Abstract In millipedes, gonopods are male copulatory genitalia derived from walking legs that metamorphose during postembryonic development. The morphology of gonopods is critical for genus and species diagnosis in most taxa. However, the form and function of gonopods vary drastically at the family and ordinal level, making intricate morphological comparison practically impossible. Internal morphology could provide the basis for homologizing morphological elements present in the walking legs and gonopods. Therefore, we used x-ray computed tomography to produce 3D segmentations of Pseudopolydesmus Attems, 1898 (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae) millipedes incorporating two types of morphological elements: skeletal elements and muscles. In addition to imaging the trunk and appendages of an adult male, we imaged the developing gonopod across a series of juvenile male stadia in order to trace the identities of morphological elements. Skeletal elements were homologized, but muscle homologies were limited by the dissimilarity of muscle attachment sites between the walking leg and gonopod. Furthermore, images of juvenile males showed that appendage musculature is totally obliterated once gonopod development begins in the fourth stadium. Due to these limitations, we believe it may be more tractable to homologize gonopod musculature of various millipede taxa to each other than to that of the walking legs. Because distinct genetic developmental networks responsible for walking leg and gonopod patterning have been evolving separately since the common ancestor of gonopod-bearing millipedes (a case of paramorphy), skeletomusculature among gonopods of unrelated millipede taxa is expected to be more similar than that of the gonopod and walking leg within a given millipede lineage.
{"title":"Skeletomuscular Atlas and Deep Homology of a Metamorphosing Genitalic Appendage in a Flat-Backed Millipede (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae: Pseudopolydesmus)","authors":"Xavier J Zahnle, Megan Ma, J. Bond","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In millipedes, gonopods are male copulatory genitalia derived from walking legs that metamorphose during postembryonic development. The morphology of gonopods is critical for genus and species diagnosis in most taxa. However, the form and function of gonopods vary drastically at the family and ordinal level, making intricate morphological comparison practically impossible. Internal morphology could provide the basis for homologizing morphological elements present in the walking legs and gonopods. Therefore, we used x-ray computed tomography to produce 3D segmentations of Pseudopolydesmus Attems, 1898 (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae) millipedes incorporating two types of morphological elements: skeletal elements and muscles. In addition to imaging the trunk and appendages of an adult male, we imaged the developing gonopod across a series of juvenile male stadia in order to trace the identities of morphological elements. Skeletal elements were homologized, but muscle homologies were limited by the dissimilarity of muscle attachment sites between the walking leg and gonopod. Furthermore, images of juvenile males showed that appendage musculature is totally obliterated once gonopod development begins in the fourth stadium. Due to these limitations, we believe it may be more tractable to homologize gonopod musculature of various millipede taxa to each other than to that of the walking legs. Because distinct genetic developmental networks responsible for walking leg and gonopod patterning have been evolving separately since the common ancestor of gonopod-bearing millipedes (a case of paramorphy), skeletomusculature among gonopods of unrelated millipede taxa is expected to be more similar than that of the gonopod and walking leg within a given millipede lineage.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47567826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Deciphering the timing of lineage diversification and extinction has greatly benefited in the last decade from methodological developments in fossil-based analyses. If these advances are increasingly used to study the past dynamics of vertebrates, other taxa such as insects remain relatively neglected. Our understanding of how insect clades waxed and waned or of the impact of major paleoenvironmental changes during their periods of diversification and extinction (mass extinction) are rarely investigated. Here, we compile and analyze the fossil record of Plecoptera (1,742 vetted occurrences) to investigate their genus-level diversification and diversity dynamics using a Bayesian process-based model that incorporates temporal preservation biases. We found that the Permian-Triassic mass extinction has drastically impacted Plecoptera, while the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution corresponds with a turnover of plecopteran fauna. We also unveiled three major gaps in the plecopteran fossil record: the Carboniferous-Permian transition, the late Early Cretaceous, and the late Cenomanian to Bartonian, which will need to be further investigated. Based on the life history of extant Plecoptera, we investigate the correlations between their past dynamic and a series of biotic (Red Queen hypothesis) and abiotic (Court Jester hypothesis) factors. These analyses highlight the major role of continental fragmentation in the evolutionary history of stoneflies, which is in line with phylogeny-based biogeographic analyses showing how vicariance drove their diversification. Our study advocates analyzing the fossil record with caution, while attempting to unveil the diversification and extinction periods plus the likely triggers of these past dynamics of diversification.
