A. Richter, B. Boudinot, Shûhei Yamamoto, Julian Katzke, R. Beutel
Abstract The fossil record allows a unique glimpse into the evolutionary history of organisms living on Earth today. We discovered a specimen of the stem group ant †Gerontoformica gracilis (Barden and Grimaldi, 2014) in Kachin amber with near-complete preservation of internal head structures, which we document employing µ-computed-tomography-based 3D reconstructions. We compare †Gerontoformica to four outgroup taxa and four extant ant species, employing parsimony and Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction to identify morphological differences and similarities between stem and crown ants and thus improve our understanding of ant evolution through the lens of head anatomy. Of 149 morphological characters, 87 are new in this study, and almost all applicable to the fossil. †Gerontoformica gracilis shares shortened dorsal tentorial arms, basally angled pedicels, and the pharyngeal gland as apomorphies with other total clade Formicidae. Retained plesiomorphies include mandible shape and features of the prepharynx. Implications of the reconstructed transitions especially for the ant groundplan are critically discussed based on our restricted taxon sampling, emphasizing the crucial information derived from internal anatomy which is applied to deep time for the first time. Based on the falcate mandible in †Gerontoformica and other Aculeata, we present hypotheses for how the shovel-shaped mandibles in crown Formicidae could have evolved. Our results support the notion of †Gerontoformica as ‘generalized’ above-ground predator missing crucial novelties of crown ants which may have helped the latter survive the end-Cretaceous extinction. Our study is an important step for anatomical research on Cretaceous insects and a glimpse into the early evolution of ant heads. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"The First Reconstruction of the Head Anatomy of a Cretaceous Insect, †Gerontoformica gracilis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and the Early Evolution of Ants","authors":"A. Richter, B. Boudinot, Shûhei Yamamoto, Julian Katzke, R. Beutel","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The fossil record allows a unique glimpse into the evolutionary history of organisms living on Earth today. We discovered a specimen of the stem group ant †Gerontoformica gracilis (Barden and Grimaldi, 2014) in Kachin amber with near-complete preservation of internal head structures, which we document employing µ-computed-tomography-based 3D reconstructions. We compare †Gerontoformica to four outgroup taxa and four extant ant species, employing parsimony and Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction to identify morphological differences and similarities between stem and crown ants and thus improve our understanding of ant evolution through the lens of head anatomy. Of 149 morphological characters, 87 are new in this study, and almost all applicable to the fossil. †Gerontoformica gracilis shares shortened dorsal tentorial arms, basally angled pedicels, and the pharyngeal gland as apomorphies with other total clade Formicidae. Retained plesiomorphies include mandible shape and features of the prepharynx. Implications of the reconstructed transitions especially for the ant groundplan are critically discussed based on our restricted taxon sampling, emphasizing the crucial information derived from internal anatomy which is applied to deep time for the first time. Based on the falcate mandible in †Gerontoformica and other Aculeata, we present hypotheses for how the shovel-shaped mandibles in crown Formicidae could have evolved. Our results support the notion of †Gerontoformica as ‘generalized’ above-ground predator missing crucial novelties of crown ants which may have helped the latter survive the end-Cretaceous extinction. Our study is an important step for anatomical research on Cretaceous insects and a glimpse into the early evolution of ant heads. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45860757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guilherme H F Azevedo, T. Bougie, Martín E Carboni, M. Hedin, M. Ramírez
