S. I. Sheikh, Anna K. G. Ward, Y. M. Zhang, Charles K. Davis, Linyi Zhang, S. Egan, A. Forbes
Several recent reappraisals of supposed generalist parasite species have revealed hidden complexes of species, each with considerably narrower host ranges. Parasitic wasps that attack gall-forming insects on plants have life history strategies that are thought to promote specialization, and though many species are indeed highly specialized, others have been described as generalist parasites. Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae) is one such apparent generalist, with rearing records spanning more than 65 host galls associated with a diverse set of oak tree species and plant tissues. We pair a molecular approach with morphology, host ecology, and phenological data from across a wide geographic sample to test the hypothesis that this supposed generalist is actually a complex of several more specialized species. We find 16–18 putative species within the morphological species O. labotus, each reared from only 1–6 host gall types, though we identify no single unifying axis of specialization. We also find cryptic habitat specialists within two other named Ormyrus species. Our study suggests that caution should be applied when considering host ranges of parasitic insects described solely by morphological traits, particularly given their importance as biocontrol organisms and their role in biodiversity and evolutionary studies.
{"title":"Ormyrus labotus (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae): Another Generalist That Should not be a Generalist is not a Generalist","authors":"S. I. Sheikh, Anna K. G. Ward, Y. M. Zhang, Charles K. Davis, Linyi Zhang, S. Egan, A. Forbes","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Several recent reappraisals of supposed generalist parasite species have revealed hidden complexes of species, each with considerably narrower host ranges. Parasitic wasps that attack gall-forming insects on plants have life history strategies that are thought to promote specialization, and though many species are indeed highly specialized, others have been described as generalist parasites. Ormyrus labotus Walker (Hymenoptera: Ormyridae) is one such apparent generalist, with rearing records spanning more than 65 host galls associated with a diverse set of oak tree species and plant tissues. We pair a molecular approach with morphology, host ecology, and phenological data from across a wide geographic sample to test the hypothesis that this supposed generalist is actually a complex of several more specialized species. We find 16–18 putative species within the morphological species O. labotus, each reared from only 1–6 host gall types, though we identify no single unifying axis of specialization. We also find cryptic habitat specialists within two other named Ormyrus species. Our study suggests that caution should be applied when considering host ranges of parasitic insects described solely by morphological traits, particularly given their importance as biocontrol organisms and their role in biodiversity and evolutionary studies.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41991290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Using genetic, morphological, and geographical evidence, we investigate the species-level taxonomy and evolutionary history of the Pseudomyrmex elongatulus group, a clade of ants distributed from southwestern United States to Costa Rica. Through targeted enrichment of 2,524 UCE (ultraconserved element) loci we generate a phylogenomic data set and clarify the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of these ants. The crown group is estimated to have originated ∼8 Ma, in Mexico and/or northern Central America, and subsequently expanded into southern Central America and the southwestern Nearctic.The P. elongatulus group contains a mix of low- and high-elevation species, and there were apparently multiple transitions between these habitat types. We uncover three examples of one species—of restricted or marginal geographical distribution—being embedded phylogenetically in another species, rendering the latter paraphyletic. One of these cases involves an apparent workerless social parasite that occurs sympatrically with its parent species, with the latter serving as host. This suggests a sympatric origin of the parasite species within the distribution range of its host. Species boundaries are tested using three molecular delimitation approaches (SODA, bPTP, BPP) but these methods generate inflated species estimates (26–46 species), evidently because of a failure to distinguish population structure from species differences. In a formal taxonomic revision of the P. elongatulus group, based on almost 3,000 specimens from ∼625 localities, we allow for geographic variation within species and we employ distinctness-in-sympatry criteria for testing hypotheses about species limits. Under these guidelines we recognize 13 species, of which nine are new: P. arcanus, sp. nov. (western Mexico); P. capillatus, sp. nov. (western Mexico); P. cognatus, sp. nov. (Chiapas, Mexico to Nicaragua); P. comitator, sp. nov. (Chiapas, Mexico); P. ereptor, sp. nov. (Veracruz, Mexico); P. exoratus, sp. nov. (southeastern Mexico, Honduras); P. fasciatus, sp. nov. (Chiapas, Mexico to Costa Rica); P. nimbus, sp. nov. (Costa Rica); and P. veracruzensis, sp. nov. (Veracruz, Mexico). Our study highlights the value of combining phylogenomic, phenotypic, and geographical data to resolve taxonomic and evolutionary questions.