{"title":"Estimating the Drivers of Diversification of Stoneflies Through Time and the Limits of Their Fossil Record","authors":"C. Jouault, A. Nel, F. Legendre, F. Condamine","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Deciphering the timing of lineage diversification and extinction has greatly benefited in the last decade from methodological developments in fossil-based analyses. If these advances are increasingly used to study the past dynamics of vertebrates, other taxa such as insects remain relatively neglected. Our understanding of how insect clades waxed and waned or of the impact of major paleoenvironmental changes during their periods of diversification and extinction (mass extinction) are rarely investigated. Here, we compile and analyze the fossil record of Plecoptera (1,742 vetted occurrences) to investigate their genus-level diversification and diversity dynamics using a Bayesian process-based model that incorporates temporal preservation biases. We found that the Permian-Triassic mass extinction has drastically impacted Plecoptera, while the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution corresponds with a turnover of plecopteran fauna. We also unveiled three major gaps in the plecopteran fossil record: the Carboniferous-Permian transition, the late Early Cretaceous, and the late Cenomanian to Bartonian, which will need to be further investigated. Based on the life history of extant Plecoptera, we investigate the correlations between their past dynamic and a series of biotic (Red Queen hypothesis) and abiotic (Court Jester hypothesis) factors. These analyses highlight the major role of continental fragmentation in the evolutionary history of stoneflies, which is in line with phylogeny-based biogeographic analyses showing how vicariance drove their diversification. Our study advocates analyzing the fossil record with caution, while attempting to unveil the diversification and extinction periods plus the likely triggers of these past dynamics of diversification.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42760101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oscar Fernando Saenz Manchola, Ernesto Samacá Sáenz, Stephany Virrueta Herrera, Lorenzo Mario D'Alessio, A. G. García Aldrete, Kevin P. Johnson
Abstract The order Psocodea includes the two historically recognized groups Psocoptera (free-living bark lice) and Phthiraptera (parasitic lice) that were once considered separate orders. Psocodea is divided in three suborders: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, and Psocomorpha, the latter being the largest within the free-living groups. Despite the increasing number of transcriptomes and whole genome sequence (WGS) data available for this group, the relationships among the six known infraorders within Psocomorpha remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the utility of a bait set designed specifically for parasitic lice belonging to suborder Troctomorpha to extract UCE loci from transcriptome and WGS data of 55 bark louse species and explored the phylogenetic relationships within Psocomorpha using these UCE loci markers. Taxon sampling was heavily focused on the families Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae, whose relationships have been problematic in prior phylogenetic studies. We successfully recovered a total of 2,622 UCE loci, with a 40% completeness matrix containing 2,081 UCE loci and an 80% completeness matrix containing 178 UCE loci. The average number of UCE loci recovered for the 55 species was 1,401. The WGS data sets produced a larger number of UCE loci (1,495) on average than the transcriptome data sets (972). Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed with Maximum Likelihood and coalescent-based analysis were concordant regarding the paraphyly of Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae. Branch support values were generally lower in analyses that used a fewer number of loci, even though they had higher matrix completeness. Resumen El orden Psocodea incluye actualmente a dos grupos históricamente reconocidos y que una vez fueron considerados órdenes separados, Psocoptera (piojos de vida libre o de las cortezas) y Phthiraptera (piojos verdaderos). Psocodea está dividido en tres subórdenes: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha y Psocomorpha, este último siendo el más grande entre los piojos de vida libre. A pesar de que la cantidad de información disponible sobre transcriptomas y secuenciación del genoma completo (WGS) para este grupo se ha incrementado notablemente en los últimos años, las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de Psocomorpha permanecen poco claras. En este estudio, evaluamos la utilidad de un conjunto de sondas diseñadas específicamente a partir de especies de piojos verdaderos del suborden Troctormorpha, para capturar elementos ultra-conservados (UCE) a partir de las secuencias de transcriptomas y WGS de 55 especies de piojos de las cortezas. Igualmente, exploramos las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de Psocomorpha usando estos marcadores de UCE. El muestreo taxonómico estuvo fuertemente enfocado en las familias Lachesillidae y Elipsocidae, ya que sus relaciones han demostrado ser problemáticas en estudios filogenéticos previos. Como resultado, logramos recuperar exitosamente un total de 2,622 marcadores de UCE, con las matrices de completitud del 40% y 80% conten
