Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1749422
Monica Duarte Muñoz, T. Meyer
The past few weeks have seen us make numerous and increasing adjustments to our regular schedules as the Corona virus (COVID-19) outbreak turned from an epidemic to a pandemic. Virtually every aspect of daily life has been influenced by preventive measures, the most notable of which is social distancing, and sporting events have not been an exception. In the case of football, this ended in the postponement of the EURO 2020, one of the largest tournaments world-wide. However, this is not the first time that an outbreak occurs at an ‘inconvenient’ time for football. In 2007 and 2008 a measles outbreak was noticed in Switzerland shortly before the 2008 European Football Championship (Richard et al. 2008). A similar measles outbreak took place in 2009 in South Africa, before the start of the 2010 FIFA World Cup (Blumberg et al. 2010; Sartorius et al. 2013). In 2011, there was an endemic EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) outbreak in Germany before the start of the Women’s World Cup. The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil posed the risk of vector-transmitted diseases. During the tournament, Dengue risk was close to its peak when matches were played in at least three cities: Fortaleza, Natal, and Salvador (Hay 2013). In this particular tournament, there were other mosquito-transmitted diseases, such as Zika and Yellow Fever, for which attendants and players had to take special precautions. None of these events was cancelled or postponed because preventive measures were able to either confine the outbreak or sufficiently reduce the risk of transmission. Moreover, every year sports events take place during the flu season. Although it may seem like previous experience with respiratory diseases should teach us how to cope with the current situation, there are very important differences in the case of COVID19: There is no vaccine available, the virus is very contagious and its letality is considerable. In both measles outbreaks, attendants, participants, and staff were strongly encouraged to vaccinate against measles beforehand, and such vaccination provides high safety against the disease. The same is true in the case of influenza although vaccination is a bit less effective. This, however, is clearly not a possibility at the moment and evidently necessitates different management. Given that social distancing has been identified as a key factor in the prevention of COVID-19 spread spread, matches were initially carried out without fans. However, the increasing number of COVID-19 cases forced sporting associations to postpone and even cancel competitions. The 2020 UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA Champions League, and major national leagues, to name only a few, have now been deferred and it is unclear when the pending matches will take place. Rescheduling events without clear dates foreshadows a period of financial uncertainty for football. The loss of income could soon even force clubs to shut down. However, the immediate priority for our society is to c
在过去的几周里，随着冠状病毒（新冠肺炎）疫情从流行病转变为大流行，我们对常规日程进行了大量且不断增加的调整。几乎日常生活的方方面面都受到了预防措施的影响，其中最显著的是保持社交距离，体育赛事也不例外。就足球而言，这最终导致2020年欧洲杯延期，这是世界上最大的锦标赛之一。然而，这并不是第一次在足球“不方便”的时候爆发疫情。2007年和2008年，在2008年欧洲足球锦标赛前不久，瑞士爆发了麻疹疫情（Richard等人，2008）。2009年，在2010年国际足联世界杯开赛之前，南非也爆发了类似的麻疹疫情（Blumberg等人，2010年；Sartorius等人，2013年）。2011年，在女足世界杯开赛前，德国爆发了地方性肠出血性大肠杆菌疫情。2014年巴西国际足联世界杯带来了媒介传播疾病的风险。在锦标赛期间，当比赛在至少三个城市进行时，登革热风险接近峰值：福塔莱萨、纳塔尔和萨尔瓦多（Hay，2013）。在这场比赛中，还有其他蚊子传播的疾病，如寨卡病毒和黄热病，参赛者和选手必须采取特殊预防措施。这些活动都没有被取消或推迟，因为预防措施能够限制疫情爆发或充分降低传播风险。此外，每年的体育赛事都在流感季节举行。尽管以前的呼吸道疾病经验似乎应该教会我们如何应对当前的情况，但在新冠肺炎病例中有非常重要的区别19：没有可用的疫苗，这种病毒传染性很强，传染性很强。在这两次麻疹疫情中，都强烈鼓励服务员、参与者和工作人员提前接种麻疹疫苗，这种疫苗接种可以提供高安全性。流感也是如此，尽管接种疫苗的效果稍差。然而，这在目前显然是不可能的，显然需要不同的管理。鉴于社交距离已被确定为防止新冠肺炎传播的关键因素，比赛最初在没有球迷的情况下进行。然而，新冠肺炎病例的不断增加迫使体育协会推迟甚至取消比赛。2020年欧洲足球锦标赛（UEFA European Football Championship）、欧洲冠军联赛（UEFA Champions League）和主要国家联赛（major national League），仅举几个例子，现已推迟，尚不清楚即将举行的比赛何时举行。在没有明确日期的情况下重新安排赛事预示着足球将迎来一段财政不确定性时期。收入的损失甚至可能很快迫使俱乐部倒闭。然而，我们社会的当务之急是控制新冠肺炎疫情。因此，俱乐部必须遵守卫生部门的规定，并在之后尝试康复，这可能涉及到紧张的日程安排。
