Pub Date : 2021-04-08DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1870711
Afsaneh Safar Cherati, Salman Khalifeh Soltani, N. Moghadam, B. Hassanmirzaei, Z. Haratian, Shayesteh Khalifeh Soltani, M. Rezaei
ABSTRACT Background: Lower extremity injuries are an ongoing concern for professional football players. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between foot posture and lower extremity injuries in professional football players. Method: In this prospective cohort study, 420 male players of the Iran Premium football league were evaluated during the 2015-2016 season. The players were assessed for their foot types based on optical and static foot scans and foot posture index (FPI). The trained club physicians recorded all injuries during the season. Result: The analyzed data of 244 players showed the highest rate of lower extremity injury in hamstrings, ankle, and groin, respectively. These injuries led to 46% of time loss. The probability of hamstrings injuries was higher among pronated players based on static, optic, FPI, and visual examination, 2.1, 1.8, 1.8, and 2.3, respectively. Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) injuries were associated with subtalar joint abnormality defined by visual observation. An increased relative risk of leading-to-absence injuries among the flat foot group was significant based on optic scanning, FPI, and visual observation. Conclusion: Abnormal foot postures in professional football players may increase the risk of hamstring and MCL injuries and time loss due to lower extremity injuries.
{"title":"Is there a relationship between lower-extremity injuries and foot postures in professional football players? A prospective cohort study","authors":"Afsaneh Safar Cherati, Salman Khalifeh Soltani, N. Moghadam, B. Hassanmirzaei, Z. Haratian, Shayesteh Khalifeh Soltani, M. Rezaei","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1870711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1870711","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background: Lower extremity injuries are an ongoing concern for professional football players. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between foot posture and lower extremity injuries in professional football players. Method: In this prospective cohort study, 420 male players of the Iran Premium football league were evaluated during the 2015-2016 season. The players were assessed for their foot types based on optical and static foot scans and foot posture index (FPI). The trained club physicians recorded all injuries during the season. Result: The analyzed data of 244 players showed the highest rate of lower extremity injury in hamstrings, ankle, and groin, respectively. These injuries led to 46% of time loss. The probability of hamstrings injuries was higher among pronated players based on static, optic, FPI, and visual examination, 2.1, 1.8, 1.8, and 2.3, respectively. Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) injuries were associated with subtalar joint abnormality defined by visual observation. An increased relative risk of leading-to-absence injuries among the flat foot group was significant based on optic scanning, FPI, and visual observation. Conclusion: Abnormal foot postures in professional football players may increase the risk of hamstring and MCL injuries and time loss due to lower extremity injuries.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"49 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1870711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48441340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1910332
M. Duncan, Emma L. J. Eyre, M. Noon, Rhys O Morris, D. Thake, N. Clarke
ABSTRACT Objective This study examined the association between fitness, fundamental movement skills (FMS) and perceived competence on technical skills in boys engaged in grassroots soccer. Methods: Sixty boys (8-12 years of age, Mean ± SD = 10 ± 1 years) undertook assessment of FMS, perceived competence, physical fitness (15m sprint speed, standing long jump distance and seated 1kg medicine ball throw as a composite z-score) and technical skills (dribbling, passing and shooting as a composite z-score). Results Multiple backwards linear regression was used to determine to amount of variance in technical skill explained by FMS, perceived competence and fitness. Results indicated a significant model (F 3,58= 42.04, P = .0001, Adj R2 = .680) which explained 68% of the variance in technical skills. Perceived competence (β=.316, P =.001), Total FMS (β=.140, P =.002), and chronological age (β=.863), P =.001) significantly contributed to the model. Conclusion This study demonstrates that better technical skills (passing, dribbling, shooting) in youth soccer are explained, alongside age, by being competent in FMS and having a more positive perception of competence. Coaches should therefore seek to encourage development of these factors during childhood for the benefit of technical skill performance.