{"title":"Species Paraphyly and Social Parasitism: Phylogenomics, Morphology, and Geography Clarify the Evolution of the Pseudomyrmex elongatulus Group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a Mesoamerican Ant Clade","authors":"P. S. Ward, M. Branstetter","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using genetic, morphological, and geographical evidence, we investigate the species-level taxonomy and evolutionary history of the Pseudomyrmex elongatulus group, a clade of ants distributed from southwestern United States to Costa Rica. Through targeted enrichment of 2,524 UCE (ultraconserved element) loci we generate a phylogenomic data set and clarify the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of these ants. The crown group is estimated to have originated ∼8 Ma, in Mexico and/or northern Central America, and subsequently expanded into southern Central America and the southwestern Nearctic.The P. elongatulus group contains a mix of low- and high-elevation species, and there were apparently multiple transitions between these habitat types. We uncover three examples of one species—of restricted or marginal geographical distribution—being embedded phylogenetically in another species, rendering the latter paraphyletic. One of these cases involves an apparent workerless social parasite that occurs sympatrically with its parent species, with the latter serving as host. This suggests a sympatric origin of the parasite species within the distribution range of its host. Species boundaries are tested using three molecular delimitation approaches (SODA, bPTP, BPP) but these methods generate inflated species estimates (26–46 species), evidently because of a failure to distinguish population structure from species differences. In a formal taxonomic revision of the P. elongatulus group, based on almost 3,000 specimens from ∼625 localities, we allow for geographic variation within species and we employ distinctness-in-sympatry criteria for testing hypotheses about species limits. Under these guidelines we recognize 13 species, of which nine are new: P. arcanus, sp. nov. (western Mexico); P. capillatus, sp. nov. (western Mexico); P. cognatus, sp. nov. (Chiapas, Mexico to Nicaragua); P. comitator, sp. nov. (Chiapas, Mexico); P. ereptor, sp. nov. (Veracruz, Mexico); P. exoratus, sp. nov. (southeastern Mexico, Honduras); P. fasciatus, sp. nov. (Chiapas, Mexico to Costa Rica); P. nimbus, sp. nov. (Costa Rica); and P. veracruzensis, sp. nov. (Veracruz, Mexico). Our study highlights the value of combining phylogenomic, phenotypic, and geographical data to resolve taxonomic and evolutionary questions.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"6 1","pages":"1 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49201590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. P. Camacho, W. Franco, M. Branstetter, M. Pie, J. Longino, T. R. Schultz, R. M. Feitosa
Abstract Uncovering the evolutionary history of the subfamilies Ectatomminae and Heteroponerinae, or ectaheteromorphs, is key to understanding a major branch of the ant tree of life. Despite their diversity and ecological importance, phylogenetic relationships in the group have not been well explored. One particularly suitable tool for resolving phylogeny is the use of ultraconserved elements (UCEs), which have been shown to be ideal markers at a variety of evolutionary time scales. In the present study, we enriched and sequenced 2,127 UCEs from 135 specimens of ectaheteromorph ants and investigated phylogeny using a variety of model-based phylogenomic methods.Trees recovered from partitioned maximum-likelihood and species-tree analyses were well resolved and largely congruent.The results are consistent with an expanded concept of Ectatomminae that now includes the subfamily Heteroponerinae new synonym and its single tribe Heteroponerini new combination. Eleven monophyletic groups are recognized as genera: Acanthoponera, Alfaria status revived, Boltonia Camacho and Feitosa new genus, Ectatomma, Gnamptogenys, Heteroponera, Holcoponera status revived, Poneracantha status revived, Rhytidoponera, Stictoponera status revived, and Typhlomyrmex.The new phylogenetic framework and classification proposed here will shed light on the study of Ectatomminae taxonomy and systematics, as well as on the morphological evolution of the groups that it comprises.