{"title":"Infectious diseases and football – lessons not only from COVID-19","authors":"Monica Duarte Muñoz, T. Meyer","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1749422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1749422","url":null,"abstract":"The past few weeks have seen us make numerous and increasing adjustments to our regular schedules as the Corona virus (COVID-19) outbreak turned from an epidemic to a pandemic. Virtually every aspect of daily life has been influenced by preventive measures, the most notable of which is social distancing, and sporting events have not been an exception. In the case of football, this ended in the postponement of the EURO 2020, one of the largest tournaments world-wide. However, this is not the first time that an outbreak occurs at an ‘inconvenient’ time for football. In 2007 and 2008 a measles outbreak was noticed in Switzerland shortly before the 2008 European Football Championship (Richard et al. 2008). A similar measles outbreak took place in 2009 in South Africa, before the start of the 2010 FIFA World Cup (Blumberg et al. 2010; Sartorius et al. 2013). In 2011, there was an endemic EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) outbreak in Germany before the start of the Women’s World Cup. The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil posed the risk of vector-transmitted diseases. During the tournament, Dengue risk was close to its peak when matches were played in at least three cities: Fortaleza, Natal, and Salvador (Hay 2013). In this particular tournament, there were other mosquito-transmitted diseases, such as Zika and Yellow Fever, for which attendants and players had to take special precautions. None of these events was cancelled or postponed because preventive measures were able to either confine the outbreak or sufficiently reduce the risk of transmission. Moreover, every year sports events take place during the flu season. Although it may seem like previous experience with respiratory diseases should teach us how to cope with the current situation, there are very important differences in the case of COVID19: There is no vaccine available, the virus is very contagious and its letality is considerable. In both measles outbreaks, attendants, participants, and staff were strongly encouraged to vaccinate against measles beforehand, and such vaccination provides high safety against the disease. The same is true in the case of influenza although vaccination is a bit less effective. This, however, is clearly not a possibility at the moment and evidently necessitates different management. Given that social distancing has been identified as a key factor in the prevention of COVID-19 spread spread, matches were initially carried out without fans. However, the increasing number of COVID-19 cases forced sporting associations to postpone and even cancel competitions. The 2020 UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA Champions League, and major national leagues, to name only a few, have now been deferred and it is unclear when the pending matches will take place. Rescheduling events without clear dates foreshadows a period of financial uncertainty for football. The loss of income could soon even force clubs to shut down. However, the immediate priority for our society is to c","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"85 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1749422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43515478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1694169
A. Kelly, Mark R. Wilson, L. Gough, Harry Knapman, Paul Morgan, M. Cole, Daniel T. Jackson, C. Williams
ABSTRACT Purpose: The relative age effect (RAE) refers to the bias influence of birthdate distribution, with athletes born later in the selection year being under-represented in talent development systems. However, the ‘underdog hypothesis’ suggests that younger birth quarter (BQ) athletes are over-represented among those who successfully transition from youth systems to senior professional status. Methods: Accordingly, the purpose of this study was twofold; (1) to provide further test of the RAE over twelve seasons (n= 556), and (2) to examine the BQ of professional contracts awarded to academy graduates at an English professional football club over eleven seasons (n= 364). Results: Significantly skewed (P< 0.001) birthdate distributions were found for academy players (BQ1 n= 224: BQ2 n= 168; BQ3 n= 88; BQ4 n= 76). The distribution from academy graduates was also significantly skewed for professional contracts awarded (P= 0.03), with greater BQ4 representation (n= 8) compared to other BQs (BQ1 n= 5; BQ2 n= 8; BQ3 n= 6). Conclusion: These findings are indicative that the RAE continues to manifest within an academy setting. Interestingly however, the underdog hypothesis shows BQ4s were approximately four times more likely to achieve senior professional status compared to BQ1s. Implications for talent identification and development in football are discussed.