摘要目的探讨基层足球男孩体能、基本动作技能(FMS)与技术技能感知能力的关系。方法:对60名8 ~ 12岁男生进行FMS、感知能力、体能(15米短跑速度、立定跳远距离、坐式1kg实用球投为复合z分)和技术技能(运球、传球、射门为复合z分)评估。结果采用多元反向线性回归确定FMS解释的技术技能、感知能力和适应度的变异量。结果表明，一个显著模型(f3,58= 42.04, P = 0.0001, Adj R2 = 0.680)可以解释68%的技术技能差异。感知能力(β=。316, P =.001)，总FMS (β=。140, P =.002)，实足年龄(β=.863)， P =.001)对模型有显著贡献。结论:本研究表明，除了年龄之外，青少年足球运动员更好的技术技能(传球、盘带、射门)可以通过FMS的能力和更积极的能力感知来解释。因此，教练应寻求鼓励这些因素的发展，在儿童时期有利于技术技能的表现。
{"title":"Fundamental movement skills and perceived competence, but not fitness, are the key factors associated with technical skill performance in boys who play grassroots soccer","authors":"M. Duncan, Emma L. J. Eyre, M. Noon, Rhys O Morris, D. Thake, N. Clarke","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2021.1910332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1910332","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This study examined the association between fitness, fundamental movement skills (FMS) and perceived competence on technical skills in boys engaged in grassroots soccer. Methods: Sixty boys (8-12 years of age, Mean ± SD = 10 ± 1 years) undertook assessment of FMS, perceived competence, physical fitness (15m sprint speed, standing long jump distance and seated 1kg medicine ball throw as a composite z-score) and technical skills (dribbling, passing and shooting as a composite z-score). Results Multiple backwards linear regression was used to determine to amount of variance in technical skill explained by FMS, perceived competence and fitness. Results indicated a significant model (F 3,58= 42.04, P = .0001, Adj R2 = .680) which explained 68% of the variance in technical skills. Perceived competence (β=.316, P =.001), Total FMS (β=.140, P =.002), and chronological age (β=.863), P =.001) significantly contributed to the model. Conclusion This study demonstrates that better technical skills (passing, dribbling, shooting) in youth soccer are explained, alongside age, by being competent in FMS and having a more positive perception of competence. Coaches should therefore seek to encourage development of these factors during childhood for the benefit of technical skill performance.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"215 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2021.1910332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47243266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-06DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1912382
B. Merks, W. Frencken, A. R. Den Otter, Michael Brink
ABSTRACT Rapid changes in velocity and direction place high mechanical loads on players, but are ignored in commonly used load indicators. Purpose Quantifying change of direction (COD) load through positional data from small-sided games (SSG) and assess its criterion and construct validity. Methods Elite male youth soccer players (n = 25, 16.8 ± 1.3 years) played three SSG (5v5, 5×4 min) with different field dimensions (small [40×30 m], medium [55×38 m], large [70×45 m]). Positional data of the players was obtained with a Local Position Measurement system. COD load (AU) was quantified based on the combination of velocity and change in heading direction. Additionally, total distance covered, running distance, acceleration count, deceleration count, and Rating of Perceived Exertion were measured. Criterion validity was assessed by correlating COD load and the load indicators. Construct validity was determined by testing the differences between the SSG field dimensions. Results Strong correlations were determined between COD load and total distance covered (r = 0.74, p < .01) and running distance (r = 0.84, p < .01). Middle and large field size resulted in highest COD load (p < .05). Conclusion These results suggest that the COD load measure shows sufficient criterion and construct validity.