{"title":"UCE Phylogenomics Resolves Major Relationships Among Ectaheteromorph Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae, Heteroponerinae): A New Classification For the Subfamilies and the Description of a New Genus","authors":"G. P. Camacho, W. Franco, M. Branstetter, M. Pie, J. Longino, T. R. Schultz, R. M. Feitosa","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Uncovering the evolutionary history of the subfamilies Ectatomminae and Heteroponerinae, or ectaheteromorphs, is key to understanding a major branch of the ant tree of life. Despite their diversity and ecological importance, phylogenetic relationships in the group have not been well explored. One particularly suitable tool for resolving phylogeny is the use of ultraconserved elements (UCEs), which have been shown to be ideal markers at a variety of evolutionary time scales. In the present study, we enriched and sequenced 2,127 UCEs from 135 specimens of ectaheteromorph ants and investigated phylogeny using a variety of model-based phylogenomic methods.Trees recovered from partitioned maximum-likelihood and species-tree analyses were well resolved and largely congruent.The results are consistent with an expanded concept of Ectatomminae that now includes the subfamily Heteroponerinae new synonym and its single tribe Heteroponerini new combination. Eleven monophyletic groups are recognized as genera: Acanthoponera, Alfaria status revived, Boltonia Camacho and Feitosa new genus, Ectatomma, Gnamptogenys, Heteroponera, Holcoponera status revived, Poneracantha status revived, Rhytidoponera, Stictoponera status revived, and Typhlomyrmex.The new phylogenetic framework and classification proposed here will shed light on the study of Ectatomminae taxonomy and systematics, as well as on the morphological evolution of the groups that it comprises.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47173910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Price, Benjamin D. Blanchard, Scott Powell, Bonnie B. Blaimer, C. Moreau
Abstract Recent advances in phylogenomics allow for the use of large amounts of genetic information in phylogenetic inference. Ideally, the increased resolution and accuracy of such inferences facilitate improved understanding of macroevolutionary processes. Here, we integrate ultraconserved elements (UCEs) with fossil and biogeographic range data to explore diversification and geographic range evolution in the diverse turtle ant genus Cephalotes Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). We focus on the potential role of the uplift of the Panamanian land bridge and the putative ephemeral GAARlandia land bridge linking South America and the Antilles in shaping evolution in this group. Our phylogenetic analyses provide new resolution to the backbone of the turtle ant phylogeny. We further found that most geographic range shifts between South America and Central America regions were temporally consistent with the development of the Panamanian land bridge, while we did not find support for the GAARlandia land bridge. Additionally, we did not infer any shifts in diversification rates associated with our focal land bridges, or any other historical events (we inferred a single diversification rate regime across the genus). Our findings highlight the impact of the Panamanian land bridge for Cephalotes geographic range evolution as well as the influence of taxonomic sampling on macroevolutionary inferences.
{"title":"Phylogenomics and Fossil Data Inform the Systematics and Geographic Range Evolution of a Diverse Neotropical Ant Lineage","authors":"S. Price, Benjamin D. Blanchard, Scott Powell, Bonnie B. Blaimer, C. Moreau","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent advances in phylogenomics allow for the use of large amounts of genetic information in phylogenetic inference. Ideally, the increased resolution and accuracy of such inferences facilitate improved understanding of macroevolutionary processes. Here, we integrate ultraconserved elements (UCEs) with fossil and biogeographic range data to explore diversification and geographic range evolution in the diverse turtle ant genus Cephalotes Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). We focus on the potential role of the uplift of the Panamanian land bridge and the putative ephemeral GAARlandia land bridge linking South America and the Antilles in shaping evolution in this group. Our phylogenetic analyses provide new resolution to the backbone of the turtle ant phylogeny. We further found that most geographic range shifts between South America and Central America regions were temporally consistent with the development of the Panamanian land bridge, while we did not find support for the GAARlandia land bridge. Additionally, we did not infer any shifts in diversification rates associated with our focal land bridges, or any other historical events (we inferred a single diversification rate regime across the genus). Our findings highlight the impact of the Panamanian land bridge for Cephalotes geographic range evolution as well as the influence of taxonomic sampling on macroevolutionary inferences.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46952546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. P. Pérez Santa-Rita, John W. Brown, J. Baixeras
This is the first morphological study of the male hindwing costal roll (CR), a scent organ of tortricid moths of the subtribe Cochylina (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). This composite organ varies from a simple membranous roll of the hindwing costa to a complex roll that incorporates a hairpencil and two types of microscales. All the components show taxon-dependent traits. Both optical and electron microscopy are used to elucidate the structure. The costal roll is associated primarily with the Aethes Billberg, Saphenista Walsingham, Phalonidia Le Marchand, and Cochylis Treitschke groups of genera. The general notions that wing male scent organs are phylogenetically labile and that they may have arisen among closely related species as a consequence of habitat sharing are explored using network analysis and phylogenetic signal. Taxa with a costal roll certainly support a more complex area of the food web, however, the character shows a strong phylogenetic signal and is not the result of a sporadic evolution.