{"title":"A longitudinal investigation into the relative age effect in an English professional football club: exploring the ‘underdog hypothesis’","authors":"A. Kelly, Mark R. Wilson, L. Gough, Harry Knapman, Paul Morgan, M. Cole, Daniel T. Jackson, C. Williams","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1694169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1694169","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose: The relative age effect (RAE) refers to the bias influence of birthdate distribution, with athletes born later in the selection year being under-represented in talent development systems. However, the ‘underdog hypothesis’ suggests that younger birth quarter (BQ) athletes are over-represented among those who successfully transition from youth systems to senior professional status. Methods: Accordingly, the purpose of this study was twofold; (1) to provide further test of the RAE over twelve seasons (n= 556), and (2) to examine the BQ of professional contracts awarded to academy graduates at an English professional football club over eleven seasons (n= 364). Results: Significantly skewed (P< 0.001) birthdate distributions were found for academy players (BQ1 n= 224: BQ2 n= 168; BQ3 n= 88; BQ4 n= 76). The distribution from academy graduates was also significantly skewed for professional contracts awarded (P= 0.03), with greater BQ4 representation (n= 8) compared to other BQs (BQ1 n= 5; BQ2 n= 8; BQ3 n= 6). Conclusion: These findings are indicative that the RAE continues to manifest within an academy setting. Interestingly however, the underdog hypothesis shows BQ4s were approximately four times more likely to achieve senior professional status compared to BQ1s. Implications for talent identification and development in football are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"111 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1694169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43999567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1688381
Keita Matsukura, T. Asai
ABSTRACT Introduction: Diving is a high-intensity movement with a determining effect on the soccer game. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of distance and height on lower limb kinetics and ground reaction force (GRF) during a diving motion of soccer goalkeepers. Methods:The analysis was based on whole-body three-dimensional motion capture (250 Hz) with GRFs recorded using force plates (1000 Hz). Lower limb joint torque and power profile were computed using standard inverse dynamics equations. Results: Significant effects of both dive distance and ball height were identified based on the magnitude and orientation of the GRF vector for the ball-side leg (BS leg) and on the magnitude of the GRF vector for the contralateral-side leg (CS leg). Overall, flexion torques were negligible, with significant contributions of the hip and ankle to extension torques and power. Of note, the BS leg provided an important negative (braking) power, which increased as a function of increasing ball distance and height. Conclusion: From these results, spatial parameters of the goalkeeper's diving motion appear to affect the kinetics of the BS leg.
{"title":"Characteristics of lower limb force exertion during diving motions by collegiate male soccer goalkeepers","authors":"Keita Matsukura, T. Asai","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1688381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1688381","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Diving is a high-intensity movement with a determining effect on the soccer game. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of distance and height on lower limb kinetics and ground reaction force (GRF) during a diving motion of soccer goalkeepers. Methods:The analysis was based on whole-body three-dimensional motion capture (250 Hz) with GRFs recorded using force plates (1000 Hz). Lower limb joint torque and power profile were computed using standard inverse dynamics equations. Results: Significant effects of both dive distance and ball height were identified based on the magnitude and orientation of the GRF vector for the ball-side leg (BS leg) and on the magnitude of the GRF vector for the contralateral-side leg (CS leg). Overall, flexion torques were negligible, with significant contributions of the hip and ankle to extension torques and power. Of note, the BS leg provided an important negative (braking) power, which increased as a function of increasing ball distance and height. Conclusion: From these results, spatial parameters of the goalkeeper's diving motion appear to affect the kinetics of the BS leg.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"127 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1688381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46625135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1699247
P. Salmon, S. Mclean
ABSTRACT Like many other sports, football is increasingly being described as a complex system. To date, however, there has been little explanation of complexity beyond the team level, and no formal examination of the extent to which the known characteristics of complex systems are present in football. This commentary reviews known characteristics of complex systems and discusses the extent to which football match, club, and league sub-systems exhibit them. It is argued that all three football sub-systems do indeed exhibit the characteristics of complexity, and as such, it is concluded that football can be described as a complex system. The implications for future football research and practice are discussed. Applications of complex systems modelling techniques are encouraged, both to model football systems and to identify how different systemic variables interact to influence performance. A paradigm shift away from reductionism toward holism in football research is advocated.
