E. Call, Christoph Mayer, Victoria G. Twort, Lars Dietz, N. Wahlberg, M. Espeland
Abstract Billions of specimens can be found in natural history museum collections around the world, holding potential molecular secrets to be unveiled. Among them are intriguing specimens of rare families of moths that, while represented in morphology-based works, are only beginning to be included in genomic studies: Pseudobistonidae, Sematuridae, and Epicopeiidae. These three families are part of the superfamily Geometroidea, which has recently been defined based on molecular data. Here we chose to focus on these three moth families to explore the suitability of a genome reduction method, target enrichment (TE), on museum specimens. Through this method, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of these families of Lepidoptera, in particular the family Epicopeiidae. We successfully sequenced 25 samples, collected between 1892 and 2001. We use 378 nuclear genes to reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis from the maximum likelihood analysis of a total of 36 different species, including 19 available transcriptomes. The hypothesis that Sematuridae is the sister group of Epicopeiidae + Pseudobistonidae had strong support. This study thus adds to the growing body of work, demonstrating that museum specimens can successfully contribute to molecular phylogenetic studies.
{"title":"Museomics: Phylogenomics of the Moth Family Epicopeiidae (Lepidoptera) Using Target Enrichment","authors":"E. Call, Christoph Mayer, Victoria G. Twort, Lars Dietz, N. Wahlberg, M. Espeland","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Billions of specimens can be found in natural history museum collections around the world, holding potential molecular secrets to be unveiled. Among them are intriguing specimens of rare families of moths that, while represented in morphology-based works, are only beginning to be included in genomic studies: Pseudobistonidae, Sematuridae, and Epicopeiidae. These three families are part of the superfamily Geometroidea, which has recently been defined based on molecular data. Here we chose to focus on these three moth families to explore the suitability of a genome reduction method, target enrichment (TE), on museum specimens. Through this method, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of these families of Lepidoptera, in particular the family Epicopeiidae. We successfully sequenced 25 samples, collected between 1892 and 2001. We use 378 nuclear genes to reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis from the maximum likelihood analysis of a total of 36 different species, including 19 available transcriptomes. The hypothesis that Sematuridae is the sister group of Epicopeiidae + Pseudobistonidae had strong support. This study thus adds to the growing body of work, demonstrating that museum specimens can successfully contribute to molecular phylogenetic studies.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41471434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patrick Lhomme, Sarah D. Williams, G. Ghisbain, B. Martinet, Maxence Gérard, H. Hines
Abstract Recent bumble bee declines have made it increasingly important to resolve the status of contentious species for conservation purposes. Some of the taxa found to be threatened are the often rare socially parasitic bumble bees. Among these, the socially parasitic bumble bee, Bombus flavidus Eversmann, has uncertain species status. Although multiple separate species allied with B. flavidus have been suggested, until recently, recognition of two species, a Nearctic Bombus fernaldae (Franklin) and Palearctic B. flavidus, was favored. Limited genetic data, however, suggested that even these could be a single widespread species. We addressed the species status of this lineage using an integrative taxonomic approach, combining cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nuclear sequencing, wing morphometrics, and secretions used for mate attraction, and explored patterns of color polymorphism that have previously confounded taxonomy in this lineage. Our results support the conspecificity of fernaldae and flavidus; however, we revealed a distinct population within this broader species confined to eastern North America. This makes the distribution of the social parasite B. flavidus the broadest of any bumble bee, broader than the known distribution of any nonparasitic bumble bee species. Color polymorphisms are retained across the range of the species, but may be influenced by local mimicry complexes. Following these results, B. flavidus Eversmann, 1852 is synonymized with Bombus fernaldae (Franklin, 1911) syn. nov. and a subspecific status, Bombus flavidus appalachiensis ssp. nov., is assigned to the lineage ranging from the Appalachians to the eastern boreal regions of the United States and far southeastern Canada.