这是首次对雄性后翅肋卷（CR）进行形态学研究，后者是龟甲亚科（鳞翅目，蛾科）龟甲蛾的气味器官。这种复合器官从后翅肋的简单膜状卷到包含发笔和两种微型鳞片的复杂卷不等。所有组成部分都显示出与分类单元相关的特征。光学显微镜和电子显微镜都被用来阐明这种结构。肋卷主要与Aethes Billberg属、Saphenista Walsingham属、Phalonidia Le Marchand属和Cochylis Treitschke属有关。利用网络分析和系统发育信号探讨了翅膀雄性气味器官在系统发育上不稳定的一般概念，以及它们可能是由于栖息地共享而在亲缘关系密切的物种中出现的。具有肋卷的红豆杉肯定支持食物网中更复杂的区域，然而，该特征显示出强烈的系统发育信号，并不是偶然进化的结果。
{"title":"The Male Hindwing Costal Roll in Cochylina (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Morphological Variation, Phylogenetic Distribution, and Relationship to Host Utilization","authors":"J. P. Pérez Santa-Rita, John W. Brown, J. Baixeras","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab030","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This is the first morphological study of the male hindwing costal roll (CR), a scent organ of tortricid moths of the subtribe Cochylina (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). This composite organ varies from a simple membranous roll of the hindwing costa to a complex roll that incorporates a hairpencil and two types of microscales. All the components show taxon-dependent traits. Both optical and electron microscopy are used to elucidate the structure. The costal roll is associated primarily with the Aethes Billberg, Saphenista Walsingham, Phalonidia Le Marchand, and Cochylis Treitschke groups of genera. The general notions that wing male scent organs are phylogenetically labile and that they may have arisen among closely related species as a consequence of habitat sharing are explored using network analysis and phylogenetic signal. Taxa with a costal roll certainly support a more complex area of the food web, however, the character shows a strong phylogenetic signal and is not the result of a sporadic evolution.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41580858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The genus Cryptopone Emery contains 25 species of litter and soil ants, 5 of which occur in the Americas. Cryptopone gilva (Roger) occurs in the southeastern United States and cloud forests of Mesoamerica, exhibiting an uncommon biogeographic disjunction observed most often in plants. We used phylogenomic data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs), as well as mitogenomes and legacy markers, to investigate phylogenetic relationships, species boundaries, and divergence dates among New World Cryptopone. Species delimitation was conducted using a standard approach and then tested using model-based molecular methods (SNAPP, BPP, SODA, and bPTP). We found that Cryptopone as currently constituted is polyphyletic, and that all the South American species belong to Wadeura Weber, a separate genus unrelated to Cryptopone. A single clade of true Cryptopone occurs in the Americas, restricted to North and Central America. This clade is composed of four species that originated ~4.2 million years ago. One species from the mountains of Guatemala is sister to the other three, favoring a vicariance hypothesis of diversification. The taxonomy of the New World Cryptopone and Wadeura is revised. Taxonomic changes are as follows: Wadeura Weber is resurrected, with new combinations W. guianensis Weber, W. holmgreni (Wheeler), and W. pauli (Fernandes & Delabie); C. guatemalensis (Forel) (rev. stat.) is raised to species and includes C. obsoleta (Menozzi) (syn. nov.). The following new species are described: Cryptopone gilvagrande, C. gilvatumida, and Wadeura holmgrenita. Cryptopone hartwigi Arnold is transferred to Fisheropone Schmidt and Shattuck (n. comb.). Cryptopone mirabilis (Mackay & Mackay 2010) is a junior synonym of Centromyrmex brachycola (Roger) (syn. nov.).