{"title":"Complexity in the beautiful game: implications for football research and practice","authors":"P. Salmon, S. Mclean","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1699247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1699247","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Like many other sports, football is increasingly being described as a complex system. To date, however, there has been little explanation of complexity beyond the team level, and no formal examination of the extent to which the known characteristics of complex systems are present in football. This commentary reviews known characteristics of complex systems and discusses the extent to which football match, club, and league sub-systems exhibit them. It is argued that all three football sub-systems do indeed exhibit the characteristics of complexity, and as such, it is concluded that football can be described as a complex system. The implications for future football research and practice are discussed. Applications of complex systems modelling techniques are encouraged, both to model football systems and to identify how different systemic variables interact to influence performance. A paradigm shift away from reductionism toward holism in football research is advocated.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"162 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1699247","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46989262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1677937
T. Kaminski, G. Chiampas, M. Putukian, D. Kirkendall, Jennifer A. Fokas, A. Kontos
ABSTRACT Objectives: Youth soccer is popular across the world and there is growing concerns about the safety of the sport, especially with regard to purposeful heading. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the frequency and characteristics (e.g. game vs practice) of purposeful soccer heading in youth players (ages 7-14) in the United States (US) and to better understand adherence to the 2015 U.S. Soccer heading guidelines. Methods: A total of 8,104 respondents from teams across 55 state youth soccer associations in the US completed the online survey. U-12 players were represented most, while more male (59%) versus female (41%) teams took part. Results: A majority of respondents (92.5%) indicated that their team adopted the guidelines. A large percentage of respondents (72%) indicated that they do not participate in soccer heading drills as part of their practice routines. A similarly large number of respondents reported none (49%) or a very small (i.e., 1-10) number of headers (44%) each week in games. Conclusions: These findings suggest the 2015 U.S. Soccer heading guidelines appear to have been widely adopted in the United States, and that the number of exposures reported in our survey from heading a soccer ball in practices and games in these age groups of youth players is low.
{"title":"Purposeful heading in U.S. youth soccer players: results from the U.S. soccer online heading survey – epidemiological evidence","authors":"T. Kaminski, G. Chiampas, M. Putukian, D. Kirkendall, Jennifer A. Fokas, A. Kontos","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1677937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1677937","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objectives: Youth soccer is popular across the world and there is growing concerns about the safety of the sport, especially with regard to purposeful heading. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the frequency and characteristics (e.g. game vs practice) of purposeful soccer heading in youth players (ages 7-14) in the United States (US) and to better understand adherence to the 2015 U.S. Soccer heading guidelines. Methods: A total of 8,104 respondents from teams across 55 state youth soccer associations in the US completed the online survey. U-12 players were represented most, while more male (59%) versus female (41%) teams took part. Results: A majority of respondents (92.5%) indicated that their team adopted the guidelines. A large percentage of respondents (72%) indicated that they do not participate in soccer heading drills as part of their practice routines. A similarly large number of respondents reported none (49%) or a very small (i.e., 1-10) number of headers (44%) each week in games. Conclusions: These findings suggest the 2015 U.S. Soccer heading guidelines appear to have been widely adopted in the United States, and that the number of exposures reported in our survey from heading a soccer ball in practices and games in these age groups of youth players is low.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"100 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1677937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46463624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1746824
P. Tofari, J. Kemp, Stuart J. Cormack
ABSTRACT Introduction: Competitive soccer results in acute physiological and perceptual disturbances lasting up to 96-h, yet multiple games are often played with 72-h rest. Contextual factors influence match activities, impacting the assessment of post-match responses. We assessed the within- and post-match responses to two self-paced simulations (SIM1 and SIM2) in a 72-h period. Method: Eleven male team-sport athletes attended eight consecutive testing sessions after familiarisation. Assessments occurred at pre-, half-time, post- and 2 h post-SIM1, and daily up to four-days after SIM2. Statistics included effect size ± 90% CL comparisons to pre-SIM1 and regression analysis. Results: At half time there was reduced voluntary activation (SIM1: −1.52 ± 1.41 and SIM2: −0.50 ± 0.58) and potentiated twitch torque (SIM1: −0.50 ± 0.37 and SIM2: −0.31 ± 0.37), suggesting central and peripheral fatigue, respectively. The difference in activity profiles between simulations was unclear. Both simulations resulted in acute physiological and perceptual decrements, similar to published data from competitive matches. Higher strength was associated with reduced soreness and fatigue at all time points (range: r = 0.27 to 0.69) and lower peripheral fatigue. vV.O2peak was negatively associated with CK (range: r = −0.28 to −0.70). Conclusion: 72-h recovery is sufficient to maintain activity between simulations. Lower-body strength and aerobic capacity displayed protective effects against post-simulation decrements.