{"title":"Mining Ultraconserved Elements From Transcriptome and Genome Data to Explore the Phylogenomics of the Free-living Lice Suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea)","authors":"Oscar Fernando Saenz Manchola, Ernesto Samacá Sáenz, Stephany Virrueta Herrera, Lorenzo Mario D'Alessio, A. G. García Aldrete, Kevin P. Johnson","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The order Psocodea includes the two historically recognized groups Psocoptera (free-living bark lice) and Phthiraptera (parasitic lice) that were once considered separate orders. Psocodea is divided in three suborders: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, and Psocomorpha, the latter being the largest within the free-living groups. Despite the increasing number of transcriptomes and whole genome sequence (WGS) data available for this group, the relationships among the six known infraorders within Psocomorpha remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the utility of a bait set designed specifically for parasitic lice belonging to suborder Troctomorpha to extract UCE loci from transcriptome and WGS data of 55 bark louse species and explored the phylogenetic relationships within Psocomorpha using these UCE loci markers. Taxon sampling was heavily focused on the families Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae, whose relationships have been problematic in prior phylogenetic studies. We successfully recovered a total of 2,622 UCE loci, with a 40% completeness matrix containing 2,081 UCE loci and an 80% completeness matrix containing 178 UCE loci. The average number of UCE loci recovered for the 55 species was 1,401. The WGS data sets produced a larger number of UCE loci (1,495) on average than the transcriptome data sets (972). Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed with Maximum Likelihood and coalescent-based analysis were concordant regarding the paraphyly of Lachesillidae and Elipsocidae. Branch support values were generally lower in analyses that used a fewer number of loci, even though they had higher matrix completeness. Resumen El orden Psocodea incluye actualmente a dos grupos históricamente reconocidos y que una vez fueron considerados órdenes separados, Psocoptera (piojos de vida libre o de las cortezas) y Phthiraptera (piojos verdaderos). Psocodea está dividido en tres subórdenes: Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha y Psocomorpha, este último siendo el más grande entre los piojos de vida libre. A pesar de que la cantidad de información disponible sobre transcriptomas y secuenciación del genoma completo (WGS) para este grupo se ha incrementado notablemente en los últimos años, las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de Psocomorpha permanecen poco claras. En este estudio, evaluamos la utilidad de un conjunto de sondas diseñadas específicamente a partir de especies de piojos verdaderos del suborden Troctormorpha, para capturar elementos ultra-conservados (UCE) a partir de las secuencias de transcriptomas y WGS de 55 especies de piojos de las cortezas. Igualmente, exploramos las relaciones filogenéticas dentro de Psocomorpha usando estos marcadores de UCE. El muestreo taxonómico estuvo fuertemente enfocado en las familias Lachesillidae y Elipsocidae, ya que sus relaciones han demostrado ser problemáticas en estudios filogenéticos previos. Como resultado, logramos recuperar exitosamente un total de 2,622 marcadores de UCE, con las matrices de completitud del 40% y 80% conten","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"6 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43514469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael C. Orr, M. Branstetter, J. Straka, Feng Yuan, R. Leijs, Dan Zhang, Qingsong Zhou, C. Zhu
Abstract Despite recent advances in phylogenomics, the early evolution of the largest bee family, Apidae, remains uncertain, hindering efforts to understand the history of Apidae and establish a robust comparative framework. Confirming the position of Anthophorinae—a diverse, globally distributed lineage of apid bees—has been particularly problematic, with the subfamily recovered in various conflicting positions, including as sister to all other Apidae or to the cleptoparasitic Nomadinae. We aimed to resolve relationships in Apidae and Anthophorinae by combining dense taxon sampling, with rigorous phylogenomic analysis of a dataset consisting of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) acquired from multiple sources, including low-coverage genomes. Across a diverse set of analyses, including both concatenation and species tree approaches, and numerous permutations designed to account for systematic biases, Anthophorinae was consistently recovered as the sister group to all remaining Apidae, with Nomadinae sister to (Apinae, [Xylocopinae, Eucerinae]). However, several alternative support metrics (concordance factors, quartet sampling, and gene genealogy interrogation) indicate that this result should be treated with caution. Within Anthophorinae, all genera were recovered as monophyletic, following synonymization of Varthemapistra with Habrophorula. Our results demonstrate the value of dense taxon sampling in bee phylogenomics research and how implementing diverse analytical strategies is important for fully evaluating results at difficult nodes.
