Abstract Embioptera display variability in egg-handling as part of their defense against natural enemies. Because species living in tropical regions experience potentially higher risks of predation than those in temperate climes, we hypothesized that variable risk might explain this variability. We used actual evapotranspiration (AET) rates as a stand-in for climate, region, and potential interactions with natural enemies. We predicted that more complex investments, such as coating individual eggs, organizing them, and topping the cluster with thick silk would co-occur with greater predation threats in tropical regions, scored as higher AET. We predicted that simpler organization of eggs would occur where predator risk would be lower, as in temperate regions (lower AET). We used phylogenetic comparative methods to assess whether more complex egg handling behavior correlated with high AET scores. We quantified five traits of egg handling from field and laboratory evidence for 29 species from habitats ranging from low to high AET. Initial pGLS and pGLM analyses showed a weak effect of AET on parental care index. Upon exclusion of three exotic species spread artificially by trade and collected outside their native ranges, we found strong effects of predation threat in both pGLS and pGLM analyses. These analyses revealed that species that experience potentially greater predation threats exhibited behaviors that corresponded to more complex handling and organization of eggs by the mother. These results align nicely with analyses that also detected that additional lines of defense of eggs typify the behavior of tropical species of other primitively social arthropods.
{"title":"Macroecology and Potential Drivers of Diversity in Webspinner Maternal Care (Order Embioptera)","authors":"Morinaga Gen, J. Soghigian, J. Edgerly","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Embioptera display variability in egg-handling as part of their defense against natural enemies. Because species living in tropical regions experience potentially higher risks of predation than those in temperate climes, we hypothesized that variable risk might explain this variability. We used actual evapotranspiration (AET) rates as a stand-in for climate, region, and potential interactions with natural enemies. We predicted that more complex investments, such as coating individual eggs, organizing them, and topping the cluster with thick silk would co-occur with greater predation threats in tropical regions, scored as higher AET. We predicted that simpler organization of eggs would occur where predator risk would be lower, as in temperate regions (lower AET). We used phylogenetic comparative methods to assess whether more complex egg handling behavior correlated with high AET scores. We quantified five traits of egg handling from field and laboratory evidence for 29 species from habitats ranging from low to high AET. Initial pGLS and pGLM analyses showed a weak effect of AET on parental care index. Upon exclusion of three exotic species spread artificially by trade and collected outside their native ranges, we found strong effects of predation threat in both pGLS and pGLM analyses. These analyses revealed that species that experience potentially greater predation threats exhibited behaviors that corresponded to more complex handling and organization of eggs by the mother. These results align nicely with analyses that also detected that additional lines of defense of eggs typify the behavior of tropical species of other primitively social arthropods.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41599837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Xenos vesparum of the highly specialized Strepsiptera is a new insect model in the context of host-parasite relationships.The endoparasitic female and male secondary larvae were studied using µCT, 3D-reconstructions, histology, and photomicrography.The infectious primary larva is followed by a trophic and endoparasitic secondary larval stage. In contrast to immature stages of other holometabolous groups, the second instar increases dramatically in size. Compound eyes and external wing anlagen are present in male larvae before the pupal stage. In contrast to the females, the brain of males bears well-developed optic neuropils and retinula cells are present.The cephalothorax is comparatively simple in the female larvae, yet distinctly more complex than in the adult, where most muscles are reduced. Large testes are present in male larvae and numerous oocytes in the females, but they are still immature.The larval features are discussed in the context of holometabolous development and heterochronic processes. Unique features of Strepsiptera are the early differentiation of the sexes and the occurrence of compound eyes and external wing anlagen in male secondary larvae. The phylogenetic position of Strepsiptera suggests that this is a secondary feature and thus an autapomorphy. To address mature females of Stylopidia as neotenic adults is an oversimplification.They display a mosaic pattern of paedomorphic characters such as features of the nervous system and the presence of stemmata, but also non-paedomorphic structures, such as the spiracles.