{"title":"UCE Phylogenomics of New World Cryptopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Elucidates Genus Boundaries, Species Boundaries, and the Vicariant History of a Temperate–Tropical Disjunction","authors":"M. Branstetter, J. Longino","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The genus Cryptopone Emery contains 25 species of litter and soil ants, 5 of which occur in the Americas. Cryptopone gilva (Roger) occurs in the southeastern United States and cloud forests of Mesoamerica, exhibiting an uncommon biogeographic disjunction observed most often in plants. We used phylogenomic data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs), as well as mitogenomes and legacy markers, to investigate phylogenetic relationships, species boundaries, and divergence dates among New World Cryptopone. Species delimitation was conducted using a standard approach and then tested using model-based molecular methods (SNAPP, BPP, SODA, and bPTP). We found that Cryptopone as currently constituted is polyphyletic, and that all the South American species belong to Wadeura Weber, a separate genus unrelated to Cryptopone. A single clade of true Cryptopone occurs in the Americas, restricted to North and Central America. This clade is composed of four species that originated ~4.2 million years ago. One species from the mountains of Guatemala is sister to the other three, favoring a vicariance hypothesis of diversification. The taxonomy of the New World Cryptopone and Wadeura is revised. Taxonomic changes are as follows: Wadeura Weber is resurrected, with new combinations W. guianensis Weber, W. holmgreni (Wheeler), and W. pauli (Fernandes & Delabie); C. guatemalensis (Forel) (rev. stat.) is raised to species and includes C. obsoleta (Menozzi) (syn. nov.). The following new species are described: Cryptopone gilvagrande, C. gilvatumida, and Wadeura holmgrenita. Cryptopone hartwigi Arnold is transferred to Fisheropone Schmidt and Shattuck (n. comb.). Cryptopone mirabilis (Mackay & Mackay 2010) is a junior synonym of Centromyrmex brachycola (Roger) (syn. nov.).","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48564778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jia Jin Marc Chang, Yin Cheong Aden Ip, Lanna Cheng, Ismael Kunning, Ralph R. Mana, Benjamin J. Wainwright, Danwei Huang
Abstract Accurate identification and association of larval specimens with adults is a major challenge in insect taxonomy. Fortunately, it is now possible for nonexperts to sort collections of bulk samples with DNA barcodes rapidly and cost-effectively. We demonstrate this process using nanopore barcoding of 757 marine insects (Insecta: Gerromorpha), of which 81% were nymphs and many samples did not have co-occurring adult males for specific identification. We successfully associated 738 specimens (97%) to nine gerromorphan species, which would have been impossible to identify using morphological characters alone. This improved ability to incorporate information from all life-history stages has led to greater precision of species distributional ranges—knowledge that will be crucial for a more complete understanding of marine insects. We also highlighted two distinct, nonoverlapping Gerromorpha COI sequence databases on GenBank—a consequence of using two different primer sets to amplify different regions of COI. This issue inevitably hinders species identification with DNA-based methods, particularly for poorly represented groups such as marine insects. We bridged these databases by analyzing full-length COI sequences. We believe this will inspire future studies to incorporate DNA-based methods for more adult–larval association studies and for enhancing existing genetic resources, especially in understudied groups.
