Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1696470
T. Kaminski, Sarah Weinstein, Victoria E. Wahlquist
ABSTRACT Purpose: The popularity of soccer worldwide is unquestionable, yet the aspect of purposeful heading in the sport has drawn increasing scrutiny over the past 10 years. The reason for this is primarily be-cause of the concern over the potential deleterious effects of repetitive head impacts (RHI) on brain structure and function. Accurate accounts of the header burden in soccer are needed to determine how frequently the activity occurs during practice and competition. Utilizing robust prospective database, this report provides a significant look into soccer heading exposure in both interscholastic (10 yr.-matches) and collegiate (15 yr.-practices & matches) cohorts in the United States. Methods: Headers/game exposure rates were 1.68 (interscholastic girls), 2.36 (collegiate women), and 3.55 (collegiate men). Results: Overall, the data suggests that in our cohorts of soccer players, the exposure to soccer heading in both practice and game settings is relatively low. Conclusions: Our soccer heading tabulation system accounted for 4 types of headers including clear, pass, shot, and unintentional deflection. Fortunately, the “unintentional deflections” (blows to the head) accounted for an extremely low number (range 2-5%) of the total soccer heading exposures. Additional research is needed to best understand the implications of these small number of RHI on long-term brain function and behavior.
{"title":"A comprehensive prospective examination of purposeful heading in American interscholastic and collegiate soccer players","authors":"T. Kaminski, Sarah Weinstein, Victoria E. Wahlquist","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1696470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1696470","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose: The popularity of soccer worldwide is unquestionable, yet the aspect of purposeful heading in the sport has drawn increasing scrutiny over the past 10 years. The reason for this is primarily be-cause of the concern over the potential deleterious effects of repetitive head impacts (RHI) on brain structure and function. Accurate accounts of the header burden in soccer are needed to determine how frequently the activity occurs during practice and competition. Utilizing robust prospective database, this report provides a significant look into soccer heading exposure in both interscholastic (10 yr.-matches) and collegiate (15 yr.-practices & matches) cohorts in the United States. Methods: Headers/game exposure rates were 1.68 (interscholastic girls), 2.36 (collegiate women), and 3.55 (collegiate men). Results: Overall, the data suggests that in our cohorts of soccer players, the exposure to soccer heading in both practice and game settings is relatively low. Conclusions: Our soccer heading tabulation system accounted for 4 types of headers including clear, pass, shot, and unintentional deflection. Fortunately, the “unintentional deflections” (blows to the head) accounted for an extremely low number (range 2-5%) of the total soccer heading exposures. Additional research is needed to best understand the implications of these small number of RHI on long-term brain function and behavior.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"101 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1696470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49309418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-21DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1745264
William B. Sheehan, Rhys Tribolet, R. Spurrs, J. Fransen, A. Novak, M. Watsford
ABSTRACT Purpose: To provide a simplified, novel method for analysing the physical demands in an Australian Football context by reducing the dimensionality of commonly reported physical characteristics obtained from match play. This may facilitate their practical use and interpretability. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal design was utilised with individual players’ physical outputs, measured via global navigation satellite system devices, collected during official Australian Football League matches over three seasons. A principal component analysis was used to reduce a large number of correlated physical characteristics related to the analysis of physical match demands into a smaller set of uncorrelated components. Results: Forty-six variables were reduced to five principal components whilst maintaining 56% of the variance in the original dataset. The principal component analysis derived five individual-based principal components pertaining to low-moderate movement volume, high speed running volume, accelerations, change of direction and impacts. Conclusions: Utilising factor loadings (eigenvectors) derived from a principal component analysis, this study is the first to provide a simplified, novel method for analysing the physical demands in an Australian Football context with the derived metrics revealing useful information for coaches and practitioners. This may consequently guide training implementation, player performance ratings and player selection. Further, these new values may facilitate the monitoring of physical player loads.