{"title":"Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)—A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva","authors":"Michael Weingardt, R. Beutel, H. Pohl","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixad003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Xenos vesparum of the highly specialized Strepsiptera is a new insect model in the context of host-parasite relationships.The endoparasitic female and male secondary larvae were studied using µCT, 3D-reconstructions, histology, and photomicrography.The infectious primary larva is followed by a trophic and endoparasitic secondary larval stage. In contrast to immature stages of other holometabolous groups, the second instar increases dramatically in size. Compound eyes and external wing anlagen are present in male larvae before the pupal stage. In contrast to the females, the brain of males bears well-developed optic neuropils and retinula cells are present.The cephalothorax is comparatively simple in the female larvae, yet distinctly more complex than in the adult, where most muscles are reduced. Large testes are present in male larvae and numerous oocytes in the females, but they are still immature.The larval features are discussed in the context of holometabolous development and heterochronic processes. Unique features of Strepsiptera are the early differentiation of the sexes and the occurrence of compound eyes and external wing anlagen in male secondary larvae. The phylogenetic position of Strepsiptera suggests that this is a secondary feature and thus an autapomorphy. To address mature females of Stylopidia as neotenic adults is an oversimplification.They display a mosaic pattern of paedomorphic characters such as features of the nervous system and the presence of stemmata, but also non-paedomorphic structures, such as the spiracles.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41546024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. M. Jenkins, W. Hoback, Douglas R. Leasure, P. Mulder, C. Davis
Abstract The American burying beetle (ABB), Nicrophorus americanus (Olivier; Coleoptera: Silphidae), historically occurred in the eastern 35 U.S. States from Canada to Texas and is classified as a habitat generalist. The ABB was listed as a federally endangered species in 1989 with remaining distribution in only six U.S. States. Within these states, populations of ABB are disjunct, occurring in mostly undisturbed habitats associated with multiple soil types and vegetation structure. In Nebraska, the distribution of the ABB has been mapped in two ecoregions, the Sandhills and the Loess Canyons. In this project, we developed and compared a logistic regression model and a random forest model of ABB distribution at its northern and eastern edge in the Northern Plains ecoregions of Nebraska and South Dakota. We used baited pitfall sampling for five trap nights at 482 unique sites to establish presence of ABB at 177 sites. Distribution was not uniform in this ecoregion and the random forest model better predicted occurrence in this area.The results show that the ABB population in the northern plains ecoregion is unique from the previous model of the Nebraska Sandhills despite these ecoregions being adjacent. The model results also reduce requirements to survey and conduct habitat mitigation for ABB in approximately 77,938 hectares of Nebraska and South Dakota that was considered potential habitat while prioritizing areas for conservation.
{"title":"Distribution of the Endangered American Burying Beetle at the Northwestern Limit of its Range","authors":"T. M. Jenkins, W. Hoback, Douglas R. Leasure, P. Mulder, C. Davis","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixx011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixx011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The American burying beetle (ABB), Nicrophorus americanus (Olivier; Coleoptera: Silphidae), historically occurred in the eastern 35 U.S. States from Canada to Texas and is classified as a habitat generalist. The ABB was listed as a federally endangered species in 1989 with remaining distribution in only six U.S. States. Within these states, populations of ABB are disjunct, occurring in mostly undisturbed habitats associated with multiple soil types and vegetation structure. In Nebraska, the distribution of the ABB has been mapped in two ecoregions, the Sandhills and the Loess Canyons. In this project, we developed and compared a logistic regression model and a random forest model of ABB distribution at its northern and eastern edge in the Northern Plains ecoregions of Nebraska and South Dakota. We used baited pitfall sampling for five trap nights at 482 unique sites to establish presence of ABB at 177 sites. Distribution was not uniform in this ecoregion and the random forest model better predicted occurrence in this area.The results show that the ABB population in the northern plains ecoregion is unique from the previous model of the Nebraska Sandhills despite these ecoregions being adjacent. The model results also reduce requirements to survey and conduct habitat mitigation for ABB in approximately 77,938 hectares of Nebraska and South Dakota that was considered potential habitat while prioritizing areas for conservation.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixx011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42580981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reviewers for Insect Systematics and Diversity (March 2017–October 2019)","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/2399-3421-4.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/2399-3421-4.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46712965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie F. Loria, Valentin L. Ehrenthal, A. Nguyen, L. Prendini