{"title":"Phylogenomic Interrogation Revives an Overlooked Hypothesis for the Early Evolution of the Bee Family Apidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), With a Focus on the Subfamily Anthophorinae","authors":"Michael C. Orr, M. Branstetter, J. Straka, Feng Yuan, R. Leijs, Dan Zhang, Qingsong Zhou, C. Zhu","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite recent advances in phylogenomics, the early evolution of the largest bee family, Apidae, remains uncertain, hindering efforts to understand the history of Apidae and establish a robust comparative framework. Confirming the position of Anthophorinae—a diverse, globally distributed lineage of apid bees—has been particularly problematic, with the subfamily recovered in various conflicting positions, including as sister to all other Apidae or to the cleptoparasitic Nomadinae. We aimed to resolve relationships in Apidae and Anthophorinae by combining dense taxon sampling, with rigorous phylogenomic analysis of a dataset consisting of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) acquired from multiple sources, including low-coverage genomes. Across a diverse set of analyses, including both concatenation and species tree approaches, and numerous permutations designed to account for systematic biases, Anthophorinae was consistently recovered as the sister group to all remaining Apidae, with Nomadinae sister to (Apinae, [Xylocopinae, Eucerinae]). However, several alternative support metrics (concordance factors, quartet sampling, and gene genealogy interrogation) indicate that this result should be treated with caution. Within Anthophorinae, all genera were recovered as monophyletic, following synonymization of Varthemapistra with Habrophorula. Our results demonstrate the value of dense taxon sampling in bee phylogenomics research and how implementing diverse analytical strategies is important for fully evaluating results at difficult nodes.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47652277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Pseudocryptic species, those that are difficult to diagnose using traditional taxonomic methods, are serious impediments for recognizing the introduction of non-native species. Rapid identification of species facilitates a rapid response to newly introduced species which can lessen their damaging effects. This situation is acute for known pest species such as xyleborine ambrosia beetles which are difficult to identify given minute morphological, often variable, diagnostic characters. These beetles have been introduced into non-native temperate regions and have caused economic and ecological havoc. In this study, we produced DNA-based phylogenies using four genes for individuals of Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter, 1913), C. distinguendum (Eggers, 1930), and C. pelliculosum (Eichhoff, 1878) sampled from their introduced and native Asian ranges and as well as other Cyclorhipidion species. In addition, we review subtle morphological characters for diagnostic potential for these similar species. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis produced well-resolved and supported phylogeny that provided evidence for multiple introductions of C. bodoanum and C. distinguendum into the United States and the occurrence of pseudocryptic species. The ambrosia beetles Cyclorhipidion tenuigraphum (Schedl, 1953) and C. nemesis Smith & Cognato, sp. nov. are reported in North America for the first time. We find that the pattern of elytral interstrial setae is an unrealized source for the identification of Cyclorhipidion species. This study resulted in the recognition of six species adventive to the United States with the revised status of C. californicum (Wood, 1975). All species known from North American are diagnosed, illustrated and a key is provided.
{"title":"New Non-native Pseudocryptic Cyclorhipidion Species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) Found in the United States as Revealed in a Multigene Phylogeny","authors":"Sarah M. Smith, A. Cognato","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pseudocryptic species, those that are difficult to diagnose using traditional taxonomic methods, are serious impediments for recognizing the introduction of non-native species. Rapid identification of species facilitates a rapid response to newly introduced species which can lessen their damaging effects. This situation is acute for known pest species such as xyleborine ambrosia beetles which are difficult to identify given minute morphological, often variable, diagnostic characters. These beetles have been introduced into non-native temperate regions and have caused economic and ecological havoc. In this study, we produced DNA-based phylogenies using four genes for individuals of Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter, 1913), C. distinguendum (Eggers, 1930), and C. pelliculosum (Eichhoff, 1878) sampled from their introduced and native Asian ranges and as well as other Cyclorhipidion species. In addition, we review subtle morphological characters for diagnostic potential for these similar species. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis produced well-resolved and supported phylogeny that provided evidence for multiple introductions of C. bodoanum and C. distinguendum into the United States and the occurrence of pseudocryptic species. The ambrosia beetles Cyclorhipidion tenuigraphum (Schedl, 1953) and C. nemesis Smith & Cognato, sp. nov. are reported in North America for the first time. We find that the pattern of elytral interstrial setae is an unrealized source for the identification of Cyclorhipidion species. This study resulted in the recognition of six species adventive to the United States with the revised status of C. californicum (Wood, 1975). All species known from North American are diagnosed, illustrated and a key is provided.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"6 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49211690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The antlion genus Gatzara Navás, 1915 is one of the major lineages of the subfamily Dendroleontinae Banks, 1899 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Asia, but has a complex systematic background. Here we present a comprehensive systematic revision and mitochondrial phylogenomic analysis to clarify the identity of this genus, and to unravel its evolutionary history. Combining morphological and molecular evidence, we found that the species currently placed in Gatzara belong to two clades, and most of the Gatzara species are considered to be affiliated to the genus Nepsalus Navás, 1912. The dated phylogeny with ancestral area reconstruction indicates that the common ancestor of Gatzara and Nepsalus might have been widely distributed in East Asia and these two genera may have diverged during the late Miocene. The speciation of most Nepsalus species that are allopatric in distribution might have been driven by a series of vicariance events related to the rise of the Himalayas and the formation of the major islands of East Asia during the late Miocene and Pliocene. A new species, namely Nepsalus chikuni sp. n., is described from Tibet. New taxonomic changes include the six new combinations: Nepsalus caelestis (Krivokhatsky, 1997) comb. n., Nepsalus decorillus (Yang, 1997) comb. n., Nepsalus decorosus (Yang, 1988) comb. n., Nepsalus insolitus (Walker, 1860) comb. n., Nepsalus jezoensis (Okamoto, 1910) comb. n., and Nepsalus petrophilus (Miller & Stange in Miller et al., 1999) comb. n.