{"title":"Simplifying the complexity of assessing physical performance in professional Australian football","authors":"William B. Sheehan, Rhys Tribolet, R. Spurrs, J. Fransen, A. Novak, M. Watsford","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1745264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1745264","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose: To provide a simplified, novel method for analysing the physical demands in an Australian Football context by reducing the dimensionality of commonly reported physical characteristics obtained from match play. This may facilitate their practical use and interpretability. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal design was utilised with individual players’ physical outputs, measured via global navigation satellite system devices, collected during official Australian Football League matches over three seasons. A principal component analysis was used to reduce a large number of correlated physical characteristics related to the analysis of physical match demands into a smaller set of uncorrelated components. Results: Forty-six variables were reduced to five principal components whilst maintaining 56% of the variance in the original dataset. The principal component analysis derived five individual-based principal components pertaining to low-moderate movement volume, high speed running volume, accelerations, change of direction and impacts. Conclusions: Utilising factor loadings (eigenvectors) derived from a principal component analysis, this study is the first to provide a simplified, novel method for analysing the physical demands in an Australian Football context with the derived metrics revealing useful information for coaches and practitioners. This may consequently guide training implementation, player performance ratings and player selection. Further, these new values may facilitate the monitoring of physical player loads.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"285 - 292"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1745264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43029709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-21DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1745265
Dawn Scott, J. Haigh, R. Lovell
ABSTRACT Objective This study examined the role of physical qualities and physical match performances in distinguishing between elite performance levels in women’s football. Methods Over a two-season period (2016–2017), a league-wide study was conducted in which physical qualities and match external loads were collected in all players (n = 220) competing in the National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL) in the USA. During the first week of each pre-season, the standing broad jump, 30 m sprint, and the 30–15 intermittent fitness test were conducted under standardized conditions. In each competitive league fixture (3,268 individual match observations), 10 Hz GPS data were collected in all players who completed full matches and playing position was categorized. Total distance, and the distances covered above high (≥12.5 km h–1), very-high(≥19.0 km h–1), and sprinting velocities (≥22.5 km h–1) were used to quantity match physical performances. Players were further categorized as international (INT) or domestic-level (DOM) players according to their country’s squad selections during each season. Results There were few meaningful differences between INT and DOM players for either physical qualities or physical match performances. Conclusion Whilst physical qualities and match performances may impact upon performance outcomes, they generally do not distinguish between performance levels in elite women’s football.
【摘要】目的探讨身体素质和体能比赛表现在区分女足优秀水平中的作用。方法在2016-2017两个赛季期间，对参加美国全国女子足球联赛(NWSL)的所有球员(n = 220)的身体素质和比赛外负荷进行了研究。在每个季前赛的第一周，在标准化条件下进行立定跳远、30米短跑和30 - 15间歇性体能测试。在每个竞争性联赛中(3268场个人比赛观察)，收集了所有完成比赛的球员的10 Hz GPS数据，并对比赛位置进行了分类。总距离、高(≥12.5 km h-1)、超高(≥19.0 km h-1)和冲刺速度(≥22.5 km h-1)以上距离用于定量匹配物理性能。根据每个赛季的国家队阵容，球员被进一步分为国际(INT)和国内(DOM)球员。结果INT型和DOM型运动员在身体素质和体能比赛表现上差异不大。虽然身体素质和比赛表现可能会影响成绩，但它们通常不会区分优秀女足的表现水平。
{"title":"Physical characteristics and match performances in women’s international versus domestic-level football players: a 2-year, league-wide study","authors":"Dawn Scott, J. Haigh, R. Lovell","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1745265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1745265","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective This study examined the role of physical qualities and physical match performances in distinguishing between elite performance levels in women’s football. Methods Over a two-season period (2016–2017), a league-wide study was conducted in which physical qualities and match external loads were collected in all players (n = 220) competing in the National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL) in the USA. During the first week of each pre-season, the standing broad jump, 30 m sprint, and the 30–15 intermittent fitness test were conducted under standardized conditions. In each competitive league fixture (3,268 individual match observations), 10 Hz GPS data were collected in all players who completed full matches and playing position was categorized. Total distance, and the distances covered above high (≥12.5 km h–1), very-high(≥19.0 km h–1), and sprinting velocities (≥22.5 km h–1) were used to quantity match physical performances. Players were further categorized as international (INT) or domestic-level (DOM) players according to their country’s squad selections during each season. Results There were few meaningful differences between INT and DOM players for either physical qualities or physical match performances. Conclusion Whilst physical qualities and match performances may impact upon performance outcomes, they generally do not distinguish between performance levels in elite women’s football.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"264 ","pages":"211 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1745265","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41280544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-18DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1745263