{"title":"Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Bombus flavidus (Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story","authors":"Patrick Lhomme, Sarah D. Williams, G. Ghisbain, B. Martinet, Maxence Gérard, H. Hines","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent bumble bee declines have made it increasingly important to resolve the status of contentious species for conservation purposes. Some of the taxa found to be threatened are the often rare socially parasitic bumble bees. Among these, the socially parasitic bumble bee, Bombus flavidus Eversmann, has uncertain species status. Although multiple separate species allied with B. flavidus have been suggested, until recently, recognition of two species, a Nearctic Bombus fernaldae (Franklin) and Palearctic B. flavidus, was favored. Limited genetic data, however, suggested that even these could be a single widespread species. We addressed the species status of this lineage using an integrative taxonomic approach, combining cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nuclear sequencing, wing morphometrics, and secretions used for mate attraction, and explored patterns of color polymorphism that have previously confounded taxonomy in this lineage. Our results support the conspecificity of fernaldae and flavidus; however, we revealed a distinct population within this broader species confined to eastern North America. This makes the distribution of the social parasite B. flavidus the broadest of any bumble bee, broader than the known distribution of any nonparasitic bumble bee species. Color polymorphisms are retained across the range of the species, but may be influenced by local mimicry complexes. Following these results, B. flavidus Eversmann, 1852 is synonymized with Bombus fernaldae (Franklin, 1911) syn. nov. and a subspecific status, Bombus flavidus appalachiensis ssp. nov., is assigned to the lineage ranging from the Appalachians to the eastern boreal regions of the United States and far southeastern Canada.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixab007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61456006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Automated insect identification systems have been explored for more than two decades but have only recently started to take advantage of powerful and versatile convolutional neural networks (CNNs). While typical CNN applications still require large training image datasets with hundreds of images per taxon, pretrained CNNs recently have been shown to be highly accurate, while being trained on much smaller datasets. We here evaluate the performance of CNN-based machine learning approaches in identifying three curated species-level dorsal habitus datasets for Miridae, the plant bugs. Miridae are of economic importance, but species-level identifications are challenging and typically rely on information other than dorsal habitus (e.g., host plants, locality, genitalic structures). Each dataset contained 2–6 species and 126–246 images in total, with a mean of only 32 images per species for the most difficult dataset. We find that closely related species of plant bugs can be identified with 80–90% accuracy based on their dorsal habitus alone. The pretrained CNN performed 10–20% better than a taxon expert who had access to the same dorsal habitus images. We find that feature extraction protocols (selection and combination of blocks of CNN layers) impact identification accuracy much more than the classifying mechanism (support vector machine and deep neural network classifiers). While our network has much lower accuracy on photographs of live insects (62%), overall results confirm that a pretrained CNN can be straightforwardly adapted to collection-based images for a new taxonomic group and successfully extract relevant features to classify insect species.