Abstract Traits that independently evolve many times are important for testing hypotheses about correlated evolution and understanding the forces shaping biodiversity. However, population genetics processes can cause hemiplasies (traits determined by genes whose topologies do not match the species tree), leading to a false impression of convergence (homoplasy) and potentially misleading inferences of correlated evolution. Discerning between homoplasies and hemiplasies can be important in cases of rapid radiations and clades with many gene tree incongruences. Here, focusing on two-clawed spiders (Dionycha) and close relatives, we evaluate if the observed distribution of characters related to a web-less lifestyle could be better explained as synapomorphies, homoplasies, or hemiplasies. We find that, although there are several convergences, hemiplasies are also sometimes probable. We discuss how these hemiplasies could affect inferences about correlation and causal relationship of traits. Understanding when and where in the tree of life hemiplasy could have happened is important, preventing false inference of convergent evolution. Furthermore, this understanding can provide alternative hypotheses that can be tested with independent data. Using traits related to the climbing ability of spiders we show that, when hemiplasy is unlikely, adequate model testing can be used to better understand correlated evolution, and propose hypotheses to be tested using controlled behavioral and mechanical experiments. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Convergence, Hemiplasy, and Correlated Evolution Impact Morphological Diversity Related to a Web-Less Lifestyle in the Two-Clawed Spiders","authors":"Guilherme H F Azevedo, T. Bougie, Martín E Carboni, M. Hedin, M. Ramírez","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traits that independently evolve many times are important for testing hypotheses about correlated evolution and understanding the forces shaping biodiversity. However, population genetics processes can cause hemiplasies (traits determined by genes whose topologies do not match the species tree), leading to a false impression of convergence (homoplasy) and potentially misleading inferences of correlated evolution. Discerning between homoplasies and hemiplasies can be important in cases of rapid radiations and clades with many gene tree incongruences. Here, focusing on two-clawed spiders (Dionycha) and close relatives, we evaluate if the observed distribution of characters related to a web-less lifestyle could be better explained as synapomorphies, homoplasies, or hemiplasies. We find that, although there are several convergences, hemiplasies are also sometimes probable. We discuss how these hemiplasies could affect inferences about correlation and causal relationship of traits. Understanding when and where in the tree of life hemiplasy could have happened is important, preventing false inference of convergent evolution. Furthermore, this understanding can provide alternative hypotheses that can be tested with independent data. Using traits related to the climbing ability of spiders we show that, when hemiplasy is unlikely, adequate model testing can be used to better understand correlated evolution, and propose hypotheses to be tested using controlled behavioral and mechanical experiments. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42695824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Lycidae genera have seldom been tested with phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, we assembled genomic data to estimate the phylogenetic backbone of the porrostomines, one of Metriorrhynchina’s major clades. Further, mtDNA and morphology were employed to assign 352 analyzed species to genera. We present evidence for the paraphyly of Metriorrhynchus and terminal position of Porrostoma, revise the generic classification, and describe eight genera: Maraiakoreus gen. nov., Kuarhynchus gen. nov., Riedelrhynchus gen. nov., Bundikanus gen. nov., Yamarhynchus gen. nov., Bekorhynchus gen. nov., Sundarhynchus gen. nov., and Isuarhynchus gen. nov. We synonymize Stadenus Waterhouse, 1879, syn. nov., Metriorrhynchoides Kleine, 1923, syn. nov., and Oriomum Bocak, 1999a, syn. nov., to Porrostoma Castelnau, 1838. Next, we propose 75 new combinations and four new species: Bundikanus styskalai sp. nov., Kuarhynchus sisrangensis sp. nov., Maraiakoreus argenteus sp. nov., and Yamarhynchus sinopassensis sp. nov. We identified repeated origins of several external morphological traits earlier used to delimitate genera. Therefore, we prefer concordant evidence from the densely sampled mitochondrial phylogenies and male genitalia. The analyses identify high phylogenetic diversity and species richness in New Guinea, much lower phylogenetic diversity of the Australian continental fauna, and the limited permeability of the Wallacea that resulted in a single porrostomine genus in Asia. We point to the common acceptance of paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa in the current classification. As a result, taxonomy has not provided expected support for any state-of-the-art evolutionary and zoogeographic studies. The phylogeny, species inventory, and classification of porrostomines set the basis for future evolutionary and zoogeographical studies.