A. Dunton, C. O'Neill, Edward K. Coughlan
ABSTRACT Introduction: The ability to successfully complete a pass in football can positively impact the result of the game. While previous work has identified the importance of perceptual behaviours before and during passing action, there is a paucity of research analysing the impact of training interventions on pass performance. Methods: A tri-phasic approach was employed to assess the impact of training with spatial occlusion goggles. Each phase was designed to assess participants’ ability to control and pass a football during a representative experimental task. The study design consisted of a pre-test, 2-week training intervention, post-test and 2-week retention test. Results: Significant improvements in response accuracy (p <.05) and response time (p <.05) were displayed across all three phases for those who wore occlusion goggles. Control error (p <.05) showed a significant improvement during phase one and phase two only. There were no sustained significant changes for those who did not wear the occlusion googles. Conclusion: Findings suggest that guiding the visual system away from the lower limbs while receiving a football and towards relevant information, the movement of a particular participant, within the environment can improve pass accuracy and speed of pass following a training intervention with occlusion goggles.
{"title":"The impact of a spatial occlusion training intervention on pass accuracy across a continuum of representative experimental design in football","authors":"A. Dunton, C. O'Neill, Edward K. Coughlan","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1745263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1745263","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: The ability to successfully complete a pass in football can positively impact the result of the game. While previous work has identified the importance of perceptual behaviours before and during passing action, there is a paucity of research analysing the impact of training interventions on pass performance. Methods: A tri-phasic approach was employed to assess the impact of training with spatial occlusion goggles. Each phase was designed to assess participants’ ability to control and pass a football during a representative experimental task. The study design consisted of a pre-test, 2-week training intervention, post-test and 2-week retention test. Results: Significant improvements in response accuracy (p <.05) and response time (p <.05) were displayed across all three phases for those who wore occlusion goggles. Control error (p <.05) showed a significant improvement during phase one and phase two only. There were no sustained significant changes for those who did not wear the occlusion googles. Conclusion: Findings suggest that guiding the visual system away from the lower limbs while receiving a football and towards relevant information, the movement of a particular participant, within the environment can improve pass accuracy and speed of pass following a training intervention with occlusion goggles.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"269 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1745263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41984388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-09DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1737724
Karine N. O. Goulart, R. Duffield, Geraldo Oliveira Carvalho Junior, Guilherme Passos Ramos, E. Pimenta, B. Couto
ABSTRACT Objective Determine the time-course of recovery after a resistance training session (RT) in female soccer players. Methods Ten Brazilian female professional soccer players undertook testing prior to and at immediately, 24 and 48 h post-RT. RT was a high-speed and low-load session, consisting of three sets of six repetitions of lower body exercises at 50%1RM. Tests included countermovement jump (CMJ) and 20 m sprint, with the best and mean efforts recorded. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), total quality recovery (TQR) and Brazilian Mood Scale (BRAMS) were collected. Repeated measures ANOVA with effect sizes (ES) assessed the time-course of recovery (α=0.05). Results Mean and best CMJ performance decreased immediately post-RT (p<0.05, ES=−0.49; −0.65, respectively), though no significant differences and trivial-small effects existed at 24h (p>0.05, ES=−0.15; −0.08) and 48h (p>0.05, ES=0.14; −0.21). No significant differences and trivial-small effects were evident at any time for mean or best 10m (p>0.05, ES=−0.18–0.26) or 20m (p>0.05, ES=−0.08–0.19) performance. DOMS, TQR, fatigue and vigor did not change following RT (p>0.05; ES=-0.51-0.48). Conclusion Light-load, high-speed RT induces only small, immediate changes in CMJ, without prolonged suppression of recovery parameters. Such training seems feasible for inclusion in competitive micro-cycles at least 24h prior to the next match.
