multiple domains (e.g., social, academic). We examined associations between brain network organization and multiple resilience domains in a sample of 708 twins (7-19 years old) recruited from neighborhoods with above-average poverty levels. Graph analysis on functional connectivity data from resting-state and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to characterize features of intrinsic whole-brain and network-level organization, from which we explored associations with resilience in three domains: psychological, social, and academic. Fewer connections between a brain network involved in self-referential processing (i.e., default mode network) and the subcortical system were associated with greater social resilience. Further, greater whole-brain functional integration (i.e., efficiency) was associated with better psychological resilience among youth with relatively lower levels of cumulative adversity exposure. Alternatively, lower whole-brain efficiency and higher whole-brain robustness to disruption (i.e., assortativity) were associated with greater psychological and social resilience among youth with relatively higher levels of cumulative adversity. These findings advance support for multidimensional resilience models and reveal distinct neural mechanisms supporting resilience to neighborhood disadvantage across specific domains in youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

What predicts cross-country differences in the recovery of socioeconomic activity from the COVID-19 pandemic? To answer this question, we examined how quickly countries' socioeconomic activity bounced back to normalcy from disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic based on residents' attitudes, values, and beliefs as measured in the World Values Survey. We trained nine preregistered machine learning models to predict the rate at which various socioeconomic metrics (e.g., public transportation occupancy, cinema attendance) recovered from their COVID-19 lows based on the World Values Survey. All models had high predictive accuracy when presented with out-of-sample data (rs ≥ .83). Feature importance analyses identified five psychological predictors that most strongly predicted socioeconomic recovery from COVID-19: religiosity, liberal social attitudes, the value of independence, obedience to authority, and the Protestant work ethic. Although past research has established the role of religiosity, liberalism, and independence in predicting resilience, it has not yet considered obedience to authority or the Protestant work ethic. Thus, the current research suggests new directions for future work on resilience that may not be apparent from either a deductive or an inductive approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