{"title":"Measuring the response to simulated fixture congestion in soccer","authors":"P. Tofari, J. Kemp, Stuart J. Cormack","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1746824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1746824","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Competitive soccer results in acute physiological and perceptual disturbances lasting up to 96-h, yet multiple games are often played with 72-h rest. Contextual factors influence match activities, impacting the assessment of post-match responses. We assessed the within- and post-match responses to two self-paced simulations (SIM1 and SIM2) in a 72-h period. Method: Eleven male team-sport athletes attended eight consecutive testing sessions after familiarisation. Assessments occurred at pre-, half-time, post- and 2 h post-SIM1, and daily up to four-days after SIM2. Statistics included effect size ± 90% CL comparisons to pre-SIM1 and regression analysis. Results: At half time there was reduced voluntary activation (SIM1: −1.52 ± 1.41 and SIM2: −0.50 ± 0.58) and potentiated twitch torque (SIM1: −0.50 ± 0.37 and SIM2: −0.31 ± 0.37), suggesting central and peripheral fatigue, respectively. The difference in activity profiles between simulations was unclear. Both simulations resulted in acute physiological and perceptual decrements, similar to published data from competitive matches. Higher strength was associated with reduced soreness and fatigue at all time points (range: r = 0.27 to 0.69) and lower peripheral fatigue. vV.O2peak was negatively associated with CK (range: r = −0.28 to −0.70). Conclusion: 72-h recovery is sufficient to maintain activity between simulations. Lower-body strength and aerobic capacity displayed protective effects against post-simulation decrements.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"293 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1746824","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41938077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1682184
Brooke R. Brisbine, J. Steele, Elissa Phillips, D. McGhee
ABSTRACT Introduction: Female athletes involved in contact sports are sustaining injuries to their breasts. Limited research, however, has characterised breast injuries reported by female contact football players. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, causes and perceived performance effects of contact breast injuries reported by females participating in contact football by code, player position and competition level. Awareness and perceptions of these injuries by staff associated with female contact football teams were also examined. Methods: A custom-designed breast injury survey was completed by 297 female Australian Football, Rugby League, Rugby Union (XVs) and Rugby 7s players, and a staff survey was completed by 242 coaching and medical staff associated with female contact football teams. Results: Fifty-eight percent of players reported ever experiencing a contact breast injury and 48% perceived that their injury affected their football performance. Football code and player position were significantly associated with causes of contact breast injury, whereas competition level was significantly associated with perceptions of performance effects. Half of the coaches and medical professionals surveyed were not aware that breast injuries were a problem for female contact football players. Conclusion: Athletes, coaches and medical professionals may benefit from education on the potential for contact breast injuries so that these injuries can be prevented and managed.