Gatzara Navás蚁属，1915年，是Dendroleonae Banks亚科的主要谱系之一，1899年，来自亚洲，但有着复杂的系统背景。在这里，我们提出了一个全面的系统修订和线粒体系统发育分析，以澄清该属的身份，并揭示其进化史。结合形态学和分子证据，我们发现目前位于Gatzara的物种属于两个分支，大多数Gatzara物种被认为隶属于Nepsalus Navás属，1912年。祖先区重建的年代系统发育表明，Gatzara和Nepsalus的共同祖先可能在东亚广泛分布，这两个属可能在中新世晚期分化。大多数分布在异地的尼泊尔属物种的物种形成可能是由一系列与喜马拉雅山脉的崛起和中新世晚期和上新世东亚主要岛屿的形成有关的替代事件驱动的。报道了一个来自西藏的新种，即基孔猪笼草。新的分类学变化包括六个新组合：卡氏猪笼草（Krivokhatsky，1997）梳。n.，Nepsalus decollus（杨，1997）梳。n.，南方猪笼草（Yang，1988）梳。n.，《日蚀猪笼草》（Walker，1860）科姆。n.，日本猪笼草（冈本，1910）梳。n.，和岩猪笼草（Miller和Stange in Miller et al.，1999）梳。n
{"title":"Unveiling the Evolutionary History of a Puzzling Antlion Genus Gatzara Navás (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae) Based on Systematic Revision, Molecular Phylogenetics, and Biogeographic Inference","authors":"Yuchen Zheng, F. Hayashi, B. Price, Xingyue Liu","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The antlion genus Gatzara Navás, 1915 is one of the major lineages of the subfamily Dendroleontinae Banks, 1899 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Asia, but has a complex systematic background. Here we present a comprehensive systematic revision and mitochondrial phylogenomic analysis to clarify the identity of this genus, and to unravel its evolutionary history. Combining morphological and molecular evidence, we found that the species currently placed in Gatzara belong to two clades, and most of the Gatzara species are considered to be affiliated to the genus Nepsalus Navás, 1912. The dated phylogeny with ancestral area reconstruction indicates that the common ancestor of Gatzara and Nepsalus might have been widely distributed in East Asia and these two genera may have diverged during the late Miocene. The speciation of most Nepsalus species that are allopatric in distribution might have been driven by a series of vicariance events related to the rise of the Himalayas and the formation of the major islands of East Asia during the late Miocene and Pliocene. A new species, namely Nepsalus chikuni sp. n., is described from Tibet. New taxonomic changes include the six new combinations: Nepsalus caelestis (Krivokhatsky, 1997) comb. n., Nepsalus decorillus (Yang, 1997) comb. n., Nepsalus decorosus (Yang, 1988) comb. n., Nepsalus insolitus (Walker, 1860) comb. n., Nepsalus jezoensis (Okamoto, 1910) comb. n., and Nepsalus petrophilus (Miller & Stange in Miller et al., 1999) comb. n.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43523821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Leptolycini are a group of Lycidae endemic to the West Indies. Leptolycini adult females have been hypothesized to be extreme paedomorphic (i.e., larviform), however, females and larvae of the group are currently unknown. Here we provide the first association of adult male and immature life stages from the Puerto Rico using DNA barcoding, also collections-based associations and descriptions of immature Leptolycini and the first description of a paedomorphic female from the Virgin Islands. To carry out these life-stage associations we prepared an in-depth review of the Leptolycini fauna of the Puerto Rican bank (Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands). Several new taxa and taxonomic arrangements are proposed: Cessator crypticusnew species, Cessator tortolensisnew species, Cessator obrienorumnew species; Dracolycus chupacabranew genus and species, Dracolycus marshallinew species; Leptolycus falsoheterocornisnew species, and Leptolycus viensisnew species. Nanolycus gnomus Kazantsev is moved to Cessator gnomus (Kazantsev) new combination, rendering Nanolycus Kazantsev a new junior synonym of Cessator Kazantsev. The subgenus Baholycus Bocak is a new junior synonym of Leptolycus Leng and Mutchler. Leptolycus heterocornis var. flavicollis Leng and Mutchler is elevated to Leptolycus flavicollis Leng and Mutchler new status; Leptolycus (Leptolycus) albicauda Kazantsev is a new junior synonym of Leptolycus flavicollis Leng and Mutchler. An updated key to the adults and immature forms of Leptolycini from the Puerto Rican bank and a discussion on the importance of scientific collections in biodiversity studies is also provided.