{"title":"Quantifying change of direction load using positional data from small-sided games in soccer","authors":"B. Merks, W. Frencken, A. R. Den Otter, Michael Brink","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2021.1912382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1912382","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rapid changes in velocity and direction place high mechanical loads on players, but are ignored in commonly used load indicators. Purpose Quantifying change of direction (COD) load through positional data from small-sided games (SSG) and assess its criterion and construct validity. Methods Elite male youth soccer players (n = 25, 16.8 ± 1.3 years) played three SSG (5v5, 5×4 min) with different field dimensions (small [40×30 m], medium [55×38 m], large [70×45 m]). Positional data of the players was obtained with a Local Position Measurement system. COD load (AU) was quantified based on the combination of velocity and change in heading direction. Additionally, total distance covered, running distance, acceleration count, deceleration count, and Rating of Perceived Exertion were measured. Criterion validity was assessed by correlating COD load and the load indicators. Construct validity was determined by testing the differences between the SSG field dimensions. Results Strong correlations were determined between COD load and total distance covered (r = 0.74, p < .01) and running distance (r = 0.84, p < .01). Middle and large field size resulted in highest COD load (p < .05). Conclusion These results suggest that the COD load measure shows sufficient criterion and construct validity.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"234 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2021.1912382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41906212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1906440
Lachlan Mitchell, P. Lehane, M. McCarthy, K. O'Shea, Mark Tracey, Taylor Whyte, R. Neville
ABSTRACT Dietary intake plays a significant role in athletic performance and is influenced by several factors, including nutrition knowledge. Gaelic footballers are amateur athletes who conduct high-intensity, intermittent activity during training and competition, and have previously demonstrated insufficient dietary intake. This study aimed to examine nutrition knowledge in elite and non-elite Gaelic footballers. An online survey was distributed to competitive Gaelic footballers, examining nutrition knowledge using the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire. Total, general, and sport nutrition knowledge were compared between elite and non-elite athletes, and those who had and had not previously received nutrition education, using Mann-Whitney U-tests. A total of 190 participants (15.3% women) completed the survey. No differences between elite and non-elite athletes in nutrition knowledge were identified (p > 0.05). Athletes with previous nutrition education scored higher than those without previous nutrition education in total (54.0 ± 4.9% vs 46.8 ± 9.6%; p = 0.002) and sport (51.9 ± 12.5% vs 43.4 ± 11.8%; p = 0.005) nutrition knowledge. Findings suggest an importance of nutrition education at all levels of athletic competition to improve nutrition knowledge, which may empower athletes to make appropriate dietary decisions to support training and competition demands.
膳食摄入在运动表现中起着重要作用，并受到多种因素的影响，包括营养知识。盖尔足球运动员是业余运动员，他们在训练和比赛期间进行高强度、间歇性的活动，以前曾表现出饮食摄入不足。本研究旨在考察精英和非精英盖尔足球运动员的营养知识。一项在线调查被分发给有竞争力的盖尔足球运动员，使用体育知识问卷调查营养知识。采用Mann-Whitney u型检验，比较优秀运动员和非优秀运动员、接受过和未接受过营养教育的运动员的总营养知识、一般营养知识和运动营养知识。共有190名参与者(15.3%为女性)完成了调查。优秀运动员与非优秀运动员在营养知识方面无显著差异(p < 0.05)。接受过营养教育的运动员总体得分高于未接受营养教育的运动员(54.0%±4.9% vs 46.8±9.6%);P = 0.002)和运动(51.9±12.5% vs 43.4±11.8%;P = 0.005)。研究结果表明，在各级竞技比赛中开展营养教育对提高营养知识具有重要意义，这可能使运动员能够做出适当的饮食决定，以支持训练和比赛的需要。
{"title":"Nutrition knowledge of elite and non-elite Gaelic footballers","authors":"Lachlan Mitchell, P. Lehane, M. McCarthy, K. O'Shea, Mark Tracey, Taylor Whyte, R. Neville","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2021.1906440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1906440","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dietary intake plays a significant role in athletic performance and is influenced by several factors, including nutrition knowledge. Gaelic footballers are amateur athletes who conduct high-intensity, intermittent activity during training and competition, and have previously demonstrated insufficient dietary intake. This study aimed to examine nutrition knowledge in elite and non-elite Gaelic footballers. An online survey was distributed to competitive Gaelic footballers, examining nutrition knowledge using the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire. Total, general, and sport nutrition knowledge were compared between elite and non-elite athletes, and those who had and had not previously received nutrition education, using Mann-Whitney U-tests. A total of 190 participants (15.3% women) completed the survey. No differences between elite and non-elite athletes in nutrition knowledge were identified (p > 0.05). Athletes with previous nutrition education scored higher than those without previous nutrition education in total (54.0 ± 4.9% vs 46.8 ± 9.6%; p = 0.002) and sport (51.9 ± 12.5% vs 43.4 ± 11.8%; p = 0.005) nutrition knowledge. Findings suggest an importance of nutrition education at all levels of athletic competition to improve nutrition knowledge, which may empower athletes to make appropriate dietary decisions to support training and competition demands.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"159 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2021.1906440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47836079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1910333