{"title":"Breast injuries reported by female contact football players based on football code, player position and competition level","authors":"Brooke R. Brisbine, J. Steele, Elissa Phillips, D. McGhee","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1682184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1682184","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Female athletes involved in contact sports are sustaining injuries to their breasts. Limited research, however, has characterised breast injuries reported by female contact football players. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, causes and perceived performance effects of contact breast injuries reported by females participating in contact football by code, player position and competition level. Awareness and perceptions of these injuries by staff associated with female contact football teams were also examined. Methods: A custom-designed breast injury survey was completed by 297 female Australian Football, Rugby League, Rugby Union (XVs) and Rugby 7s players, and a staff survey was completed by 242 coaching and medical staff associated with female contact football teams. Results: Fifty-eight percent of players reported ever experiencing a contact breast injury and 48% perceived that their injury affected their football performance. Football code and player position were significantly associated with causes of contact breast injury, whereas competition level was significantly associated with perceptions of performance effects. Half of the coaches and medical professionals surveyed were not aware that breast injuries were a problem for female contact football players. Conclusion: Athletes, coaches and medical professionals may benefit from education on the potential for contact breast injuries so that these injuries can be prevented and managed.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"148 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1682184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41539663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1696471
S. Gil, I. Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I. Martin-Garetxana, J. Lekue, J. Larruskain
ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of the study was to ascertain the influence of relative age on entry to a professional soccer club and on long-term career attainment. Methods: We analysed the birth dates (divided into four birth quarters, BQ) and the career attainment of 1071 soccer players who entered their club in the under 12 (U12), U14, U16, U19, Reserves and First Team groups. Results: There was an overrepresentation of players born in BQ1 in all groups except from the Reserves and First Team. Forty players (4.7%) became professional, 18 born in BQ1 and 9 in BQ4. More players born in BQ4 who had entered the club in the U12 and U14 groups became professional, compared to players born in the rest of the quarters. The odds for a player born in BQ4 to become professional were 3 times larger, 95% CI [1.38, 6.56] than players born in the rest of the BQs. Conclusions: The overrepresentation of relatively older players is evident among players that entered the club at younger ages. Although this overrepresentation declines with increasing age, it influences career attainment. Interestingly, once relatively young players are within the club, their chances to become professional are larger.
{"title":"Does birth date influence career attainment in professional soccer?","authors":"S. Gil, I. Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I. Martin-Garetxana, J. Lekue, J. Larruskain","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1696471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1696471","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of the study was to ascertain the influence of relative age on entry to a professional soccer club and on long-term career attainment. Methods: We analysed the birth dates (divided into four birth quarters, BQ) and the career attainment of 1071 soccer players who entered their club in the under 12 (U12), U14, U16, U19, Reserves and First Team groups. Results: There was an overrepresentation of players born in BQ1 in all groups except from the Reserves and First Team. Forty players (4.7%) became professional, 18 born in BQ1 and 9 in BQ4. More players born in BQ4 who had entered the club in the U12 and U14 groups became professional, compared to players born in the rest of the quarters. The odds for a player born in BQ4 to become professional were 3 times larger, 95% CI [1.38, 6.56] than players born in the rest of the BQs. Conclusions: The overrepresentation of relatively older players is evident among players that entered the club at younger ages. Although this overrepresentation declines with increasing age, it influences career attainment. Interestingly, once relatively young players are within the club, their chances to become professional are larger.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"119 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1696471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42971956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1692144
A. Hecksteden, T. Meyer
ABSTRACT Purpose:Monitoring of recovery needs is considered essential during international football tournaments, with blood-borne markers being an objective, well understood and conveniently measurable option. However, reference values from this level of play are largely lacking. Methods:We therefore report a retrospective analysis of the blood-borne fatigue markers creatine kinase (CK) and urea (U) from the German national football team during the FIFA World Championships and UEFA European Championships from 2006–2016. Values from 68 players could be analysed resulting in 1019 values for CK and 943 values for U. For 2014 and 2016, additional player tracking data were available. Results:Mean values (90% CI) for CK and U were 343.4 (333.3–353.6) U/l and 39.5 (39.0–39.9) mg/dl, respectively. Considerable between-subject variation was present accounting for 44% of random variability for logCK and 45% for logU. A significant decrease over time (p < 0.001) could be observed for both indicators. Total running distance and high-speed running were significantly correlated with CK levels 2 days after the match with a disproportionate CK response for overtime matches. Conclusion:Taken together, monitoring of recovery needs in elite football is likely to benefit from individualized reference values. When group-based reference ranges are used, they should be current and football-specific.