{"title":"Pretrained Convolutional Neural Networks Perform Well in a Challenging Test Case: Identification of Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) Using a Small Number of Training Images","authors":"A. Knyshov, Samantha Hoang, C. Weirauch","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Automated insect identification systems have been explored for more than two decades but have only recently started to take advantage of powerful and versatile convolutional neural networks (CNNs). While typical CNN applications still require large training image datasets with hundreds of images per taxon, pretrained CNNs recently have been shown to be highly accurate, while being trained on much smaller datasets. We here evaluate the performance of CNN-based machine learning approaches in identifying three curated species-level dorsal habitus datasets for Miridae, the plant bugs. Miridae are of economic importance, but species-level identifications are challenging and typically rely on information other than dorsal habitus (e.g., host plants, locality, genitalic structures). Each dataset contained 2–6 species and 126–246 images in total, with a mean of only 32 images per species for the most difficult dataset. We find that closely related species of plant bugs can be identified with 80–90% accuracy based on their dorsal habitus alone. The pretrained CNN performed 10–20% better than a taxon expert who had access to the same dorsal habitus images. We find that feature extraction protocols (selection and combination of blocks of CNN layers) impact identification accuracy much more than the classifying mechanism (support vector machine and deep neural network classifiers). While our network has much lower accuracy on photographs of live insects (62%), overall results confirm that a pretrained CNN can be straightforwardly adapted to collection-based images for a new taxonomic group and successfully extract relevant features to classify insect species.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixab004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46728623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The ant genus Syscia Roger, 1861 is part of the cryptic ant fauna inhabiting leaf litter and rotten wood in the Asian and American tropics. It is a distinct clade within the Dorylinae, the subfamily from which army ants arose. Prior to this work, the genus comprised seven species, each known from a single or very few collections. Extensive collecting in Middle America revealed an unexpected and challenging diversity of morphological forms. Locally distinct forms could be identified at many sites, but assignment of specimens to species spanning multiple sites was problematic. To improve species delimitation, Ultra-Conserved Element (UCE) phylogenomic data were sequenced for all forms, both within and among sites, and a phylogeny was inferred. Informed by phylogeny, species delimitation was based on monophyly, absence of within-clade sympatry, and a subjective degree of morphological uniformity. UCE phylogenomic results for 130 specimens were complemented by analysis of mitochondrial COI (DNA barcode) data for an expanded taxon set. The resulting taxonomy augments the number of known species in the New World from 3 to 57. We describe and name 31 new species, and 23 species are assigned morphospecies codes pending improved specimen coverage. Queens may be fully alate or brachypterous, and there is a wide variety of intercaste female forms. Identification based on morphology alone is very difficult due to continuous character variation and high similarity of phylogenetically distant species. An identification aid is provided in the form of a set of distribution maps and standard views, with species ordered by size.
{"title":"Integrating UCE Phylogenomics With Traditional Taxonomy Reveals a Trove of New World Syscia Species (Formicidae: Dorylinae)","authors":"J. Longino, M. Branstetter","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The ant genus Syscia Roger, 1861 is part of the cryptic ant fauna inhabiting leaf litter and rotten wood in the Asian and American tropics. It is a distinct clade within the Dorylinae, the subfamily from which army ants arose. Prior to this work, the genus comprised seven species, each known from a single or very few collections. Extensive collecting in Middle America revealed an unexpected and challenging diversity of morphological forms. Locally distinct forms could be identified at many sites, but assignment of specimens to species spanning multiple sites was problematic. To improve species delimitation, Ultra-Conserved Element (UCE) phylogenomic data were sequenced for all forms, both within and among sites, and a phylogeny was inferred. Informed by phylogeny, species delimitation was based on monophyly, absence of within-clade sympatry, and a subjective degree of morphological uniformity. UCE phylogenomic results for 130 specimens were complemented by analysis of mitochondrial COI (DNA barcode) data for an expanded taxon set. The resulting taxonomy augments the number of known species in the New World from 3 to 57. We describe and name 31 new species, and 23 species are assigned morphospecies codes pending improved specimen coverage. Queens may be fully alate or brachypterous, and there is a wide variety of intercaste female forms. Identification based on morphology alone is very difficult due to continuous character variation and high similarity of phylogenetically distant species. An identification aid is provided in the form of a set of distribution maps and standard views, with species ordered by size.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixab001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45219574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivia M. Gearner, M. Kamiński, K. Kanda, Kali Swichtenberg, A. Smith
Abstract Sepidiini is a speciose tribe of desert-inhabiting darkling beetles, which contains a number of poorly defined taxonomic groups and is in need of revision at all taxonomic levels. In this study, two previously unrecognized lineages were discovered, based on morphological traits, among the extremely speciose genera Psammodes Kirby, 1819 (164 species and subspecies) and Ocnodes Fåhraeus, 1870 (144 species and subspecies), namely the Psammodes spinosus species-group and Ocnodes humeralis species-group. In order to test their phylogenetic placement, a phylogeny of the tribe was reconstructed based on analyses of DNA sequences from six nonoverlapping genetic loci (CAD, wg, COI JP, COI BC, COII, and 28S) using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. The aforementioned, morphologically defined, species-groups were recovered as distinct and well-supported lineages within Molurina + Phanerotomeina and are interpreted as independent genera, respectively, Tibiocnodes Gearner & Kamiński gen. nov. and Tuberocnodes Gearner & Kamiński gen. nov. A new species, Tuberocnodes synhimboides Gearner & Kamiński sp. nov., is also described. Furthermore, as the recovered phylogenetic placement of Tibiocnodes and Tuberocnodes undermines the monophyly of Molurina and Phanerotomeina, an analysis of the available diagnostic characters for those subtribes is also performed. As a consequence, Phanerotomeina is considered as a synonym of the newly redefined Molurina sens. nov. Finally, spectrograms of vibrations produced by substrate tapping of two Molurina species, Toktokkus vialis (Burchell, 1822) and T. synhimboides, are presented.