Abstract Southeast Asia is a hotspot of karst systems in the tropics and many relictual taxa have been documented in caves across the region. The ancient, relictual scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 has a disjunct distribution and includes two hypogean subfamilies from caves in the Khammouan-Phong Nha-K Bàng Karst in the northern Annamite (Trưng Sơn) Mountains of Laos and Vietnam, and one epigean subfamily from Central Asia. A recent revision identified six species in the family; however, how these taxa dispersed and diversified into Southeast Asian cave systems has not been tested. In the present contribution, the phylogeny of Pseudochactidae is reconstructed using three mitochondrial and three nuclear markers and 140 morphological characters, divergence time and ancestral range estimation analyses are conducted, and the evolution of troglomorphic characters is investigated. Results confirm a previous hypothesis that Pseudochactidae originated in Eurasia, most likely near the Tajik block in the Carboniferous, supporting the ‘Out of Eurasia’ hypothesis and contradicting the ‘Eurogondwana’ and ‘Out of India’ hypotheses for the origin of Southeast Asian scorpions. Pseudochactidae dispersed across Southeast Asia after the collision of the Cimmerian continent and Indochina with Eurasia in the Late Jurassic. Colonization of Southeast Asian caves began in the Late Cretaceous and was completed by the Miocene. The onset of aridification in Southeast Asia during the Late Miocene resulted in the extinction of epigean Pseudochactidae, whereas hypogean members of the family likely survived within caves in the limestone massifs of the Annamite Mountains, supporting the ‘Climate Relict’ hypothesis.
{"title":"Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains","authors":"Stephanie F. Loria, Valentin L. Ehrenthal, A. Nguyen, L. Prendini","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Southeast Asia is a hotspot of karst systems in the tropics and many relictual taxa have been documented in caves across the region. The ancient, relictual scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 has a disjunct distribution and includes two hypogean subfamilies from caves in the Khammouan-Phong Nha-K Bàng Karst in the northern Annamite (Trưng Sơn) Mountains of Laos and Vietnam, and one epigean subfamily from Central Asia. A recent revision identified six species in the family; however, how these taxa dispersed and diversified into Southeast Asian cave systems has not been tested. In the present contribution, the phylogeny of Pseudochactidae is reconstructed using three mitochondrial and three nuclear markers and 140 morphological characters, divergence time and ancestral range estimation analyses are conducted, and the evolution of troglomorphic characters is investigated. Results confirm a previous hypothesis that Pseudochactidae originated in Eurasia, most likely near the Tajik block in the Carboniferous, supporting the ‘Out of Eurasia’ hypothesis and contradicting the ‘Eurogondwana’ and ‘Out of India’ hypotheses for the origin of Southeast Asian scorpions. Pseudochactidae dispersed across Southeast Asia after the collision of the Cimmerian continent and Indochina with Eurasia in the Late Jurassic. Colonization of Southeast Asian caves began in the Late Cretaceous and was completed by the Miocene. The onset of aridification in Southeast Asia during the Late Miocene resulted in the extinction of epigean Pseudochactidae, whereas hypogean members of the family likely survived within caves in the limestone massifs of the Annamite Mountains, supporting the ‘Climate Relict’ hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42736698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu-lingzi Zhou, James A. Nicholls, Zhen-Hua Liu, D. Hartley, A. Szito, A. Ślipiński, A. Zwick
Abstract The hide, larder, and carpet beetles (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) are a family of mainly scavenger beetles, with numerous species such as the khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1898), the black carpet beetle [Attagenus unicolor (Brahm, 1791)] and the hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus De Geer, 1774) being widely recognized as serious economic pests of stored products and museum collections. A stable classification and reliable identification of genera and species of these pests and their 1,700 relatives are of great relevance for trade restrictions, biosecurity, pest management, forensics, and biodiversity surveys. In this study, we examined and sequenced mitochondrial genomes of 477 dermestid specimens, representing all subfamilies and 90% of the globally recognized tribes and subtribes. Our study provides the most