{"title":"Blood-borne fatigue markers during major international football tournaments – a retrospective analysis of data from the FIFA World Championships and UEFA European Championships 2006 – 2016","authors":"A. Hecksteden, T. Meyer","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1692144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1692144","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose:Monitoring of recovery needs is considered essential during international football tournaments, with blood-borne markers being an objective, well understood and conveniently measurable option. However, reference values from this level of play are largely lacking. Methods:We therefore report a retrospective analysis of the blood-borne fatigue markers creatine kinase (CK) and urea (U) from the German national football team during the FIFA World Championships and UEFA European Championships from 2006–2016. Values from 68 players could be analysed resulting in 1019 values for CK and 943 values for U. For 2014 and 2016, additional player tracking data were available. Results:Mean values (90% CI) for CK and U were 343.4 (333.3–353.6) U/l and 39.5 (39.0–39.9) mg/dl, respectively. Considerable between-subject variation was present accounting for 44% of random variability for logCK and 45% for logU. A significant decrease over time (p < 0.001) could be observed for both indicators. Total running distance and high-speed running were significantly correlated with CK levels 2 days after the match with a disproportionate CK response for overtime matches. Conclusion:Taken together, monitoring of recovery needs in elite football is likely to benefit from individualized reference values. When group-based reference ranges are used, they should be current and football-specific.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"135 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1692144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48527148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1682183
Josh Wass, Dylan Mernagh, Ben Pollard, Perry F. Stewart, Wesley Fox, Nimai Parmar, B. Jones, L. Kilduff, A. Turner
ABSTRACT Instruction: Effective playing time in soccer is typically < 60 min per game and while players may reposition themselves when the ball is out of play, it is likely the physical demand decreases during this period. Therefore, if this period is included in data when quantifying match demands, it may under-report the physical requirements of soccer players. This study investigated an alternative method for quantifying external workload called ball in play (BiP), which analyses the data excluding stoppages, and thus potentially offers a more insightful analysis of match demands.Methods: Whole match demands as typically recorded via GPS, were compared to those based on BiP, and maximum BiP, with the latter representing worst case scenario phases of play. The 25-elite male youth soccer players (age: 17.9 ± 0.6 years; height: 174.8 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 66.3 ± 8.1 kg) who participated in this study were also categorised in to positional groups (defender, midfielder, and forward) to assess differences in positional demands.Results: While no differences were noted based on position, whole match metrics were significantly lower than mean and maximum BiP metrics (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference for maximum BiP outputs across different in-play durations, when comparing 30-60 seconds, 60–90 seconds, and > 90 seconds.Conclusion: This data allows practitioners to gain a deeper understanding of the physical demands imposed on players and plan sessions using targets that better represent match demands.
{"title":"A comparison of match demands using ball-in-play vs. whole match data in elite male youth soccer players","authors":"Josh Wass, Dylan Mernagh, Ben Pollard, Perry F. Stewart, Wesley Fox, Nimai Parmar, B. Jones, L. Kilduff, A. Turner","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1682183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1682183","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Instruction: Effective playing time in soccer is typically < 60 min per game and while players may reposition themselves when the ball is out of play, it is likely the physical demand decreases during this period. Therefore, if this period is included in data when quantifying match demands, it may under-report the physical requirements of soccer players. This study investigated an alternative method for quantifying external workload called ball in play (BiP), which analyses the data excluding stoppages, and thus potentially offers a more insightful analysis of match demands.Methods: Whole match demands as typically recorded via GPS, were compared to those based on BiP, and maximum BiP, with the latter representing worst case scenario phases of play. The 25-elite male youth soccer players (age: 17.9 ± 0.6 years; height: 174.8 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 66.3 ± 8.1 kg) who participated in this study were also categorised in to positional groups (defender, midfielder, and forward) to assess differences in positional demands.Results: While no differences were noted based on position, whole match metrics were significantly lower than mean and maximum BiP metrics (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference for maximum BiP outputs across different in-play durations, when comparing 30-60 seconds, 60–90 seconds, and > 90 seconds.Conclusion: This data allows practitioners to gain a deeper understanding of the physical demands imposed on players and plan sessions using targets that better represent match demands.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"142 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1682183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48484449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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