{"title":"Discovery of New Genera Challenges the Subtribal Classification of Tok-Tok Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Sepidiini)","authors":"Olivia M. Gearner, M. Kamiński, K. Kanda, Kali Swichtenberg, A. Smith","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sepidiini is a speciose tribe of desert-inhabiting darkling beetles, which contains a number of poorly defined taxonomic groups and is in need of revision at all taxonomic levels. In this study, two previously unrecognized lineages were discovered, based on morphological traits, among the extremely speciose genera Psammodes Kirby, 1819 (164 species and subspecies) and Ocnodes Fåhraeus, 1870 (144 species and subspecies), namely the Psammodes spinosus species-group and Ocnodes humeralis species-group. In order to test their phylogenetic placement, a phylogeny of the tribe was reconstructed based on analyses of DNA sequences from six nonoverlapping genetic loci (CAD, wg, COI JP, COI BC, COII, and 28S) using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. The aforementioned, morphologically defined, species-groups were recovered as distinct and well-supported lineages within Molurina + Phanerotomeina and are interpreted as independent genera, respectively, Tibiocnodes Gearner & Kamiński gen. nov. and Tuberocnodes Gearner & Kamiński gen. nov. A new species, Tuberocnodes synhimboides Gearner & Kamiński sp. nov., is also described. Furthermore, as the recovered phylogenetic placement of Tibiocnodes and Tuberocnodes undermines the monophyly of Molurina and Phanerotomeina, an analysis of the available diagnostic characters for those subtribes is also performed. As a consequence, Phanerotomeina is considered as a synonym of the newly redefined Molurina sens. nov. Finally, spectrograms of vibrations produced by substrate tapping of two Molurina species, Toktokkus vialis (Burchell, 1822) and T. synhimboides, are presented.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixab006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44338282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Pauli, K. Meusemann, Sandra Kukowka, Manuela Sann, A. Donath, C. Mayer, J. Oeyen, Yolanda Ballesteros, Alexander Berg, E. V. Berghe, Hermes E Escalona, A. Guglielmino, M. Niehuis, M. Olmi, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Polidori, Jeroen de Rond, P. Rosa, T. Schmitt, F. Strumia, Mareike Wurdack, Shanlin Liu, Xin Zhou, B. Misof, R. Peters, O. Niehuis
Abstract The wasp family Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps, gold wasps) comprises exclusively parasitoid and kleptoparasitic species, many of which feature a stunning iridescent coloration and phenotypic adaptations to their parasitic life style. Previous attempts to infer phylogenetic relationships among the family's major lineages (subfamilies, tribes, genera) based on Sanger sequence data were insufficient to statistically resolve the monophyly and the phylogenetic position of the subfamily Amiseginae and the phylogenetic relationships among the tribes Allocoeliini, Chrysidini, Elampini, and Parnopini (Chrysidinae). Here, we present a phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequence data of 492 nuclear single-copy genes (230,915 aligned amino acid sites) from 94 species of Chrysidoidea (representing Bethylidae, Chrysididae, Dryinidae, Plumariidae) and 45 outgroup species by combining RNA-seq and DNA target enrichment data. We find support for Amiseginae being more closely related to Cleptinae than to Chrysidinae. Furthermore, we find strong support for Allocoeliini being the sister lineage of all remaining Chrysidinae, whereas Elampini represent the sister lineage of Chrysidini and Parnopini. Our study corroborates results from a recent phylogenomic investigation, which revealed Chrysidoidea as likely paraphyletic. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Analysis of RNA-Seq, DNA Target Enrichment, and Sanger Nucleotide Sequence Data Resolves Deep Splits in the Phylogeny of Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)","authors":"Thomas Pauli, K. Meusemann, Sandra Kukowka, Manuela Sann, A. Donath, C. Mayer, J. Oeyen, Yolanda Ballesteros, Alexander Berg, E. V. Berghe, Hermes E Escalona, A. Guglielmino, M. Niehuis, M. Olmi, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Polidori, Jeroen de Rond, P. Rosa, T. Schmitt, F. Strumia, Mareike Wurdack, Shanlin Liu, Xin Zhou, B. Misof, R. Peters, O. Niehuis","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The wasp family Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps, gold wasps) comprises exclusively