Joshua Marris, S. Barrett, G. Abt, C. Towlson
ABSTRACT Objectives This study aimed to (i) establish the concurrent validity and intra-unit reliability of a foot-mounted inertial measurement unit for monitoring soccer technical actions, (ii) quantify the within-microcycle inter-positional differences in the technical actions of professional soccer training, and (iii) determine the influence of drill category on the technical actions of professional soccer training. Methods Twenty-one professional soccer players’ technical performance data (ball touches, releases, ball touches per minute, releases per minute), collected during training sessions throughout twenty-four weekly microcycles, were analysed using general linear modelling. Results The inertial measurement unit exhibited good concurrent validity (PA = 95.1% – 100.0%) and intra-unit reliability (PA = 95.9% – 96.9%, CV = 1.4% – 2.9%) when compared with retrospective video analyses. The most ball touches ( = 218.0) and releases ( = 110.8) were observed on MD – 1, with MD – 5 eliciting the highest frequency of ball touches ( = 3.8) and releases ( = 1.7) per minute. Central midfielders performed the most ball touches ( = 221.9), releases ( = 108.3), ball touches per minute ( = 3.4) and releases per minute ( = 1.6). Small-sided games evoked more ball touches ( diff = 1.5) and releases per minute ( diff = 0.1) than previously reported in match-play. The fewest ball touches ( = 1.2) and releases per minute ( = 0.5) were observed during tactical drills. Conclusion The results of this study provide a novel understanding of the within-microcycle, inter-positional and drill category differences in the technical actions performed by professional players during training.
{"title":"Quantifying technical actions in professional soccer using foot-mounted inertial measurement units","authors":"Joshua Marris, S. Barrett, G. Abt, C. Towlson","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2021.1910333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1910333","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objectives This study aimed to (i) establish the concurrent validity and intra-unit reliability of a foot-mounted inertial measurement unit for monitoring soccer technical actions, (ii) quantify the within-microcycle inter-positional differences in the technical actions of professional soccer training, and (iii) determine the influence of drill category on the technical actions of professional soccer training. Methods Twenty-one professional soccer players’ technical performance data (ball touches, releases, ball touches per minute, releases per minute), collected during training sessions throughout twenty-four weekly microcycles, were analysed using general linear modelling. Results The inertial measurement unit exhibited good concurrent validity (PA = 95.1% – 100.0%) and intra-unit reliability (PA = 95.9% – 96.9%, CV = 1.4% – 2.9%) when compared with retrospective video analyses. The most ball touches ( = 218.0) and releases ( = 110.8) were observed on MD – 1, with MD – 5 eliciting the highest frequency of ball touches ( = 3.8) and releases ( = 1.7) per minute. Central midfielders performed the most ball touches ( = 221.9), releases ( = 108.3), ball touches per minute ( = 3.4) and releases per minute ( = 1.6). Small-sided games evoked more ball touches ( diff = 1.5) and releases per minute ( diff = 0.1) than previously reported in match-play. The fewest ball touches ( = 1.2) and releases per minute ( = 0.5) were observed during tactical drills. Conclusion The results of this study provide a novel understanding of the within-microcycle, inter-positional and drill category differences in the technical actions performed by professional players during training.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"203 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2021.1910333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48066157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1886320
Brian Doyle, Declan Browne, Daniel M. Horan
ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to quantify the internal and external training load profile of an international training camp and identify any differences between positional groups or starting status. Methods 18 players were sampled using a global positioning system (GPS) and internal training load (TL) via session rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Results Internal and external training load variation was present across all six individual training sessions. Results indicated match day −7 (MD-7), had significantly (P= 0.001) less training volume (3339.5 m) than all other training sessions. MD-5 and MD-2 were the most intense (387.5 and 201 m very high speed running (VHSR) and 187.5 and 49 m sprint distance (SPD) respectively in combination with large volume (5933.5 and 5151.5 m). Differences in playing position and starting status were observed in MD-2. Forwards (FW) covered significantly greater distances of VHSR (P= 0.008) and SPD (P= 0.008) in comparison to midfielders (MF) whilst starters reported significantly (P = 0.013) higher internal training loads (TL). Conclusion This study provides the first report on training load in elite female footballers during an international training camp including a competitive fixture highlighting the undulation of training loads across the individual training sessions, playing positions and starting status.