comprehensive, taxonomically verified, and vouchered resource of mitochondrial reference sequences linked to specimen images and occurrence records of pests and their relatives, enabling eDNA surveys, metabarcoding and molecular species identification. It also reconstructs the phylogeny of Dermestidae based on molecular and morphological data for the first time, thereby providing robust phylogenetic hypotheses for a stable classification system from family to genus-level. Accordingly, a revised classification of Dermestidae with formal nomenclatural changes is proposed, recognizing six subfamilies: Orphilinae, Trinodinae, Trogoparvinae subfam. nov. (type genus Trogoparvus Háva, 2001), Dermestinae, Attageninae, and Megatominae. Trinodinae is recovered towards the base of Dermestidae with three tribes: Trinodini (=Trinoparvini syn. nov.), Thylodriini, and Trichelodini. Dermestinae is the only subfamily with adults lacking a median ocellus, and it includes the tribes Thorictini stat. nov. (that is downgraded from Thorictinae), Marioutini, and Dermestini. The endemic Australian genus Derbyana Lawrence and Ślipiński was recovered within Holarctic Dermestes Linnaeus. Attageninae is strongly supported and includes the monogeneric Adelaidiini and polygenic Attagenini. Former subgenera of Attagenus Latreille, i.e., Lanorus Mulsant and Rey (= Paranovelsis Casey syn. nov.), Telopes Redtenbacher and Aethriostoma Motschulsky, are elevated to generic level. The largest clade, Megatominae, is confirmed as monophyletic and is divided into three tribes: Anthrenini, Ctesiini, and Megatomini. Megatomini is divided into three subtribes: Megatomina, Orphinina subtribe nov. (type genus Orphinus Motschulsky), and Trogodermina. Within the economically important lineage Trogodermina, Trogoderma Latreille is delimited to contain only Holarctic species including the Khapra beetle T. granarium Everts, while a Southern Hemisphere clade is here recognized as Eurhopalus Solier in Gay, 1849 (= Anthrenocerus Arrow, 1915; Myrmeanthrenus Armstrong, 1945; Neoanthrenus Armstrong, 1941; Sodaliatoma Háva, 2013; Reesa Beal, 1967 syn. nov.). A revised classifica
{"title":"Molecular Phylogeny of Dermestidae (Coleoptera) Reveals the Polyphyletic Nature of Trogoderma Latreille and the Taxonomic Placement of the Khapra Beetle Trogoderma granarium Everts","authors":"Yu-lingzi Zhou, James A. Nicholls, Zhen-Hua Liu, D. Hartley, A. Szito, A. Ślipiński, A. Zwick","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The hide, larder, and carpet beetles (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) are a family of mainly scavenger beetles, with numerous species such as the khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1898), the black carpet beetle [Attagenus unicolor (Brahm, 1791)] and the hide beetle (Dermestes maculatus De Geer, 1774) being widely recognized as serious economic pests of stored products and museum collections. A stable classification and reliable identification of genera and species of these pests and their 1,700 relatives are of great relevance for trade restrictions, biosecurity, pest management, forensics, and biodiversity surveys. In this study, we examined and sequenced mitochondrial genomes of 477 dermestid specimens, representing all subfamilies and 90% of the globally recognized tribes and subtribes. Our study provides the most comprehensive, taxonomically verified, and vouchered resource of mitochondrial reference sequences linked to specimen images and occurrence records of pests and their relatives, enabling eDNA surveys, metabarcoding and molecular species identification. It also reconstructs the phylogeny of Dermestidae based on molecular and morphological data for the first time, thereby providing robust phylogenetic hypotheses for a stable classification system from family to genus-level. Accordingly, a revised classification of Dermestidae with formal nomenclatural changes is proposed, recognizing six subfamilies: Orphilinae, Trinodinae, Trogoparvinae subfam. nov. (type genus Trogoparvus Háva, 2001), Dermestinae, Attageninae, and Megatominae. Trinodinae is recovered towards the base of Dermestidae with three tribes: Trinodini (=Trinoparvini syn. nov.), Thylodriini, and Trichelodini. Dermestinae is the only subfamily with adults lacking a median ocellus, and it includes the tribes Thorictini stat. nov. (that is downgraded from Thorictinae), Marioutini, and Dermestini. The endemic Australian genus Derbyana Lawrence and Ślipiński was recovered within Holarctic Dermestes Linnaeus. Attageninae is strongly supported and includes the monogeneric Adelaidiini and polygenic Attagenini. Former subgenera of Attagenus Latreille, i.e., Lanorus Mulsant and Rey (= Paranovelsis Casey syn. nov.), Telopes Redtenbacher and Aethriostoma Motschulsky, are elevated to generic level. The largest clade, Megatominae, is confirmed as monophyletic and is divided into three tribes: Anthrenini, Ctesiini, and Megatomini. Megatomini is divided into three subtribes: Megatomina, Orphinina subtribe nov. (type genus Orphinus Motschulsky), and Trogodermina. Within the economically important lineage Trogodermina, Trogoderma Latreille is delimited to contain only Holarctic species including the Khapra beetle T. granarium Everts, while a Southern Hemisphere clade is here recognized as Eurhopalus Solier in Gay, 1849 (= Anthrenocerus Arrow, 1915; Myrmeanthrenus Armstrong, 1945; Neoanthrenus Armstrong, 1941; Sodaliatoma Háva, 2013; Reesa Beal, 1967 syn. nov.). A revised classifica","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46678097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan-Jhih Ye, Jen-Pan Huang, Hung N. Nguyen, Reagan Joseph T. Villanueva, A. K. S. Amarga, Hui‐Yun Tseng