{"title":"How Do Genomic, Mitochondrial, and Morphological Data Contribute to the Linnean Classification of the Porrostomine Net-Winged Beetles (Coleoptera, Lycidae)?","authors":"Dominik Kusy, Michal Motyka, R. Bílková, L. Bocak","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Lycidae genera have seldom been tested with phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, we assembled genomic data to estimate the phylogenetic backbone of the porrostomines, one of Metriorrhynchina’s major clades. Further, mtDNA and morphology were employed to assign 352 analyzed species to genera. We present evidence for the paraphyly of Metriorrhynchus and terminal position of Porrostoma, revise the generic classification, and describe eight genera: Maraiakoreus gen. nov., Kuarhynchus gen. nov., Riedelrhynchus gen. nov., Bundikanus gen. nov., Yamarhynchus gen. nov., Bekorhynchus gen. nov., Sundarhynchus gen. nov., and Isuarhynchus gen. nov. We synonymize Stadenus Waterhouse, 1879, syn. nov., Metriorrhynchoides Kleine, 1923, syn. nov., and Oriomum Bocak, 1999a, syn. nov., to Porrostoma Castelnau, 1838. Next, we propose 75 new combinations and four new species: Bundikanus styskalai sp. nov., Kuarhynchus sisrangensis sp. nov., Maraiakoreus argenteus sp. nov., and Yamarhynchus sinopassensis sp. nov. We identified repeated origins of several external morphological traits earlier used to delimitate genera. Therefore, we prefer concordant evidence from the densely sampled mitochondrial phylogenies and male genitalia. The analyses identify high phylogenetic diversity and species richness in New Guinea, much lower phylogenetic diversity of the Australian continental fauna, and the limited permeability of the Wallacea that resulted in a single porrostomine genus in Asia. We point to the common acceptance of paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa in the current classification. As a result, taxonomy has not provided expected support for any state-of-the-art evolutionary and zoogeographic studies. The phylogeny, species inventory, and classification of porrostomines set the basis for future evolutionary and zoogeographical studies.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42860441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sam D. Heraghty, Sarthok Rasique Rahman, J. Jackson, Jeffrey D. Lozier
Abstract Broadly distributed species experience divergent abiotic conditions across their ranges that may drive local adaptation. Montane systems where populations are distributed across both latitudinal and elevational gradients are especially likely to produce local adaptation due to spatial variation in multiple abiotic factors, including temperature, oxygen availability, and air density. We use whole-genome resequencing to evaluate the landscape genomics of Bombus vancouverensis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a common montane bumble bee that is distributed throughout the western part of North America. Combined statistical approaches revealed several large windows of outlier SNPs with unusual levels of differentiation across the region and indicated that isothermality and elevation were the environmental features most strongly associated with these variants. Genes found within these regions had diverse biological functions, but included neuromuscular function, ion homeostasis, oxidative stress, and hypoxia that could be associated with tolerance of temperature, desiccation, or high elevation conditions.The whole-genome sequencing approach revealed outliers occurred in genome regions with elevated linkage disequilibrium, elevated mean FST, and low intrapopulation nucleotide diversity. Other kinds of structural variations were not widely associated with environmental predictors but did broadly match geographic separation. Results are consistent with other studies suggesting that regions of low recombination may harbor adaptive variation in bumble bees within as well as between species and refine our understanding of candidate genes that could be further investigated as possible targets of selection across the B. vancouverensis range.
{"title":"Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals the Structure of Environment-Associated Divergence in a Broadly Distributed Montane Bumble Bee, Bombus vancouverensis","authors":"Sam D. Heraghty, Sarthok Rasique Rahman, J. Jackson, Jeffrey D. Lozier","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Broadly distributed species experience divergent abiotic conditions across their ranges that may drive local adaptation. Montane systems where populations are distributed across both latitudinal and elevational gradients are especially likely to produce local adaptation due to spatial variation in multiple abiotic factors, including temperature, oxygen availability, and air density. We use whole-genome resequencing to evaluate the landscape genomics of Bombus vancouverensis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a common montane bumble bee that is distributed throughout the western part of North America. Combined statistical approaches revealed several large windows of outlier SNPs with unusual levels of differentiation across the region and indicated that isothermality and elevation were the environmental features most strongly associated with these variants. Genes found within these regions had diverse biological functions, but included neuromuscular function, ion homeostasis, oxidative stress, and hypoxia that could be associated with tolerance of temperature, desiccation, or high elevation conditions.The whole-genome sequencing approach revealed outliers occurred in genome regions with elevated linkage disequilibrium, elevated mean FST, and low intrapopulation nucleotide diversity. Other kinds of structural variations were not widely associated with environmental predictors but did broadly match geographic separation. Results are consistent with other studies suggesting that regions of low recombination may harbor adaptive variation in bumble bees within as well as between species and refine our understanding of candidate genes that could be further investigated as possible targets of selection across the B. vancouverensis range.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47257105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Klečková, J. Klečka, Z. Fric, M. Česánek, L. Dutoit, L. Pellissier, Pável Matos‐Maraví
Abstract The diversification of alpine species has been modulated by their climatic niches interacting with changing climatic conditions. The relative roles of climatic niche conservatism promoting geographical speciation and of climatic niche diversification are poorly understood in diverse temperate groups. Here, we investigate the climatic niche evolution in a species rich butterfly genus, Erebia (Dalman, 1816). This Holarctic cold-dwelling genus reaches the highest diversity in European mountains. We generated a nearly complete molecular phylogeny and modeled the climatic niche evolution using geo-referenced occurrence records. We reconstructed the evolution of the climatic niche and tested how the species' climatic niche width changes across the occupied climate gradient and compared two main Erebia clades, the European and the Asian clade. We further explored climatic niche overlaps among species. Our analyses revealed that the evolution of Erebia has been shaped by climatic niche conservatism, supported by a strong phylogenetic signal and niche overlap in sister species, likely promoting allopatric speciation. The European and the Asian clades evolved their climatic niches toward different local optima. In addition, species in the European clade have narrower niches compared to the Asian clade. Contrasts among the clades may be related to regional climate differences, with lower climate seasonality in Europe compared to Central Asia favoring the evolution of narrower niches. Further, adaptive divergence could appear in other traits, such as habitat use, which can be reflected by narrower climatic niches detected in the European clade. Our study extends knowledge about the complexity of evolutionary drivers in temperate insects.