{"title":"Quantification of internal and external training load during a training camp in senior international female footballers","authors":"Brian Doyle, Declan Browne, Daniel M. Horan","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2021.1886320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1886320","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to quantify the internal and external training load profile of an international training camp and identify any differences between positional groups or starting status. Methods 18 players were sampled using a global positioning system (GPS) and internal training load (TL) via session rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Results Internal and external training load variation was present across all six individual training sessions. Results indicated match day −7 (MD-7), had significantly (P= 0.001) less training volume (3339.5 m) than all other training sessions. MD-5 and MD-2 were the most intense (387.5 and 201 m very high speed running (VHSR) and 187.5 and 49 m sprint distance (SPD) respectively in combination with large volume (5933.5 and 5151.5 m). Differences in playing position and starting status were observed in MD-2. Forwards (FW) covered significantly greater distances of VHSR (P= 0.008) and SPD (P= 0.008) in comparison to midfielders (MF) whilst starters reported significantly (P = 0.013) higher internal training loads (TL). Conclusion This study provides the first report on training load in elite female footballers during an international training camp including a competitive fixture highlighting the undulation of training loads across the individual training sessions, playing positions and starting status.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"7 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2021.1886320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45723843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-12DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1898667
M. Hopkinson, A. Bissas, G. Nicholson, C. Beggs, S. Scantlebury, S. Hendricks, B. Jones
ABSTRACT Rugby league tackle video analysis research typically uses technical criteria from coaching cues or tackle variables from rugby union. As such, content validity and relevance could be questioned. A video analysis framework that establishes appropriate variables for rugby league is therefore required. The study aimed to adopt a 5-stage process to establish a video analysis framework for the rugby league tackle, which was content valid, relevant and reliable. The 5-stage process included 1) creation of draft video analysis framework, using available rugby tackle research, 2) expert group recruitment and critique, 3) refinement of framework to establish content validity, 4) response process validity task and agreement within expert group, 5) intra- and inter-reliability testing using Kappa statistics. The agreed framework comprised six phases including; tackle event, defensive start point, pre-contact, initial contact, post-contact and play-the-ball. Within the identified phases, 63 variables were established. The intra- and inter-reliability testing resulted in strong agreement within all phases. The video analysis framework can be used in rugby league tackle research, categorising complex tackle events, such as injurious or optimal tackles, improving both player welfare and performance. The application of the framework to future rugby league research will increase coherence and usefulness of research findings.