LGBTQ+ people and communities continue to survive and thrive within the context of complex and unrelenting personal, structural, and collective trauma. Psychological research has examined this adaptive capacity through frameworks of resilience and posttraumatic growth. Through multidisciplinary engagement, we have identified limitations of these frameworks when they are applied to LGBTQ+ communities. In the first half of this article, we reconceptualize resilience and posttraumatic growth as queer thriving and offer the Möbius strip as a metaphor to challenge and expand normative ideas around direction, trajectory, timeline, and outcomes of positive change through adversity. In the second half of this article, we explore pathways to queer thriving within an LGBTQ+ intergenerational community project-an ethnographic experiment-that we have cofacilitated since 2019. We view generational divisions in LGBTQ+ communities as both a reflection and a form of trauma. In our ethnographic experiment, LGBTQ+ younger and older adults have the rare opportunity to heal this division by coming together for storytelling, dialogue, and artmaking around themes and issues important to their lives. In this article, we present three ethnographic vignettes that powerfully illustrate the potential for queer thriving through intergenerational social connection. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of mixed-disciplinary, community-engaged, and descriptive approaches to examining resilience and posttraumatic growth within marginalized communities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Roger Kirk, renowned for his many contributions to psychological research methods, passed away on December 30, 2023, in Waco, Texas, at the age of 93. Born in Indiana on February 23, 1930, Roger spent most of his childhood in Kentucky and Ohio. He developed an interest in the trombone as a teenager, so planned a musical career when he enrolled at The Ohio State University. After earning bachelor's and master's degrees in music, however, he came to realize he was "just an average trombone player." Some vocational guidance led him to Ohio State's experimental psychology doctoral program, which he started in 1952. Roger summed up his substantial career change as follows: "God gives all of us talents, it just took me longer than most people to find mine." Roger's doctoral research focused on psychoacoustics, so after completing his dissertation in 1955, he took a job as a psychoacoustical engineer at the Baldwin Piano and Organ Company. Roger was an accomplished author and received a multitude of accolades during his career; including Baylor's highest teaching designation (Master Teacher, 1993) and highest scholarship designation (Distinguished Professor, 1995). Roger is survived by "the love of my life," Jane Abbott-Kirk, whom he married in 1983. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The concept and social media hashtag, #BlackGirlMagic, is used to demonstrate the ability of Black women and girls to create paths and to succeed despite intersectional racism, sexism, and classism. Conversely, the concept of Black Girl Magic and Strong Black Woman schemas have been used to glorify struggle, undermine support, and victim-blame. Therefore, resiliency for Black women and girls requires clarification on how and why it is used and understood by researchers and practitioners. This article examines the experiences of Black women and girls by (a) evaluating the use of resiliency research and theoretical frameworks (Luthar et al., 2000; Spencer, 2005); (b) exploring unrecognized strengths and vulnerabilities across the lifespan; and (c) providing recommendations for researchers, interventionists, and practitioners to rethink resilience for Black women and girls. Black feminist thought and womanism frameworks are integrated to promote sustained healthy development for Black women and girls. Resiliency can only be promoted in Black women and girls if (a) immediate psychosocial and physical needs are addressed while (b) concurrently eliminating systemic barriers and social norms that allow Black women and girls to experience outsized adversity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Although current approaches to the study of resilience acknowledge the role of context, rarely do those conceptualizations attend to societal systems and structures that include hierarchies of power and privilege-namely systems of racism, colonialism, patriarchy, and capitalism-nor do they articulate how these structural realities are embedded within individual experiences. We offer critiques of the current literature from this structural lens, using the concept of master narratives to articulate the incomplete and, at times, damaging story that the discipline of psychology has told about resilience. We then provide three models that center history, systems, and structures of society that can be employed in the study of resilience. We close with lessons learned from listening to those voices who have been marginalized by mainstream society, lessons that require us to redefine, broaden, and deepen our conceptualization of resilience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Despite experiencing disproportionately high rates of trauma exposure and traumatic stress, sexual and gender minority populations are underrepresented in research on posttraumatic growth (PTG). Data from two waves of semistructured life review phenomenological interviews with 14 sexual minority women and nonbinary individuals were analyzed to explore sexual minority women and nonbinary individuals' lived experiences of growth and healing from exposure to traumatic events. Three main themes were identified: (1) healing through interpersonal connection; (2) new learning about the self and relationships; and (3) healing as political. The first theme describes the central role of interpersonal connection; whereas some participants described seeking and receiving social support from others, most discussed the value of healing with others. The second theme characterizes new learning following trauma, such as learning that, in healthy and safe relationships, one can be loved for who they are. The third theme encompasses how participants politicized their PTG and that even the process of politicizing the traumatic experience itself facilitated growth, as participants understood their struggle as connected to larger systems of oppression, contributing to further identity development. Our findings suggest that sexual minority women and nonbinary individuals experience PTG as a political, iteratively individual and relational process of queer worldmaking (Berlant & Warner, 1998). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

For Black people of the African diaspora, who have survived generational oppression including enslavement, and exist in persistently hostile environments in which anti-Black racism is structural and interpersonal, an expansive view of posttraumatic growth (PTG) is required to promote personal and collective healing. Using the intergenerational healing and well-being framework, the authors examine historical and contemporary examples of personal and collective healing among Black people to reimagine pathways to PTG. Implications for helping professions when rethinking PTG in the context of systemic anti-Black racism are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

For over 30 years, general cognitive-behavioral programs have contributed to the rehabilitation services offered within His Majesty's Prison and Probation Service in England and Wales. There is an extensive body of international evidence that demonstrates the effectiveness of such interventions as a correctional strategy. However, there is widespread variability of program effects associated with the standards of implementation. Over the last 3 decades, British researchers have produced a steady output of quasi-experimental program evaluations that have contributed to the evidence base. The most recent additions are some of the largest and most rigorous available worldwide. This review documents those evaluations and provides a meta-analysis that statistically aggregates the effects of programs delivered in His Majesty's prisons in England and Wales. We suggest there is sufficient evidence from evaluations of acceptable scientific rigor to conclude that general cognitive-behavioral programs delivered in prisons during the last decade and a half (circa 2006 to 2019) have had a small statistically significant mean reductive effect on general reoffending (odds ratio = 0.91). Program characteristics and implementation factors, including program dose, the scale of service delivery and program integrity, are discussed as possible factors associated with the size of the effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).