{"title":"Climatic Niche Conservatism and Ecological Diversification in the Holarctic Cold-Dwelling Butterfly Genus Erebia","authors":"I. Klečková, J. Klečka, Z. Fric, M. Česánek, L. Dutoit, L. Pellissier, Pável Matos‐Maraví","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixad002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The diversification of alpine species has been modulated by their climatic niches interacting with changing climatic conditions. The relative roles of climatic niche conservatism promoting geographical speciation and of climatic niche diversification are poorly understood in diverse temperate groups. Here, we investigate the climatic niche evolution in a species rich butterfly genus, Erebia (Dalman, 1816). This Holarctic cold-dwelling genus reaches the highest diversity in European mountains. We generated a nearly complete molecular phylogeny and modeled the climatic niche evolution using geo-referenced occurrence records. We reconstructed the evolution of the climatic niche and tested how the species' climatic niche width changes across the occupied climate gradient and compared two main Erebia clades, the European and the Asian clade. We further explored climatic niche overlaps among species. Our analyses revealed that the evolution of Erebia has been shaped by climatic niche conservatism, supported by a strong phylogenetic signal and niche overlap in sister species, likely promoting allopatric speciation. The European and the Asian clades evolved their climatic niches toward different local optima. In addition, species in the European clade have narrower niches compared to the Asian clade. Contrasts among the clades may be related to regional climate differences, with lower climate seasonality in Europe compared to Central Asia favoring the evolution of narrower niches. Further, adaptive divergence could appear in other traits, such as habitat use, which can be reflected by narrower climatic niches detected in the European clade. Our study extends knowledge about the complexity of evolutionary drivers in temperate insects.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47433012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aaron M. Goodman, Jonah J Allen, Jinna Brim, Alessa Codella, Brittney Hahn, Hassan Jojo, Zoila BondocGawa Mafla-Mills, Salka’Tuwa Bondoc Mafla, Agnes Oduro, Megan M. Wilson, J. Ware
Abstract The advent of community-science databases in conjunction with museum specimen locality information has exponentially increased the power and accuracy of ecological niche modeling (ENM). Increased occurrence data has provided colossal potential to understand the distributions of lesser known or endangered species, including arthropods. Although niche modeling of termites has been conducted in the context of invasive and pest species, few studies have been performed to understand the distribution of basal termite genera. Using specimen records from the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) as well as locality databases, we generated ecological niche models for 12 basal termite species belonging to six genera and three families. We extracted environmental data from the Worldclim 19 bioclimatic dataset v2, along with SoilGrids datasets and generated models using MaxEnt. We chose Optimal models based on partial Receiving Operating characteristic (pROC) and omission rate criterion and determined variable importance using permutation analysis. We also calculated response curves to understand changes in suitability with changes in environmental variables. Optimal models for our 12 termite species ranged in complexity, but no discernible pattern was noted among genera, families, or geographic range. Permutation analysis revealed that habitat suitability is affected predominantly by seasonal or monthly temperature and precipitation variation. Our findings not only highlight the efficacy of largely community-science and museum-based datasets, but our models provide a baseline for predictions of future abundance of lesser-known arthropod species in the face of habitat destruction and climate change. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Utilization of Community Science Data to Explore Habitat Suitability of Basal Termite Genera","authors":"Aaron M. Goodman, Jonah J Allen, Jinna Brim, Alessa Codella, Brittney Hahn, Hassan Jojo, Zoila BondocGawa Mafla-Mills, Salka’Tuwa Bondoc Mafla, Agnes Oduro, Megan M. Wilson, J. Ware","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The advent of community-science databases in conjunction with museum specimen locality information has exponentially increased the power and accuracy of ecological niche modeling (ENM). Increased occurrence data has provided colossal potential to understand the distributions of lesser known or endangered species, including arthropods. Although niche modeling of termites has been conducted in the context of invasive and pest species, few studies have been performed to understand the distribution of basal termite genera. Using specimen records from the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) as well as locality databases, we generated ecological niche models for 12 basal termite species belonging to six genera and three families. We extracted environmental data from the Worldclim 19 bioclimatic dataset v2, along with SoilGrids datasets and generated models using MaxEnt. We chose Optimal models based on partial Receiving Operating characteristic (pROC) and omission rate criterion and determined variable importance using permutation analysis. We also calculated response curves to understand changes in suitability with changes in environmental variables. Optimal models for our 12 termite species ranged in complexity, but no discernible pattern was noted among genera, families, or geographic range. Permutation analysis revealed that habitat suitability is affected predominantly by seasonal or monthly temperature and precipitation variation. Our findings not only highlight the efficacy of largely community-science and museum-based datasets, but our models provide a baseline for predictions of future abundance of lesser-known arthropod species in the face of habitat destruction and climate change. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45304591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Plant-associated arthropods have been shown to cross large oceanic distances on floating plant material and to establish themselves on distant landmasses. Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) ambrosia beetles occur in forests worldwide and are likely capable of long range dispersal. In less than 20 million years, this group dispersed from Asia to tropical regions of Africa and South America. The phylogeny, taxonomy, and biogeography of one Xyleborus species group which occurs on both continents are reviewed for this study. Based on a well-resolved molecular phylogeny resulting from parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of four gene loci, we describe a new monophyletic genus, Xenoxylebora Osborn, Smith & Cognato, gen. nov., for this bicontinental Xyleborus species group with seven Afrotropical and six Neotropical species. Six new species are described: Xenoxylebora pilosa Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov. from Africa, and Xenoxylebora addenda Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., Xenoxylebora calculosa Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., Xenoxylebora hystricosa Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., Xenoxylebora serrata Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., and Xenoxylebora sulcata Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., from South America. Seven new combinations from Xyleborus are proposed: Xenoxylebora caudata (Schedl 1957) comb. nov., Xenoxylebora collarti (Eggers 1932) comb. nov., Xenoxylebora perdiligens (Schedl 1937) comb. nov., Xenoxylebora sphenos (Sampson 1912) comb. nov., Xenoxylebora subcrenulata (Eggers 1932) comb. nov., and Xenoxylebora syzygii (Nunberg 1959) comb. nov. from Africa, and Xenoxylebora neosphenos (Schedl 1976) comb. nov. from South America. One new synonym is proposed: Xenoxylebora sphenos (Sampson 1912) = Xyleborus tenellus Schedl 1957 syn. nov. Descriptions, diagnoses, images, and a key to the identification of all 13 species are provided. The sequence of colonization between Africa and South America is uncertain for Xenoxylebora. Prevailing ocean currents and predominant locality patterns observed for other organisms suggest an African Xenoxylebora origin. However, the phylogeny, biogeographical analyses, and a calibrated divergence time suggest a possible South American origin for African Xenoxylebora (2.3 Ma, 95% HDP 4.5–0.6 Ma), which is supported by the occurrence of ocean counter currents between the continents and evidence of dispersal from South America to Africa among some plant and arthropod taxa.