{"title":"A video analysis framework for the rugby league tackle","authors":"M. Hopkinson, A. Bissas, G. Nicholson, C. Beggs, S. Scantlebury, S. Hendricks, B. Jones","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2021.1898667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1898667","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rugby league tackle video analysis research typically uses technical criteria from coaching cues or tackle variables from rugby union. As such, content validity and relevance could be questioned. A video analysis framework that establishes appropriate variables for rugby league is therefore required. The study aimed to adopt a 5-stage process to establish a video analysis framework for the rugby league tackle, which was content valid, relevant and reliable. The 5-stage process included 1) creation of draft video analysis framework, using available rugby tackle research, 2) expert group recruitment and critique, 3) refinement of framework to establish content validity, 4) response process validity task and agreement within expert group, 5) intra- and inter-reliability testing using Kappa statistics. The agreed framework comprised six phases including; tackle event, defensive start point, pre-contact, initial contact, post-contact and play-the-ball. Within the identified phases, 63 variables were established. The intra- and inter-reliability testing resulted in strong agreement within all phases. The video analysis framework can be used in rugby league tackle research, categorising complex tackle events, such as injurious or optimal tackles, improving both player welfare and performance. The application of the framework to future rugby league research will increase coherence and usefulness of research findings.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"15 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2021.1898667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47402714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1884283
Rodrigo Rabello, Filippo Bertozzi, M. Galli, M. Zago, C. Sforza
ABSTRACT Muscle activation has been studied in soccer players kicking stationary balls with the dominant foot. This study evaluated swinging and support limb muscle activation during the instep kick using different feet and ball approach conditions.Vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and tibialis anterior (TA) activations were evaluated during maximal instep kicks with both feet and the ball in five conditions (n = 18): stationary (STAT), approaching anteriorly (ANT), posteriorly (POST), laterally (LAT) and medially (MED). A repeated-measures two-way ANOVA compared activations between feet and ball conditions throughout the kicking (0–100%) and follow-through phases (101–200%). Close to ball contact (81–124%), non-dominant support GM had greater activation than the dominant one. The LAT and MED conditions differed within the cycle in the swinging VM (0–21%; 191–200%), BF (13–70%; 121–161%), GM (22–82%; 121–143%) and TA (0–32%; 55–97%; 186–200%) and in support VM (0–81%), BF (6–24%; 121–161%) and GM (24–87%). Players require greater support GM activation to stabilize the ankle during non-dominant kicks. Muscle activation differences between LAT and MED indicate that the kicking strategies are altered when kicking balls approaching from different directions.
{"title":"Lower limbs muscle activation during instep kick in soccer: effects of dominance and ball condition","authors":"Rodrigo Rabello, Filippo Bertozzi, M. Galli, M. Zago, C. Sforza","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2021.1884283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1884283","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Muscle activation has been studied in soccer players kicking stationary balls with the dominant foot. This study evaluated swinging and support limb muscle activation during the instep kick using different feet and ball approach conditions.Vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and tibialis anterior (TA) activations were evaluated during maximal instep kicks with both feet and the ball in five conditions (n = 18): stationary (STAT), approaching anteriorly (ANT), posteriorly (POST), laterally (LAT) and medially (MED). A repeated-measures two-way ANOVA compared activations between feet and ball conditions throughout the kicking (0–100%) and follow-through phases (101–200%). Close to ball contact (81–124%), non-dominant support GM had greater activation than the dominant one. The LAT and MED conditions differed within the cycle in the swinging VM (0–21%; 191–200%), BF (13–70%; 121–161%), GM (22–82%; 121–143%) and TA (0–32%; 55–97%; 186–200%) and in support VM (0–81%), BF (6–24%; 121–161%) and GM (24–87%). Players require greater support GM activation to stabilize the ankle during non-dominant kicks. Muscle activation differences between LAT and MED indicate that the kicking strategies are altered when kicking balls approaching from different directions.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"40 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2021.1884283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48152716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1899274
Andrew H Hunter, N. Smith, T. Camata, M. Crowther, Andrew Mather, Nicolau Melo de Souza, Luiz Fernando Ramos-Silva, Nerylson Ferraz Pazetto, F. Moura, R. Wilson
ABSTRACT Kicking powerfully and accurately is essential in soccer, and players who kick proficiently with both feet are highly sought after. Assessing performance in youth players is often confounded by more physically developed players outperforming their smaller peers. To alleviate such bias, we present a testing protocol and normative data developed with an elite Brazilian soccer academy that controls for players’ age and size to assess kick performance with both feet. We measured kick speed and kick accuracy of 178 players and recorded their age (10–20 years), height, and mass. Combining age, height, and mass into an age and size index (ASI), we developed equations describing the relationship between ASI and performance. To determine the underlying predictors of performance, we also measured sprint ability and soccer-specific motor control of each foot with ball dribbling tasks. Kicking speed with the dominant foot was predicted by ASI, sprint speed, and motor control of the nondominant foot, while kicking speed with the nondominant foot was predicted by ASI and motor control of the nondominant foot. Kick accuracy with each foot was predicted by ASI and motor control of the corresponding foot. To improve kicking performance, we suggest training programs focus on motor control.
