American Psychologist最新文献

Memorializes Stanley R. Graham (1926-2023). In the late 1970s, Stanley Graham became president of the Association of Psychologists in Private Practice. During his presidency, he proposed merging with the APA. Ultimately, these efforts were successful, leading to the Division of Psychologists in Independent Practice (Division 42), and Stanley became its first president in 1982. During the end of the 1980s and entering the 1990s, the APA was at a crossroads. There was a real possibility that the APA would splinter into four distinct societies. During his presidency in 1990, Graham bridged this divide by helping with the creation of the science, education, public interest, and practice directorates. Stanley helped to unify this divide and to develop a sustaining organizational structure for the association. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Nancy was born in Manhattan in 1946. As a young girl, she was charmed by books about the teenage detective Nancy Drew and felt the books gave her an indelible enthusiasm for solving mysteries. Nancy graduated from Wellesley College (1968) and received her PhD from Harvard (1973) in social psychology. An APA Fellow, Nancy is one of the most cited scientists (top 0.1%) in the world (2022, Clarivate). She was a pioneer who shaped several key movements, including defining the field of Health Psychology, and deepening global recognition of social determinants of health. She won numerous honors and awards, including the David Rall Medal from the National Academy of Medicine. Nancy died at 77 at her home, on January 4, 2024, surrounded by loving family. The UCSF Center for Health and Community is establishing an annual Nancy Elinor Adler Endowed Lectureship Award for scholars who "illuminate the field of social and health disparities and conduct meaningful interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Bots are automated software programs that pose an ongoing threat to psychological research by invading online research studies and their increasing sophistication over time. Despite this growing concern, research in this area has been limited to bot detection in existing data sets following an unexpected encounter with bots. The present three-condition, quasi-experimental study aimed to address this gap in the literature by examining the efficacy of three types of bot screening tools across three incentive conditions ($0, $1, and $5). Data were collected from 444 respondents via Twitter advertisements between July and September 2021. The efficacy of five task-based (i.e., anagrams, visual search), question-based (i.e., attention checks, ReCAPTCHA), and data-based (i.e., consistency, metadata) tools was examined with Bonferroni-adjusted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. In general, study results suggest that bot screening tools function similarly for participants recruited across incentive conditions. Moreover, the present analyses revealed heterogeneity in the efficacy of bot screening tool subtypes. Notably, the present results suggest that the least effective bot screening tools were among the most commonly used tools in existing literature (e.g., ReCAPTCHA). In sum, the study findings revealed highly effective and highly ineffective bot screening tools. Study design and data integrity recommendations for researchers are provided. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Carefully standardized facial images of 591 participants were taken in the laboratory while controlling for self-presentation, facial expression, head orientation, and image properties. They were presented to human raters and a facial recognition algorithm: both humans (r = .21) and the algorithm (r = .22) could predict participants' scores on a political orientation scale (Cronbach's α = .94) decorrelated with age, gender, and ethnicity. These effects are on par with how well job interviews predict job success, or alcohol drives aggressiveness. The algorithm's predictive accuracy was even higher (r = .31) when it leveraged information on participants' age, gender, and ethnicity. Moreover, the associations between facial appearance and political orientation seem to generalize beyond our sample: The predictive model derived from standardized images (while controlling for age, gender, and ethnicity) could predict political orientation (r ≈ .13) from naturalistic images of 3,401 politicians from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The analysis of facial features associated with political orientation revealed that conservatives tended to have larger lower faces. The predictability of political orientation from standardized images has critical implications for privacy, the regulation of facial recognition technology, and understanding the origins and consequences of political orientation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Aggression and violence against educators and school personnel have raised public health concerns that require attention from researchers, policymakers, and training providers in U.S. schools. School aggression and violence have negative effects on school personnel health and retention and on student achievement and development. In partnership with several national organizations, the American Psychological Association (APA) Task Force on Violence Against Educators and School Personnel administered two national, multi-informant, cross-sectional surveys. Time 1 data were collected in 2020-2021 from 14,966 respondents; participants reflected on their experiences of violence and aggression before COVID-19 and during COVID-19 restrictions in this survey. One year later, in 2022, 11,814 respondents completed the Time 2 survey after COVID-19 restrictions ended. Participants included teachers, school psychologists, social workers, counselors, staff members, and administrators from all 50 states and Puerto Rico. Rates of violence and aggression directed against educators by students, parents, colleagues, and administrators were substantial before COVID-19, were lower during COVID-19 restrictions, and returned to prepandemic levels or higher after COVID-19 restrictions. After COVID-19 restrictions, 22%-80% of respondents reported verbal or threatening aggression, and 2%-56% of respondents reported physical violence at least once during the year, varying by stakeholder role and aggressor. Rates of intentions to quit the profession ranged from 21% to 43% during COVID-19 restrictions (2020-2021) and from 23% to 57% after COVID-19 restrictions (2021-2022), varying by stakeholder role. Participants across roles reported substantial rates of anxiety and stress, especially during and after COVID-19 restrictions, and identified specific training needs. Implications for theory, research, training, and policy are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

We commonly attribute an understanding of language to others including very young infants, and, more controversially, to other animals and computers. Although we adults attribute or "ascribe" understanding to very young children, only in the late preschool years do the children themselves begin to ascribe understanding to themselves and others a competence that comes with learning the meaning of the word "understand." It is argued that ascription of understanding to others allows the creation of shared belief while self-ascription allows one to introspect on one's understanding: to know that one understands, to understand expressions that young children would simply reject as false, and to understand hypotheticals and counterfactuals. This competence applies to both understanding spoken expressions and reading comprehension. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Cowan's (2024), King's (2024), and Thurston and Noor's (2024) commentaries on my article (Sharpe, 2024) find us in agreement on many matters relating to editor transparency and bias. Where we disagree is in the extent of change required and the rationale behind undertaking that change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Robert (Bob) Anthony Altemeyer (June 6, 1940-February 7, 2024) was an influential social psychologist who also shaped personality and political psychology. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Bob was educated at Yale (undergraduate) and Carnegie-Mellon (graduate). Following a 2-year stint at Doane College in Nebraska, he established his career at the University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Canada) from 1968 to 2008. In 1986, Bob was awarded the prestigious American Association for the Advancement of Science Prize for Behavioral Science Research, largely for his development of the right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) construct. Whereas the authoritarian personality construct developed by Adorno and colleagues in the 1950s was rooted in psychodynamics, Bob drew on social learning principles and conceptualized authoritarianism as both an attitudinal orientation and trait. Not all of Bob's ideas held true, such as the social learning underpinnings that he proposed for RWA. But true to his inquisitive nature, he wrote that he would be excited to learn of RWA's strong heritable components if uncovered (as they later were). An anticonformist to the core, Bob published almost exclusively in books despite the field prioritizing journal articles, typically as sole author and working with few collaborators, and writing about complex ideas with rather informal and unconventional language. His legacy is proof that fighting the odds and remaining authentic, rather than chasing conventions and norms, can leave an indelible mark on science. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).