{"title":"High-Throughput Sequencing for Life-History Sorting and for Bridging Reference Sequences in Marine Gerromorpha (Insecta: Heteroptera)","authors":"Jia Jin Marc Chang, Yin Cheong Aden Ip, Lanna Cheng, Ismael Kunning, Ralph R. Mana, Benjamin J. Wainwright, Danwei Huang","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Accurate identification and association of larval specimens with adults is a major challenge in insect taxonomy. Fortunately, it is now possible for nonexperts to sort collections of bulk samples with DNA barcodes rapidly and cost-effectively. We demonstrate this process using nanopore barcoding of 757 marine insects (Insecta: Gerromorpha), of which 81% were nymphs and many samples did not have co-occurring adult males for specific identification. We successfully associated 738 specimens (97%) to nine gerromorphan species, which would have been impossible to identify using morphological characters alone. This improved ability to incorporate information from all life-history stages has led to greater precision of species distributional ranges—knowledge that will be crucial for a more complete understanding of marine insects. We also highlighted two distinct, nonoverlapping Gerromorpha COI sequence databases on GenBank—a consequence of using two different primer sets to amplify different regions of COI. This issue inevitably hinders species identification with DNA-based methods, particularly for poorly represented groups such as marine insects. We bridged these databases by analyzing full-length COI sequences. We believe this will inspire future studies to incorporate DNA-based methods for more adult–larval association studies and for enhancing existing genetic resources, especially in understudied groups.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"6 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44125967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The genealogical divergence index (gdi) was developed to aid in molecular species delimitation under the multispecies coalescent model, which has been shown to delimit genetic structures but not necessarily species. Although previous studies have used meta-analyses to show that gdi could be informative for distinguishing taxonomically good species, the biological and evolutionary implications of divergences showing different gdi values have yet to be studied. I showed that an increase in gdi value was correlated with later stages of divergence further along a speciation continuum in an Amazonian Hercules beetle system. Specifically, a gdi value of 0.7 or higher was associated with diverge between biological species that can coexist in geographic proximity while maintaining their evolutionary independence. Divergences between allopatric species that were conventionally given subspecific status, such as geographic taxa that may or may not be morphologically divergent, had gdi values that fell within the species delimitation ambiguous zone (0.2 < gdi < 0.7). However, the results could be drastically affected by the sampling design, i.e., the choice of different geographic populations and the lumping of distinct genetic groups when running the analyses. Different gdi values may prove to be biologically and evolutionarily informative should additional speciation continua from different empirical systems be investigated, and the results obtained may help with objectively delimiting species in the era of integrative taxonomy.
{"title":"The Genealogical Divergence Index Across a Speciation Continuum in Hercules Beetles","authors":"Jen-Pan Huang","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The genealogical divergence index (gdi) was developed to aid in molecular species delimitation under the multispecies coalescent model, which has been shown to delimit genetic structures but not necessarily species. Although previous studies have used meta-analyses to show that gdi could be informative for distinguishing taxonomically good species, the biological and evolutionary implications of divergences showing different gdi values have yet to be studied. I showed that an increase in gdi value was correlated with later stages of divergence further along a speciation continuum in an Amazonian Hercules beetle system. Specifically, a gdi value of 0.7 or higher was associated with diverge between biological species that can coexist in geographic proximity while maintaining their evolutionary independence. Divergences between allopatric species that were conventionally given subspecific status, such as geographic taxa that may or may not be morphologically divergent, had gdi values that fell within the species delimitation ambiguous zone (0.2 < gdi < 0.7). However, the results could be drastically affected by the sampling design, i.e., the choice of different geographic populations and the lumping of distinct genetic groups when running the analyses. Different gdi values may prove to be biologically and evolutionarily informative should additional speciation continua from different empirical systems be investigated, and the results obtained may help with objectively delimiting species in the era of integrative taxonomy.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"5 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48371976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ortego, V. Noguerales, Vanina Tonzo, María José González‐Serna, P. J. Cordero
Although the genetic consequences of contemporary landscape composition and range shifts driven Pleistocene climatic oscillations have been studied fairly well in alpine organisms, we know much less about how these factors have shaped the demography of taxa with broader climatic niches and distributions. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing data to study the processes underlying spatial patterns of genomic variation in Omocestus panteli (Bolívar, 1887) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a common Iberian grasshopper distributed across numerous habitat types and a wide elevational range (from sea level to >2,000 m). Although the species is broadly distributed, our analyses support that its contemporary populations show significant genetic fragmentation that dates back to the last glacial period. Accordingly, spatially explicit testing of alternative gene flow scenarios and demographic inference analyses revealed that genetic differentiation between populations and their long-term effective population sizes are best explained by the spatial configuration of environmentally suitable habitats during the last glacial maximum (ca. 21 ka). At that time, the species experienced net demographic expansions but interspersed unsuitable areas might have disrupted gene flow and created opportunity for geographical diversification. Collectively, our analyses indicate that the genetic makeup of contemporary populations is not well explained by current environmental factors or geographical barriers to dispersal but mostly reflects genetic fragmentation during the last glacial period followed by postglacial admixture among previously isolated gene pools. Taken together, these results support that the Pleistocene ‘species pump’ model might be also useful in explaining demographic dynamics and geographical diversification in taxa characterized by broad climatic niches.