{"title":"Age- and size-corrected kicking speed and accuracy in elite junior soccer players","authors":"Andrew H Hunter, N. Smith, T. Camata, M. Crowther, Andrew Mather, Nicolau Melo de Souza, Luiz Fernando Ramos-Silva, Nerylson Ferraz Pazetto, F. Moura, R. Wilson","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2021.1899274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1899274","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Kicking powerfully and accurately is essential in soccer, and players who kick proficiently with both feet are highly sought after. Assessing performance in youth players is often confounded by more physically developed players outperforming their smaller peers. To alleviate such bias, we present a testing protocol and normative data developed with an elite Brazilian soccer academy that controls for players’ age and size to assess kick performance with both feet. We measured kick speed and kick accuracy of 178 players and recorded their age (10–20 years), height, and mass. Combining age, height, and mass into an age and size index (ASI), we developed equations describing the relationship between ASI and performance. To determine the underlying predictors of performance, we also measured sprint ability and soccer-specific motor control of each foot with ball dribbling tasks. Kicking speed with the dominant foot was predicted by ASI, sprint speed, and motor control of the nondominant foot, while kicking speed with the nondominant foot was predicted by ASI and motor control of the nondominant foot. Kick accuracy with each foot was predicted by ASI and motor control of the corresponding foot. To improve kicking performance, we suggest training programs focus on motor control.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"29 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2021.1899274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47476152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-26DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1890812
M. Lastella, Dean J. Miller, G. Vincent, Nathan Elsworthy, A. Scanlan, R. Duffield
ABSTRACT Objectives The aims of the present study were to (1) quantify sleep behaviours of soccer referees and (2) compare sleep behaviours between nights before training, before matches, and after matches. Methods Fourteen professional soccer referees from the A-League (mean±SD; age 34 ± 4 years; sex: 11 males, 3 females) participated in this observational study. Referees’ sleep behaviours were examined using sleep diaries and wrist activity monitors for 31 consecutive nights during the 2018–2019 A-League season. Separate linear mixed models were conducted to assess differences in sleep behaviours between nights before training, before matches, and after matches. Results On average, referees did not obtain recommended sleep durations across the in-season (mean±SD sleep duration: 6.4 h ± 0.7 h). Referees went to bed later, spent less time in bed, and slept significantly less post-matches compared to pre-training and pre-match nights (p< 0.05). Conclusions Referees were particularly susceptible to inadequate sleep on nights following training and matches. The findings related to poor sleep behaviours highlight the importance of implementing monitoring systems to understand the sleep behaviours of referees, with further research encouraged to ascertain the efficacy of various sleep hygiene practices to optimise sleep in this population.
{"title":"The influence of training and competition on sleep behaviour of soccer referees","authors":"M. Lastella, Dean J. Miller, G. Vincent, Nathan Elsworthy, A. Scanlan, R. Duffield","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2021.1890812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2021.1890812","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objectives The aims of the present study were to (1) quantify sleep behaviours of soccer referees and (2) compare sleep behaviours between nights before training, before matches, and after matches. Methods Fourteen professional soccer referees from the A-League (mean±SD; age 34 ± 4 years; sex: 11 males, 3 females) participated in this observational study. Referees’ sleep behaviours were examined using sleep diaries and wrist activity monitors for 31 consecutive nights during the 2018–2019 A-League season. Separate linear mixed models were conducted to assess differences in sleep behaviours between nights before training, before matches, and after matches. Results On average, referees did not obtain recommended sleep durations across the in-season (mean±SD sleep duration: 6.4 h ± 0.7 h). Referees went to bed later, spent less time in bed, and slept significantly less post-matches compared to pre-training and pre-match nights (p< 0.05). Conclusions Referees were particularly susceptible to inadequate sleep on nights following training and matches. The findings related to poor sleep behaviours highlight the importance of implementing monitoring systems to understand the sleep behaviours of referees, with further research encouraged to ascertain the efficacy of various sleep hygiene practices to optimise sleep in this population.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"6 1","pages":"98 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2021.1890812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43073904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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