Abstract Geological isolation with limited gene flow can shape phenotypic diversification among different populations or species. From Luzon northward to Taiwan lies a series of isolated volcanic islands (the Taiwan–Luzon volcanic belt) where three Pachyrhynchus species [P. sarcitis (Behrens, 1887), P. nobilis (Heller, 1912) and P. semperi (Heller, 1912)] (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) are sympatrically distributed. With intraspecific color variation across different islands, these three weevil species provide a unique opportunity to study genetic divergence associated with geographic isolation and/or phenotypic differences. In this study, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data derived from ddRAD-seq was used to reconstruct the speciation history and to delimit species within each of the three species. Our results indicate all three species have ancient diversification histories in southern islands of the Taiwan–Luzon volcanic belt instead of more recent diversification histories in northern islands. Ancestral effective population size estimations also support a scenario of a series of founder colonization events from southern to northern islands in the volcanic belt. Most island populations are monophyletic, and early-divergent populations with deep genetic structures are supported statistically as distinct species. However, color variations could occur between populations with very recent diversification, indicating a fast-evolving rate in the change of coloration, possibly due to müllerian mimicry or founder effects across this region.
{"title":"Comparative Phylogeography in the Taiwan–Luzon Volcanic Belt Indicates Fast Diversification History of PachyrhynchusWeevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","authors":"Yan-Jhih Ye, Jen-Pan Huang, Hung N. Nguyen, Reagan Joseph T. Villanueva, A. K. S. Amarga, Hui‐Yun Tseng","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Geological isolation with limited gene flow can shape phenotypic diversification among different populations or species. From Luzon northward to Taiwan lies a series of isolated volcanic islands (the Taiwan–Luzon volcanic belt) where three Pachyrhynchus species [P. sarcitis (Behrens, 1887), P. nobilis (Heller, 1912) and P. semperi (Heller, 1912)] (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) are sympatrically distributed. With intraspecific color variation across different islands, these three weevil species provide a unique opportunity to study genetic divergence associated with geographic isolation and/or phenotypic differences. In this study, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data derived from ddRAD-seq was used to reconstruct the speciation history and to delimit species within each of the three species. Our results indicate all three species have ancient diversification histories in southern islands of the Taiwan–Luzon volcanic belt instead of more recent diversification histories in northern islands. Ancestral effective population size estimations also support a scenario of a series of founder colonization events from southern to northern islands in the volcanic belt. Most island populations are monophyletic, and early-divergent populations with deep genetic structures are supported statistically as distinct species. However, color variations could occur between populations with very recent diversification, indicating a fast-evolving rate in the change of coloration, possibly due to müllerian mimicry or founder effects across this region.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45779157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Flight loss is a common feature of upland insect assemblages, with recent studies detecting parallel wing reduction events across independent alpine lineages. However, the geographic scale over which such repeated evolution can operate remains unclear. In this study, we use genotyping-by-sequencing to assess the genomic relationships among vestigial-winged and full-winged populations of the widespread New Zealand stonefly Nesoperla fulvescens, to test for repeated wing loss events over small spatial scales. Biogeographic analyses indicate that alpine wing loss in this widespread species is restricted to a single, narrow mountain range. Intriguingly, our coalescent analyses indicate that upland vestigial-winged N. fulvescens populations are not sister to one another, suggesting wings have been lost independently in disjunct populations of this species, over a <30 km scale. Our results suggest that selection against flight above the alpine treeline can drive rapid and repeated adaptation even across narrow spatial scales. We propose that such repetitive processes may represent a far more pervasive feature of alpine insect adaptation than is currently recognized.