{"title":"New Xyleborine (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Genus With an Afrotropical-Neotropical Distribution","authors":"R. Osborn, Sarah M. Smith, Anthony I Cognato","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Plant-associated arthropods have been shown to cross large oceanic distances on floating plant material and to establish themselves on distant landmasses. Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) ambrosia beetles occur in forests worldwide and are likely capable of long range dispersal. In less than 20 million years, this group dispersed from Asia to tropical regions of Africa and South America. The phylogeny, taxonomy, and biogeography of one Xyleborus species group which occurs on both continents are reviewed for this study. Based on a well-resolved molecular phylogeny resulting from parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of four gene loci, we describe a new monophyletic genus, Xenoxylebora Osborn, Smith & Cognato, gen. nov., for this bicontinental Xyleborus species group with seven Afrotropical and six Neotropical species. Six new species are described: Xenoxylebora pilosa Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov. from Africa, and Xenoxylebora addenda Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., Xenoxylebora calculosa Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., Xenoxylebora hystricosa Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., Xenoxylebora serrata Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., and Xenoxylebora sulcata Osborn, Smith & Cognato, sp. nov., from South America. Seven new combinations from Xyleborus are proposed: Xenoxylebora caudata (Schedl 1957) comb. nov., Xenoxylebora collarti (Eggers 1932) comb. nov., Xenoxylebora perdiligens (Schedl 1937) comb. nov., Xenoxylebora sphenos (Sampson 1912) comb. nov., Xenoxylebora subcrenulata (Eggers 1932) comb. nov., and Xenoxylebora syzygii (Nunberg 1959) comb. nov. from Africa, and Xenoxylebora neosphenos (Schedl 1976) comb. nov. from South America. One new synonym is proposed: Xenoxylebora sphenos (Sampson 1912) = Xyleborus tenellus Schedl 1957 syn. nov. Descriptions, diagnoses, images, and a key to the identification of all 13 species are provided. The sequence of colonization between Africa and South America is uncertain for Xenoxylebora. Prevailing ocean currents and predominant locality patterns observed for other organisms suggest an African Xenoxylebora origin. However, the phylogeny, biogeographical analyses, and a calibrated divergence time suggest a possible South American origin for African Xenoxylebora (2.3 Ma, 95% HDP 4.5–0.6 Ma), which is supported by the occurrence of ocean counter currents between the continents and evidence of dispersal from South America to Africa among some plant and arthropod taxa.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44304463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In millipedes, gonopods are male copulatory genitalia derived from walking legs that metamorphose during postembryonic development. The morphology of gonopods is critical for genus and species diagnosis in most taxa. However, the form and function of gonopods vary drastically at the family and ordinal level, making intricate morphological comparison practically impossible. Internal morphology could provide the basis for homologizing morphological elements present in the walking legs and gonopods. Therefore, we used x-ray computed tomography to produce 3D segmentations of Pseudopolydesmus Attems, 1898 (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae) millipedes incorporating two types of morphological elements: skeletal elements and muscles. In addition to imaging the trunk and appendages of an adult male, we imaged the developing gonopod across a series of juvenile male stadia in order to trace the identities of morphological elements. Skeletal elements were homologized, but muscle homologies were limited by the dissimilarity of muscle attachment sites between the walking leg and gonopod. Furthermore, images of juvenile males showed that appendage musculature is totally obliterated once gonopod development begins in the fourth stadium. Due to these limitations, we believe it may be more tractable to homologize gonopod musculature of various millipede taxa to each other than to that of the walking legs. Because distinct genetic developmental networks responsible for walking leg and gonopod patterning have been evolving separately since the common ancestor of gonopod-bearing millipedes (a case of paramorphy), skeletomusculature among gonopods of unrelated millipede taxa is expected to be more similar than that of the gonopod and walking leg within a given millipede lineage.
{"title":"Skeletomuscular Atlas and Deep Homology of a Metamorphosing Genitalic Appendage in a Flat-Backed Millipede (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae: Pseudopolydesmus)","authors":"Xavier J Zahnle, Megan Ma, J. Bond","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In millipedes, gonopods are male copulatory genitalia derived from walking legs that metamorphose during postembryonic development. The morphology of gonopods is critical for genus and species diagnosis in most taxa. However, the form and function of gonopods vary drastically at the family and ordinal level, making intricate morphological comparison practically impossible. Internal morphology could provide the basis for homologizing morphological elements present in the walking legs and gonopods. Therefore, we used x-ray computed tomography to produce 3D segmentations of Pseudopolydesmus Attems, 1898 (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae) millipedes incorporating two types of morphological elements: skeletal elements and muscles. In addition to imaging the trunk and appendages of an adult male, we imaged the developing gonopod across a series of juvenile male stadia in order to trace the identities of morphological elements. Skeletal elements were homologized, but muscle homologies were limited by the dissimilarity of muscle attachment sites between the walking leg and gonopod. Furthermore, images of juvenile males showed that appendage musculature is totally obliterated once gonopod development begins in the fourth stadium. Due to these limitations, we believe it may be more tractable to homologize gonopod musculature of various millipede taxa to each other than to that of the walking legs. Because distinct genetic developmental networks responsible for walking leg and gonopod patterning have been evolving separately since the common ancestor of gonopod-bearing millipedes (a case of paramorphy), skeletomusculature among gonopods of unrelated millipede taxa is expected to be more similar than that of the gonopod and walking leg within a given millipede lineage.