leppolycini是西印度群岛特有的一组Lycidae。有假说认为，leppolycini成年雌虫为极童形(即幼虫)，然而，该群体的雌虫和幼虫目前尚不清楚。在此，我们首次利用DNA条形码技术将波多黎各的成年雄性和未成熟的生命阶段联系起来，也首次对未成熟的leppolycini进行了基于收集的联系和描述，并首次对来自维尔京群岛的幼童型雌性进行了描述。为了进行这些生命阶段的关联，我们对波多黎各河岸(波多黎各和维尔京群岛)的leppolycini动物群进行了深入的审查。提出了几个新的分类群和分类安排:隐翅蝉属新种，翅翅蝉属新种，翅翅蝉属新种;chupacabranew属和种，marshallineew种;假异角细缕蝇为新种，维也纳细缕蝇为新种。Nanolycus gnomus Kazantsev被移到Cessator gnomus (Kazantsev)的新组合中，使Nanolycus Kazantsev成为Cessator Kazantsev的新初级同义词。Bocak (Baholycus Bocak)亚属是Leptolycus Leng和Mutchler的新低级同义种。异角细螺旋体(lepolycus flavicollis Leng and Mutchler)提升为黄细螺旋体(lepolycus Leng and Mutchler)的新地位;Leptolycus (Leptolycus)到访albicauda新初级同义词Leptolycus flavicollis愣,Mutchler。此外，本文还提供了一份来自波多黎各河岸的leppolycini成虫和未成熟虫的最新关键资料，并讨论了科学收藏在生物多样性研究中的重要性。
{"title":"Lessons From a Museum's Cabinet: DNA Barcoding and Collections-Based Life Stage Associations Reveals a Hidden Diversity in the Puerto Rican Bank Paedomorphic Lycidae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea: Leptolycini)","authors":"Vinicius S. Ferreira, M. Ivie","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Leptolycini are a group of Lycidae endemic to the West Indies. Leptolycini adult females have been hypothesized to be extreme paedomorphic (i.e., larviform), however, females and larvae of the group are currently unknown. Here we provide the first association of adult male and immature life stages from the Puerto Rico using DNA barcoding, also collections-based associations and descriptions of immature Leptolycini and the first description of a paedomorphic female from the Virgin Islands. To carry out these life-stage associations we prepared an in-depth review of the Leptolycini fauna of the Puerto Rican bank (Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands). Several new taxa and taxonomic arrangements are proposed: Cessator crypticusnew species, Cessator tortolensisnew species, Cessator obrienorumnew species; Dracolycus chupacabranew genus and species, Dracolycus marshallinew species; Leptolycus falsoheterocornisnew species, and Leptolycus viensisnew species. Nanolycus gnomus Kazantsev is moved to Cessator gnomus (Kazantsev) new combination, rendering Nanolycus Kazantsev a new junior synonym of Cessator Kazantsev. The subgenus Baholycus Bocak is a new junior synonym of Leptolycus Leng and Mutchler. Leptolycus heterocornis var. flavicollis Leng and Mutchler is elevated to Leptolycus flavicollis Leng and Mutchler new status; Leptolycus (Leptolycus) albicauda Kazantsev is a new junior synonym of Leptolycus flavicollis Leng and Mutchler. An updated key to the adults and immature forms of Leptolycini from the Puerto Rican bank and a discussion on the importance of scientific collections in biodiversity studies is also provided.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46352645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clayton R. Traylor, M. Caterino, M. Ulyshen, M. Ferro, Joseph V. McHugh
Abstract The southern Appalachian Mountains were intensively logged during the early 1900s, leaving little remaining old-growth forest. Much of the region is now second-growth forest, which may not be suitable to specialist saproxylic species. Moreover, if suitable habitat exists, poorly dispersing species may not be able to colonize it. To investigate this, we assessed the distribution and old-growth dependency of two low-mobility saproxylic beetles in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Using both field surveys and community science data, we found Megalodacne heros (Say 1823) (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) to be limited to lower elevations regardless of disturbance history, while Phellopsis obcordata (Kirby 1837) (Coleoptera: Zopheridae) was restricted to inside or near old-growth forests. Although trees were generally smaller in second-growth, we detected no habitat limitation for P. obcordata: fungal hosts were present in second-growth areas and the beetle was present on trees as small as 11 cm in diameter. This suggests its distribution is shaped by its low dispersal capability and need for temporal continuity of deadwood habitat, therefore qualifying it as an indicator species. For P. obcordata, old-growth acted as refugia during landscape-wide, anthropogenic disturbances in the early 1900s, though we can draw no conclusions about M. heros from our dataset. The difference in sensitivity to human disturbance displayed between species may be linked to their relative dispersal abilities: P. obcordata is entirely flightless while M. heros is capable of some flight. This study highlights the value of using saproxylic invertebrates with limited dispersal ability for assessing impacts from anthropogenic forest disturbances.