parasitoid and kleptoparasitic species, many of which feature a stunning iridescent coloration and phenotypic adaptations to their parasitic life style. Previous attempts to infer phylogenetic relationships among the family's major lineages (subfamilies, tribes, genera) based on Sanger sequence data were insufficient to statistically resolve the monophyly and the phylogenetic position of the subfamily Amiseginae and the phylogenetic relationships among the tribes Allocoeliini, Chrysidini, Elampini, and Parnopini (Chrysidinae). Here, we present a phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequence data of 492 nuclear single-copy genes (230,915 aligned amino acid sites) from 94 species of Chrysidoidea (representing Bethylidae, Chrysididae, Dryinidae, Plumariidae) and 45 outgroup species by combining RNA-seq and DNA target enrichment data. We find support for Amiseginae being more closely related to Cleptinae than to Chrysidinae. Furthermore, we find strong support for Allocoeliini being the sister lineage of all remaining Chrysidinae, whereas Elampini represent the sister lineage of Chrysidini and Parnopini. Our study corroborates results from a recent phylogenomic investigation, which revealed Chrysidoidea as likely paraphyletic. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47756923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Hamilton, F. W. Shockley, R. Simmons, Aaron J. Smith, J. Ware, J. Zaspel
1Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology & Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA, 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA, 3Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA, 4Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 5Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA, 6Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, USA, and 7Corresponding author, e-mail: hamiltonlab@uidaho.edu
{"title":"The Future for a Prominent Taxonomy","authors":"C. Hamilton, F. W. Shockley, R. Simmons, Aaron J. Smith, J. Ware, J. Zaspel","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa020","url":null,"abstract":"1Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology & Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA, 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA, 3Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA, 4Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 5Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA, 6Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI, USA, and 7Corresponding author, e-mail: hamiltonlab@uidaho.edu","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47378742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Villu Soon, Ruth F. Castillo‐Cajas, N. Johansson, Juho Paukkunen, P. Rosa, F. Ødegaard, T. Schmitt, O. Niehuis
Cuckoo wasps of the Chrysis ignita species group are difficult to identify at the species level, and the taxonomic status of various taxa has consequently been controversial. COI barcoding has helped clarify some of the taxonomic problems in this group, but also revealed cryptic diversity at the genetic level that remained difficult to interpret taxonomically. Here we show that analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) clarifies the taxonomic status of cuckoo wasp samples with distinct COI haplotypes. The advantages of studying CHCs in insects for taxonomic purposes reside on the fact that CHC profiles evolve quickly and that all proteins required for CHC biosynthesis are encoded by nuclear genes. Using Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis as an example, we show that COI barcoding in combination with analysis of CHCs extracted from freshly collected and from dry-mounted museum specimens (including the lectotype of C. pseudobrevitarsis) provides clear evidence for a separate taxon among samples which were previously considered to be conspecific with C. pseudobrevitarsis. We describe this taxon as Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. and present characters for distinguishing it chemically, genetically, and morphologically (females only) from C. pseudobrevitarsis. CHC profile comparison suggests females of C. pseudobrevitarsis may chemically mimic females of the vespid wasp Euodynerus notatus. Our study demonstrates the value of CHC analyses for supporting taxonomic inferences based on COI barcodes. It additionally underlines the value of dry-mounted collection specimens for chemical analyses and the potential of CHCs for inferring the identity of museum specimens, including type material, in a morphologically noninvasive manner.