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47567826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Deciphering the timing of lineage diversification and extinction has greatly benefited in the last decade from methodological developments in fossil-based analyses. If these advances are increasingly used to study the past dynamics of vertebrates, other taxa such as insects remain relatively neglected. Our understanding of how insect clades waxed and waned or of the impact of major paleoenvironmental changes during their periods of diversification and extinction (mass extinction) are rarely investigated. Here, we compile and analyze the fossil record of Plecoptera (1,742 vetted occurrences) to investigate their genus-level diversification and diversity dynamics using a Bayesian process-based model that incorporates temporal preservation biases. We found that the Permian-Triassic mass extinction has drastically impacted Plecoptera, while the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution corresponds with a turnover of plecopteran fauna. We also unveiled three major gaps in the plecopteran fossil record: the Carboniferous-Permian transition, the late Early Cretaceous, and the late Cenomanian to Bartonian, which will need to be further investigated. Based on the life history of extant Plecoptera, we investigate the correlations between their past dynamic and a series of biotic (Red Queen hypothesis) and abiotic (Court Jester hypothesis) factors. These analyses highlight the major role of continental fragmentation in the evolutionary history of stoneflies, which is in line with phylogeny-based biogeographic analyses showing how vicariance drove their diversification. Our study advocates analyzing the fossil record with caution, while attempting to unveil the diversification and extinction periods plus the likely triggers of these past dynamics of diversification.
{"title":"Estimating the Drivers of Diversification of Stoneflies Through Time and the Limits of Their Fossil Record","authors":"C. Jouault, A. Nel, F. Legendre, F. Condamine","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Deciphering the timing of lineage diversification and extinction has greatly benefited in the last decade from methodological developments in fossil-based analyses. If these advances are increasingly used to study the past dynamics of vertebrates, other taxa such as insects remain relatively neglected. Our understanding of how insect clades waxed and waned or of the impact of major paleoenvironmental changes during their periods of diversification and extinction (mass extinction) are rarely investigated. Here, we compile and analyze the fossil record of Plecoptera (1,742 vetted occurrences) to investigate their genus-level diversification and diversity dynamics using a Bayesian process-based model that incorporates temporal preservation biases. We found that the Permian-Triassic mass extinction has drastically impacted Plecoptera, while the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution corresponds with a turnover of plecopteran fauna. We also unveiled three major gaps in the plecopteran fossil record: the Carboniferous-Permian transition, the late Early Cretaceous, and the late Cenomanian to Bartonian, which will need to be further investigated. Based on the life history of extant Plecoptera, we investigate the correlations between their past dynamic and a series of biotic (Red Queen hypothesis) and abiotic (Court Jester hypothesis) factors. These analyses highlight the major role of continental fragmentation in the evolutionary history of stoneflies, which is in line with phylogeny-based biogeographic analyses showing how vicariance drove their diversification. Our study advocates analyzing the fossil record with caution, while attempting to unveil the diversification and extinction periods plus the likely triggers of these past dynamics of diversification.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42760101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oscar Fernando Saenz Manchola, Ernesto Samacá Sáenz, Stephany Virrueta Herrera, Lorenzo Mario D'Alessio, A. G. García Aldrete, Kevin P. Johnson
Abstract The order Psocodea includes the two historically recognized groups Psocoptera (free-living bark lice) and Phthiraptera (parasitic lice) that were once considered separate orders. Psocodea is divided in three suborders: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, and Psocomorpha, the latter being the largest within the free-living groups. Despite the increasing number of transcriptomes and whole genome sequence (WGS) data available for this group, the relationships among the six known infraorders within Psocomorpha remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the utility of a bait set designed specifically for parasitic lice belonging to suborder Troctomorpha to extract UCE loci from transcriptome and WGS data of 55 bark louse species and explored the phylogenetic relationships within Psocomorpha using these UCE loci markers. Taxon sampling was heavily focused on the families Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae, whose relationships have been problematic in prior phylogenetic studies. We successfully recovered a total of 2,622 UCE loci, with a 40% completeness matrix containing 2,081 UCE loci and an 80% completeness matrix containing 178 UCE loci. The average number of UCE loci recovered for the 55 species was 1,401. The WGS data sets produced a larger number of UCE loci (1,495) on average than the transcriptome data sets (972). Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed with Maximum Likelihood and coalescent-based analysis were concordant regarding the paraphyly of Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae. Branch support values were generally lower in analyses that used a fewer number of loci, even though they had higher matrix completeness. Resumen El orden Psocodea incluye actualmente a dos grupos históricamente reconocidos y que una vez fueron considerados órdenes separados, Psocoptera (piojos de vida libre o de las cortezas) y Phthiraptera (piojos verdaderos). Psocodea está dividido en tres subórdenes: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha y Psocomorpha, este último siendo el más grande entre los piojos de vida libre. A pesar de que la cantidad de información disponible sobre transcriptomas y secuenciación del genoma completo (WGS) para este grupo se ha incrementado notablemente en los últimos años, las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de Psocomorpha permanecen poco claras. En este estudio, evaluamos la utilidad de un conjunto de sondas diseñadas específicamente a partir de especies de piojos verdaderos del suborden Troctormorpha, para capturar elementos ultra-conservados (UCE) a partir de las secuencias de transcriptomas y WGS de 55 especies de piojos de las cortezas. Igualmente, exploramos las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de Psocomorpha usando estos marcadores de UCE. El muestreo taxonómico estuvo fuertemente enfocado en las familias Lachesillidae y Elipsocidae, ya que sus relaciones han demostrado ser problemáticas en estudios filogenéticos previos. Como resultado, logramos recuperar exitosamente un total de 2,622 marcadores de UCE, con las matrices de completitud del 40% y 80% conten
{"title":"Mining Ultraconserved Elements From Transcriptome and Genome Data to Explore the Phylogenomics of the Free-living Lice Suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea)","authors":"Oscar Fernando Saenz Manchola, Ernesto Samacá Sáenz, Stephany Virrueta Herrera, Lorenzo Mario D'Alessio, A. G. García Aldrete, Kevin P. Johnson","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The order Psocodea includes the two historically recognized groups Psocoptera (free-living bark lice) and Phthiraptera (parasitic lice) that were once considered separate orders. Psocodea is divided in three suborders: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, and Psocomorpha, the latter being the largest within the free-living groups. Despite the increasing number of transcriptomes and whole genome sequence (WGS) data available for this group, the relationships among the six known infraorders within Psocomorpha remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the utility of a bait set designed specifically for parasitic lice belonging to suborder Troctomorpha to extract UCE loci from transcriptome and WGS data of 55 bark louse species and explored the phylogenetic relationships within Psocomorpha using these UCE loci markers. Taxon sampling was heavily focused on the families Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae, whose relationships have been problematic in prior phylogenetic studies. We successfully recovered a total of 2,622 UCE loci, with a 40% completeness matrix containing 2,081 UCE loci and an 80% completeness matrix containing 178 UCE loci. The average number of UCE loci recovered for the 55 species was 1,401. The WGS data sets produced a larger number of UCE loci (1,495) on average than the transcriptome data sets (972). Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed with Maximum Likelihood and coalescent-based analysis were concordant regarding the paraphyly of Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae. Branch support values were generally lower in analyses that used a fewer number of loci, even though they had higher matrix completeness. Resumen El orden Psocodea incluye actualmente a dos grupos históricamente reconocidos y que una vez fueron considerados órdenes separados, Psocoptera (piojos de vida libre o de las cortezas) y Phthiraptera (piojos verdaderos). Psocodea está dividido en tres subórdenes: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha y Psocomorpha, este último siendo el más grande entre los piojos de vida libre. A pesar de que la cantidad de información disponible sobre transcriptomas y secuenciación del genoma completo (WGS) para este grupo se ha incrementado notablemente en los últimos años, las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de Psocomorpha permanecen poco claras. En este estudio, evaluamos la utilidad de un conjunto de sondas diseñadas específicamente a partir de especies de piojos verdaderos del suborden Troctormorpha, para capturar elementos ultra-conservados (UCE) a partir de las secuencias de transcriptomas y WGS de 55 especies de piojos de las cortezas. Igualmente, exploramos las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de Psocomorpha usando estos marcadores de UCE. El muestreo taxonómico estuvo fuertemente enfocado en las familias Lachesillidae y Elipsocidae, ya que sus relaciones han demostrado ser problemáticas en estudios filogenéticos previos. Como resultado, logramos recuperar exitosamente un total de 2,622 marcadores de UCE, con las matrices de completitud del 40% y 80% conten","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43514469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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