{"title":"Assessing the Old-Growth Dependency of Two Saproxylic Beetle Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains","authors":"Clayton R. Traylor, M. Caterino, M. Ulyshen, M. Ferro, Joseph V. McHugh","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The southern Appalachian Mountains were intensively logged during the early 1900s, leaving little remaining old-growth forest. Much of the region is now second-growth forest, which may not be suitable to specialist saproxylic species. Moreover, if suitable habitat exists, poorly dispersing species may not be able to colonize it. To investigate this, we assessed the distribution and old-growth dependency of two low-mobility saproxylic beetles in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Using both field surveys and community science data, we found Megalodacne heros (Say 1823) (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) to be limited to lower elevations regardless of disturbance history, while Phellopsis obcordata (Kirby 1837) (Coleoptera: Zopheridae) was restricted to inside or near old-growth forests. Although trees were generally smaller in second-growth, we detected no habitat limitation for P. obcordata: fungal hosts were present in second-growth areas and the beetle was present on trees as small as 11 cm in diameter. This suggests its distribution is shaped by its low dispersal capability and need for temporal continuity of deadwood habitat, therefore qualifying it as an indicator species. For P. obcordata, old-growth acted as refugia during landscape-wide, anthropogenic disturbances in the early 1900s, though we can draw no conclusions about M. heros from our dataset. The difference in sensitivity to human disturbance displayed between species may be linked to their relative dispersal abilities: P. obcordata is entirely flightless while M. heros is capable of some flight. This study highlights the value of using saproxylic invertebrates with limited dispersal ability for assessing impacts from anthropogenic forest disturbances.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"6 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41727254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erik Tihelka, M. Jäch, Robin Kundrata, Yan‐Da Li, M. Engel, J. Lozano-Fernandez, Diying Huang, Chen-yang Cai
With some 3,700 described species, Dryopoidea are a moderately diverse superfamily of beetles whose position within basal Polyphaga has been historically difficult to elucidate. Members of most extant dryopoid families are set apart from the majority of other polyphagans by their association with aquatic habitats, but little is known about the origin of these derived life habits and the phylogeny of the superfamily. Here we describe Mastigocoleidae Tihelka, Jäch, Kundrata & Cai fam. nov., a new family of Mesozoic dryopoids represented by fossils from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation in northeastern China (undescribed species; ~125 Ma), Crato Formation in northeastern Brazil (Mastigocoleus rhinoceros Tihelka & Cai gen. et sp. nov.; ~113 Ma), and amber from northern Myanmar (Mastigocoleus resinicola Tihelka & Cai gen. et sp. nov. and Cretaceocoleus saetosus Tihelka, Kundrata & Cai gen. et sp. nov.; ~99 Ma). Integrating the findings of recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses, we recover Mastigocoleidae as an early-diverging dryopoid clade sister to the families Lutrochidae and Dryopidae, or less likely as a group of putative stem-dryopoids. Mastigocoleidae are most distinctly separated from all other dryopoid families by their whip-like antennae, with 11 antennomeres, reaching to the pronotal base, and with the scape broadest and longest, a short pedicel, and antennomeres II–XI more or less distinctively gradually tapering toward the apex. Mastigocoleidae indicate that the last common ancestor of Dryopoidea was likely terrestrial in the adult stage, and document character acquisitions associated with a specialization for aquatic life.