杜鹃胡蜂属(Chrysis ignita)种群在种水平上的鉴定难度较大，各分类群的分类地位一直存在争议。COI条形码有助于澄清该类群的一些分类问题，但也揭示了遗传水平上仍然难以分类解释的神秘多样性。本研究表明，角质层碳氢化合物(CHCs)分析阐明了具有不同COI单倍型的杜鹃黄蜂样本的分类地位。研究昆虫体内CHC的分类学优势在于，昆虫体内CHC谱的进化速度很快，而生物合成CHC所需的所有蛋白质都由核基因编码。以假brevitarsis为例，我们表明，COI条形码结合新鲜采集和干燥安装的博物馆标本(包括C. pseudobrevitarsis的lecotype)中提取的CHCs的分析，为之前被认为与C. pseudobrevitarsis同属的样品中存在单独的分类群提供了明确的证据。我们将这个分类群描述为副布莱维塔斯(Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp.)，并提出了与假布莱维塔斯(C. pseudobrevitarsis)在化学、遗传和形态学上的区别(仅雌性)。CHC谱的比较表明，假短叶蜂的雌性在化学上可能与舌蜂的雌性相似。我们的研究证明了CHC分析在支持基于COI条形码的分类推断方面的价值。它还强调了干装收集标本的化学分析价值，以及chc在以形态学非侵入方式推断博物馆标本身份(包括类型材料)方面的潜力。
{"title":"Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species","authors":"Villu Soon, Ruth F. Castillo‐Cajas, N. Johansson, Juho Paukkunen, P. Rosa, F. Ødegaard, T. Schmitt, O. Niehuis","doi":"10.1093/ISD/IXAB002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ISD/IXAB002","url":null,"abstract":"Cuckoo wasps of the Chrysis ignita species group are difficult to identify at the species level, and the taxonomic status of various taxa has consequently been controversial. COI barcoding has helped clarify some of the taxonomic problems in this group, but also revealed cryptic diversity at the genetic level that remained difficult to interpret taxonomically. Here we show that analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) clarifies the taxonomic status of cuckoo wasp samples with distinct COI haplotypes. The advantages of studying CHCs in insects for taxonomic purposes reside on the fact that CHC profiles evolve quickly and that all proteins required for CHC biosynthesis are encoded by nuclear genes. Using Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis as an example, we show that COI barcoding in combination with analysis of CHCs extracted from freshly collected and from dry-mounted museum specimens (including the lectotype of C. pseudobrevitarsis) provides clear evidence for a separate taxon among samples which were previously considered to be conspecific with C. pseudobrevitarsis. We describe this taxon as Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. and present characters for distinguishing it chemically, genetically, and morphologically (females only) from C. pseudobrevitarsis. CHC profile comparison suggests females of C. pseudobrevitarsis may chemically mimic females of the vespid wasp Euodynerus notatus. Our study demonstrates the value of CHC analyses for supporting taxonomic inferences based on COI barcodes. It additionally underlines the value of dry-mounted collection specimens for chemical analyses and the potential of CHCs for inferring the identity of museum specimens, including type material, in a morphologically noninvasive manner.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ISD/IXAB002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61455901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The systematic placement of an enigmatic psocid family restricted to Africa, Lesneiidae, was estimated by using a multiple gene data set. The candidates for its close relatives are now classified under two different infraorders, the family Archipsocidae of the infraorder Archipsocetae or the families Elipsocidae/Mesopsocidae of the infraorder Homilopsocidea. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the molecular data set strongly suggested that the Lesneiidae belongs to Homilopsocidea and forms a clade with Elipsocidae/Mesopsocidae/Eolachesillinae (Lachesillidae). However, the relationships among these (sub)families and Lesneiidae, including the monophyly of Elipsocidae and Mesopsocidae, were ambiguous or questionable, showing the necessity of further investigations for elucidating their relationships and validating the status of these families. Two species, L. johnsoni Yoshizawa & Lienhard, n. sp. and L. testudinata Yoshizawa & Lienhard, n. sp. (Psocodea: Lesneiidae), were described from South Africa. There appears to be a tight association between the reproductive biology and morphological specialization of this group.