{"title":"Recovery timeline following resistance training in professional female soccer players","authors":"Karine N. O. Goulart, R. Duffield, Geraldo Oliveira Carvalho Junior, Guilherme Passos Ramos, E. Pimenta, B. Couto","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1737724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1737724","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Determine the time-course of recovery after a resistance training session (RT) in female soccer players. Methods Ten Brazilian female professional soccer players undertook testing prior to and at immediately, 24 and 48 h post-RT. RT was a high-speed and low-load session, consisting of three sets of six repetitions of lower body exercises at 50%1RM. Tests included countermovement jump (CMJ) and 20 m sprint, with the best and mean efforts recorded. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), total quality recovery (TQR) and Brazilian Mood Scale (BRAMS) were collected. Repeated measures ANOVA with effect sizes (ES) assessed the time-course of recovery (α=0.05). Results Mean and best CMJ performance decreased immediately post-RT (p<0.05, ES=−0.49; −0.65, respectively), though no significant differences and trivial-small effects existed at 24h (p>0.05, ES=−0.15; −0.08) and 48h (p>0.05, ES=0.14; −0.21). No significant differences and trivial-small effects were evident at any time for mean or best 10m (p>0.05, ES=−0.18–0.26) or 20m (p>0.05, ES=−0.08–0.19) performance. DOMS, TQR, fatigue and vigor did not change following RT (p>0.05; ES=-0.51-0.48). Conclusion Light-load, high-speed RT induces only small, immediate changes in CMJ, without prolonged suppression of recovery parameters. Such training seems feasible for inclusion in competitive micro-cycles at least 24h prior to the next match.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"233 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1737724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47265832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-05DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1736327
A. Kontos, S. Eagle, M. Putukian, D. Kirkendall, G. Chiampas, T. Kaminski
ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to describe incidence rates of concussion from alarge online survey of United States (U.S.) male and female youth soccer players; and to compare rates by age group, sex, competitive level, and practices compared to games.Methods: The survey was conducted through US Soccer consisting of three sections; demographic data, soccer heading exposure and awareness of US Soccer heading guidelines, and concussion data.Results: Respondents (n = 8,104) completed aretrospective online survey during the fall 2016 season representing 101,699 (42,048 girls; 41%) youth soccer players aged 7–14. Outcomes were concussion prevalence per 100 players and incidence per 10,000 athletic exposures (AE). Total concussion incidence for the sample was 8.48/10,000 athlete exposures (AE). Games (rather than practice) and older age (11–14) players had higher rates of concussion (Games: IRR = 5.67, Older Age: IRR = 2.68). Fewer than 1 in 5 concussions (47/253; 19%) occurred during attempted purposeful heading of the ball.Discussion: Overall, 82% (208/253) of all reported concussions received some form of clinical care. A majority of players sought care following their concussion suggesting that awareness and education efforts are having a positive effect on behavior.