{"title":"Repeated Alpine Flight Loss Within the Widespread New Zealand Stonefly Nesoperla fulvescens Hare (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae)","authors":"G. A. McCulloch, B. Foster, L. Dutoit, J. Waters","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flight loss is a common feature of upland insect assemblages, with recent studies detecting parallel wing reduction events across independent alpine lineages. However, the geographic scale over which such repeated evolution can operate remains unclear. In this study, we use genotyping-by-sequencing to assess the genomic relationships among vestigial-winged and full-winged populations of the widespread New Zealand stonefly Nesoperla fulvescens, to test for repeated wing loss events over small spatial scales. Biogeographic analyses indicate that alpine wing loss in this widespread species is restricted to a single, narrow mountain range. Intriguingly, our coalescent analyses indicate that upland vestigial-winged N. fulvescens populations are not sister to one another, suggesting wings have been lost independently in disjunct populations of this species, over a <30 km scale. Our results suggest that selection against flight above the alpine treeline can drive rapid and repeated adaptation even across narrow spatial scales. We propose that such repetitive processes may represent a far more pervasive feature of alpine insect adaptation than is currently recognized.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42863665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bernardo F Santos, Marissa C. Sandoval, T. Spasojevic, Madalene M. Giannotta, S. Brady
Abstract Biogeographic patterns in the Southern Hemisphere have largely been attributed to vicariant processes, but recent studies have challenged some of the classic examples of this paradigm. The parasitoid wasp subfamily Labeninae has been hypothesized to have a Gondwanan origin, but the lack of divergence dating analysis and the discovery of a putative labenine fossil in Europe pose a challenge to that idea. Here we used a combination of phylogenomics, divergence dating and event-based biogeographical inference to test whether Gondwanan vicariance may explain the distribution patterns of Labeninae. Data from genomic ultraconserved elements were used to infer the phylogeny of Labeninae with 54 species from 9 genera and a broad selection of 99 outgroup taxa. Total-evidence divergence dating places the origin of Labeninae at around 146 mya, which is consistent with a Gondwanan origin but predates the full separation of Africa and South America. The results suggest a path for biotic exchange between South America and Australia potentially through Antarctica, until at least 49 million years ago. Total-evidence analysis places the fossil Trigonator macrocheirus Spasojevic et al. firmly inside crown-group Labeninae, suggesting that labenine distribution range at some point during the Eocene surpassed the boundaries of Gondwanaland. Biogeographic inference also indicates that North American groups represent more recent range expansions that nonetheless occurred before the formation of the Isthmus of Panama land bridge. These conclusions point to a more complex scenario than previously expected for Labeninae biogeography.
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C. Dietrich, D. Dmitriev, D. Takiya, M. Thomas, M. Webb, J. Zahniser, Yalin Zhang
Recently discovered amber-preserved fossil Cicadellidae exhibit combinations of morphological traits not observed in the modern fauna and have the potential to shed new light on the evolution of this highly diverse family. To place the fossils explicitly within a phylogenetic context, representatives of five extinct genera from Cretaceous Myanmar amber, and one from Eocene Baltic amber were incorporated into a matrix comprising 229 discrete morphological characters and representatives of all modern subfamilies. Phylogenetic analyses yielded well resolved and largely congruent estimates that support the monophyly of most previously recognized cicadellid subfamilies and indicate that the treehoppers are derived from a lineage of Cicadellidae. Instability in the morphology-based phylogenies is mainly confined to deep internal splits that received low branch support in one or more analyses and also were not consistently resolved by recent phylogenomic analyses. Placement of fossil taxa is mostly stable across analyses. Three new Cretaceous leafhopper genera, Burmotettix gen. nov., Kachinella gen nov., and Viraktamathus gen. nov., consistently form a monophyletic group distinct from extant leafhopper subfamilies and are placed in Burmotettiginae subfam. nov. Extinct Cretaceous fossils previously placed in Ledrinae and Signoretiinae are recovered as sister to modern representatives of these groups. Eomegophthalmus Dietrich and Gonçalves from Baltic amber consistently groups with a lineage comprising treehoppers, Megophthalminae, Ulopinae, and Eurymelinae but its position is unstable. Overall, the morphology-based phylogenetic estimates agree with recent phylogenies based on molecular data alone suggesting that morphological traits recently used to diagnose subfamilies are generally informative of phylogenetic relationships within this group.