{"title":"Systematic Position of the Enigmatic Psocid Family Lesneiidae (Insecta: Psocodea: Psocomorpha), With Description of Two New Species","authors":"K. Yoshizawa, Y. Marusik, I. Yao, C. Lienhard","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The systematic placement of an enigmatic psocid family restricted to Africa, Lesneiidae, was estimated by using a multiple gene data set. The candidates for its close relatives are now classified under two different infraorders, the family Archipsocidae of the infraorder Archipsocetae or the families Elipsocidae/Mesopsocidae of the infraorder Homilopsocidea. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the molecular data set strongly suggested that the Lesneiidae belongs to Homilopsocidea and forms a clade with Elipsocidae/Mesopsocidae/Eolachesillinae (Lachesillidae). However, the relationships among these (sub)families and Lesneiidae, including the monophyly of Elipsocidae and Mesopsocidae, were ambiguous or questionable, showing the necessity of further investigations for elucidating their relationships and validating the status of these families. Two species, L. johnsoni Yoshizawa & Lienhard, n. sp. and L. testudinata Yoshizawa & Lienhard, n. sp. (Psocodea: Lesneiidae), were described from South Africa. There appears to be a tight association between the reproductive biology and morphological specialization of this group.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49201164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A taxonomic revision of all Australian species of Metopia Meigen (Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae) is completed using an integrated approach combining molecular and morphological data. Metopia nudibasis (Malloch) is redescribed as a species complex and a new endemic Australian species, Metopia sputnik sp. n., is described. Evidence is presented that Metopia sauteri (Townsend) is absent from Australia and this species is therefore removed from the known Australian fauna. Molecular phylogenetics is used to reconstruct interspecific and generic relationships and support morphology-based species hypotheses. Phylogenetic analysis splits Metopia Meigen into two clades, separated by Aenigmetopia Malloch, rendering the former genus nonmonophyletic. The implications of this are discussed.
{"title":"Integrative Taxonomy of Australian Metopia (Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae) Reveals a New Species and Challenges Traditional Phylogeny","authors":"Nikolas P. Johnston, J. Wallman, T. Pape","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A taxonomic revision of all Australian species of Metopia Meigen (Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae) is completed using an integrated approach combining molecular and morphological data. Metopia nudibasis (Malloch) is redescribed as a species complex and a new endemic Australian species, Metopia sputnik sp. n., is described. Evidence is presented that Metopia sauteri (Townsend) is absent from Australia and this species is therefore removed from the known Australian fauna. Molecular phylogenetics is used to reconstruct interspecific and generic relationships and support morphology-based species hypotheses. Phylogenetic analysis splits Metopia Meigen into two clades, separated by Aenigmetopia Malloch, rendering the former genus nonmonophyletic. The implications of this are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41362821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：