{"title":"Broadly Distributed but Genetically Fragmented: Demographic Consequences of Pleistocene Climatic Oscillations in a Common Iberian Grasshopper","authors":"J. Ortego, V. Noguerales, Vanina Tonzo, María José González‐Serna, P. J. Cordero","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although the genetic consequences of contemporary landscape composition and range shifts driven Pleistocene climatic oscillations have been studied fairly well in alpine organisms, we know much less about how these factors have shaped the demography of taxa with broader climatic niches and distributions. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing data to study the processes underlying spatial patterns of genomic variation in Omocestus panteli (Bolívar, 1887) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a common Iberian grasshopper distributed across numerous habitat types and a wide elevational range (from sea level to >2,000 m). Although the species is broadly distributed, our analyses support that its contemporary populations show significant genetic fragmentation that dates back to the last glacial period. Accordingly, spatially explicit testing of alternative gene flow scenarios and demographic inference analyses revealed that genetic differentiation between populations and their long-term effective population sizes are best explained by the spatial configuration of environmentally suitable habitats during the last glacial maximum (ca. 21 ka). At that time, the species experienced net demographic expansions but interspersed unsuitable areas might have disrupted gene flow and created opportunity for geographical diversification. Collectively, our analyses indicate that the genetic makeup of contemporary populations is not well explained by current environmental factors or geographical barriers to dispersal but mostly reflects genetic fragmentation during the last glacial period followed by postglacial admixture among previously isolated gene pools. Taken together, these results support that the Pleistocene ‘species pump’ model might be also useful in explaining demographic dynamics and geographical diversification in taxa characterized by broad climatic niches.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46394694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Visual systems in animals often conspicuously reflect the demands of their ecological interactions. Ants occupy a wide range of terrestrial microhabitats and ecological roles. Additionally, ant eye morphology is highly variable; species range from eyeless subterranean-dwellers to highly visual predators or desert navigators. Through a comparative approach spanning 64 species, we evaluated the relationship between ecology and eye morphology on a wide taxonomic scale. Using worker caste specimens, we developed two- and three-dimensional measurements to quantify eye morphology and position, as well as antennal scape length. Surprisingly, we find limited associations between ecology and most eye traits, however, we recover significant relationships between antennal scape length and some vision-linked attributes. While accounting for shared ancestry, we find that two- and three-dimensional eye area is correlated with foraging niche and ommatidia density is significantly associated with trophic level in our sample of ant taxa. Perhaps signifying a resource investment tradeoff between visual and olfactory or tactile acuity, we find that ommatidia density is negatively correlated with antennal scape length. Additionally, we find that eye position is significantly related to antennal scape length and also report a positive correlation between scape length and eye height, which may be related to the shared developmental origin of these structures. Along with previously known relationships between two-dimensional eye size and ant ecology, our results join reports from other organismal lineages suggesting that morphological traits with intuitive links to ecology may also be shaped by developmental restrictions and energetic trade-offs.
{"title":"Vision-Linked Traits Associated With Antenna Size and Foraging Ecology Across Ants","authors":"Chloe Jelley, Phillip Barden","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixab020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Visual systems in animals often conspicuously reflect the demands of their ecological interactions. Ants occupy a wide range of terrestrial microhabitats and ecological roles. Additionally, ant eye morphology is highly variable; species range from eyeless subterranean-dwellers to highly visual predators or desert navigators. Through a comparative approach spanning 64 species, we evaluated the relationship between ecology and eye morphology on a wide taxonomic scale. Using worker caste specimens, we developed two- and three-dimensional measurements to quantify eye morphology and position, as well as antennal scape length. Surprisingly, we find limited associations between ecology and most eye traits, however, we recover significant relationships between antennal scape length and some vision-linked attributes. While accounting for shared ancestry, we find that two- and three-dimensional eye area is correlated with foraging niche and ommatidia density is significantly associated with trophic level in our sample of ant taxa. Perhaps signifying a resource investment tradeoff between visual and olfactory or tactile acuity, we find that ommatidia density is negatively correlated with antennal scape length. Additionally, we find that eye position is significantly related to antennal scape length and also report a positive correlation between scape length and eye height, which may be related to the shared developmental origin of these structures. Along with previously known relationships between two-dimensional eye size and ant ecology, our results join reports from other organismal lineages suggesting that morphological traits with intuitive links to ecology may also be shaped by developmental restrictions and energetic trade-offs.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47500826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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