{"title":"Mastigocoleidae fam. nov., a New Mesozoic Beetle Family and the Early Evolution of Dryopoidea (Coleoptera)","authors":"Erik Tihelka, M. Jäch, Robin Kundrata, Yan‐Da Li, M. Engel, J. Lozano-Fernandez, Diying Huang, Chen-yang Cai","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With some 3,700 described species, Dryopoidea are a moderately diverse superfamily of beetles whose position within basal Polyphaga has been historically difficult to elucidate. Members of most extant dryopoid families are set apart from the majority of other polyphagans by their association with aquatic habitats, but little is known about the origin of these derived life habits and the phylogeny of the superfamily. Here we describe Mastigocoleidae Tihelka, Jäch, Kundrata & Cai fam. nov., a new family of Mesozoic dryopoids represented by fossils from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation in northeastern China (undescribed species; ~125 Ma), Crato Formation in northeastern Brazil (Mastigocoleus rhinoceros Tihelka & Cai gen. et sp. nov.; ~113 Ma), and amber from northern Myanmar (Mastigocoleus resinicola Tihelka & Cai gen. et sp. nov. and Cretaceocoleus saetosus Tihelka, Kundrata & Cai gen. et sp. nov.; ~99 Ma). Integrating the findings of recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses, we recover Mastigocoleidae as an early-diverging dryopoid clade sister to the families Lutrochidae and Dryopidae, or less likely as a group of putative stem-dryopoids. Mastigocoleidae are most distinctly separated from all other dryopoid families by their whip-like antennae, with 11 antennomeres, reaching to the pronotal base, and with the scape broadest and longest, a short pedicel, and antennomeres II–XI more or less distinctively gradually tapering toward the apex. Mastigocoleidae indicate that the last common ancestor of Dryopoidea was likely terrestrial in the adult stage, and document character acquisitions associated with a specialization for aquatic life.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45062473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We review the species of Megaselia similar to Megaselia sulphurizona Borgmeier. A close examination of M. sulphurizona indicates that its current concept includes at least 16 species, 15 of which— Megaselia albizona, Megaselia borealizona, Megaselia colombizona, Megaselia cryptizona, Megaselia danizona, Megaselia guanizona, Megaselia marizona, Megaselia nivizona, Megaselia oklizona, Megaselia paulizona, Megaselia reductizona, Megaselia solizona, Megaselia tropizona, Megaselia wendizona, and Megaselia winnizona are described as new, based primarily on molecular data. The identity of the holotype of the species M. sulphurizona is clarified through wing vein morphometrics. Two of the new species, M. albizona and M. cryptizona, are the 47th and 48th new species of phorid fly described from the BioSCAN project, an urban biodiversity study in Los Angeles, California, U.S.
{"title":"Sixteen in One: White-Belted Megaselia Rondani (Diptera: Phoridae) From the New World Challenge Species Concepts","authors":"B. Brown, Emily A. Hartop, Maria A. Wong","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We review the species of Megaselia similar to Megaselia sulphurizona Borgmeier. A close examination of M. sulphurizona indicates that its current concept includes at least 16 species, 15 of which— Megaselia albizona, Megaselia borealizona, Megaselia colombizona, Megaselia cryptizona, Megaselia danizona, Megaselia guanizona, Megaselia marizona, Megaselia nivizona, Megaselia oklizona, Megaselia paulizona, Megaselia reductizona, Megaselia solizona, Megaselia tropizona, Megaselia wendizona, and Megaselia winnizona are described as new, based primarily on molecular data. The identity of the holotype of the species M. sulphurizona is clarified through wing vein morphometrics. Two of the new species, M. albizona and M. cryptizona, are the 47th and 48th new species of phorid fly described from the BioSCAN project, an urban biodiversity study in Los Angeles, California, U.S.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47726853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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