最近发现的琥珀保存的蝉科化石展示了在现代动物群中未观察到的形态特征组合，并有可能为这个高度多样化的家族的进化提供新的线索。为了明确地将化石置于系统发育背景中，我们将白垩纪缅甸琥珀的5个已灭绝属的代表和始新世波罗的海琥珀的1个代表合并到一个包含229个离散形态特征和所有现代亚科代表的矩阵中。系统发育分析得到了一致的结果，支持了大多数先前确认的蝉亚科的单系性，并表明树跳虫来自蝉科的一个谱系。基于形态的系统发生的不稳定性主要局限于深层内部分裂，在一个或多个分析中得到低分支支持，并且最近的系统基因组分析也没有一致地解决。在整个分析中，化石分类群的位置基本上是稳定的。白垩纪三个新的叶蝉属(Burmotettix gen. nov.)、Kachinella gen. nov.和Viraktamathus gen. nov.)一致形成了一个与现存叶蝉亚科不同的单系类群，并被归入Burmotettiginae亚科。11 .在Ledrinae和Signoretiinae中发现的灭绝的白垩纪化石是这些类群的现代代表的姐妹。来自波罗的海琥珀的Eomegophthalmus Dietrich和gonalves始终与树跳、大眼跳科、乌洛皮纳科和Eurymelinae组成的谱系类群，但其位置不稳定。总的来说，基于形态学的系统发育估计与最近仅基于分子数据的系统发育一致，这表明最近用于诊断亚家族的形态学特征通常可以提供该群体内系统发育关系的信息。
{"title":"Morphology-based Phylogenetic Analysis of Membracoidea (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) With Placement of Fossil Taxa and Description of a New Subfamily","authors":"C. Dietrich, D. Dmitriev, D. Takiya, M. Thomas, M. Webb, J. Zahniser, Yalin Zhang","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixac021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recently discovered amber-preserved fossil Cicadellidae exhibit combinations of morphological traits not observed in the modern fauna and have the potential to shed new light on the evolution of this highly diverse family. To place the fossils explicitly within a phylogenetic context, representatives of five extinct genera from Cretaceous Myanmar amber, and one from Eocene Baltic amber were incorporated into a matrix comprising 229 discrete morphological characters and representatives of all modern subfamilies. Phylogenetic analyses yielded well resolved and largely congruent estimates that support the monophyly of most previously recognized cicadellid subfamilies and indicate that the treehoppers are derived from a lineage of Cicadellidae. Instability in the morphology-based phylogenies is mainly confined to deep internal splits that received low branch support in one or more analyses and also were not consistently resolved by recent phylogenomic analyses. Placement of fossil taxa is mostly stable across analyses. Three new Cretaceous leafhopper genera, Burmotettix gen. nov., Kachinella gen nov., and Viraktamathus gen. nov., consistently form a monophyletic group distinct from extant leafhopper subfamilies and are placed in Burmotettiginae subfam. nov. Extinct Cretaceous fossils previously placed in Ledrinae and Signoretiinae are recovered as sister to modern representatives of these groups. Eomegophthalmus Dietrich and Gonçalves from Baltic amber consistently groups with a lineage comprising treehoppers, Megophthalminae, Ulopinae, and Eurymelinae but its position is unstable. Overall, the morphology-based phylogenetic estimates agree with recent phylogenies based on molecular data alone suggesting that morphological traits recently used to diagnose subfamilies are generally informative of phylogenetic relationships within this group.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41630916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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