{"title":"Concussions in U.S. youth soccer players: results from the U.S. soccer online concussion survey","authors":"A. Kontos, S. Eagle, M. Putukian, D. Kirkendall, G. Chiampas, T. Kaminski","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1736327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1736327","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to describe incidence rates of concussion from alarge online survey of United States (U.S.) male and female youth soccer players; and to compare rates by age group, sex, competitive level, and practices compared to games.Methods: The survey was conducted through US Soccer consisting of three sections; demographic data, soccer heading exposure and awareness of US Soccer heading guidelines, and concussion data.Results: Respondents (n = 8,104) completed aretrospective online survey during the fall 2016 season representing 101,699 (42,048 girls; 41%) youth soccer players aged 7–14. Outcomes were concussion prevalence per 100 players and incidence per 10,000 athletic exposures (AE). Total concussion incidence for the sample was 8.48/10,000 athlete exposures (AE). Games (rather than practice) and older age (11–14) players had higher rates of concussion (Games: IRR = 5.67, Older Age: IRR = 2.68). Fewer than 1 in 5 concussions (47/253; 19%) occurred during attempted purposeful heading of the ball.Discussion: Overall, 82% (208/253) of all reported concussions received some form of clinical care. A majority of players sought care following their concussion suggesting that awareness and education efforts are having a positive effect on behavior.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"87 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1736327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44513289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-04DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1737329
Mihkel M. Laas, M. Wright, S. McLaren, D. Eaves, G. Parkin, M. Portas
ABSTRACT Purpose We assessed the reliability of fundamental movement skills in young male footballers within one session. Methods: 197 players from 5 English category 3 football academies across U9 – U18 age groups volunteered (mean: age = 12.6 ± 2.8 years; stature = 156 ± 17 cm; weight = 47 ± 15 kg; years from peak height velocity (PHV) = – 1.1 ± 2.3). Motion tracking of squat depth and anterior Y-balance test maximum reach was recorded. Reliability was assessed (trial 1 vs. 2; trial 2 vs. 3) via mean change, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and typical error. Results: The overall mean change was trivial (−1.8–2.9%), while Y-balance left showed a small negative change (trial 2 vs. 3; −3.2%). All ICCs across the tests ranged from moderate to high (0.71–0.79). Typical errors for Y-balance tests ranged from 8.3–10.8% and squats from 19.3–21.8%. Pre-PHV vs. post-PHV players had similar typical errors for Y-balance left and right (9.0 vs. 11.5%; 9.0 vs. 7.1%, respectively), and the squat (21.1 vs. 20%). Conclusions: The high within-player typical error scores obtained over three trials suggest that, contrary to some movement screening guidelines, prior habituation is needed to increase both the stability and reliability of these tests.
{"title":"Motion tracking in young male football players: a preliminary study of within-session movement reliability","authors":"Mihkel M. Laas, M. Wright, S. McLaren, D. Eaves, G. Parkin, M. Portas","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1737329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1737329","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose We assessed the reliability of fundamental movement skills in young male footballers within one session. Methods: 197 players from 5 English category 3 football academies across U9 – U18 age groups volunteered (mean: age = 12.6 ± 2.8 years; stature = 156 ± 17 cm; weight = 47 ± 15 kg; years from peak height velocity (PHV) = – 1.1 ± 2.3). Motion tracking of squat depth and anterior Y-balance test maximum reach was recorded. Reliability was assessed (trial 1 vs. 2; trial 2 vs. 3) via mean change, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and typical error. Results: The overall mean change was trivial (−1.8–2.9%), while Y-balance left showed a small negative change (trial 2 vs. 3; −3.2%). All ICCs across the tests ranged from moderate to high (0.71–0.79). Typical errors for Y-balance tests ranged from 8.3–10.8% and squats from 19.3–21.8%. Pre-PHV vs. post-PHV players had similar typical errors for Y-balance left and right (9.0 vs. 11.5%; 9.0 vs. 7.1%, respectively), and the squat (21.1 vs. 20%). Conclusions: The high within-player typical error scores obtained over three trials suggest that, contrary to some movement screening guidelines, prior habituation is needed to increase both the stability and reliability of these tests.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"203 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1737329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46846495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-27DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1722319
Daniel Cooper, C. Pulling
ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to explore the impact of the ball recovery type, location of ball recovery and the duration of the possession on the outcomes of possessions in both the EPL and the Spanish La Liga. Methods In total, 4971 possessions were observed across 20 matches from the 2017/2018 season of both the EPL (n = 2469) and La Liga (n = 2502). Ball recovery was analysed across four zones, supplemented by five types of ball recovery (interception, tackle, goalkeeper save, set-play and turnover) and three different possession duration categories (<5 seconds, 5–12 seconds and >12 seconds). Each of these were analysed according to five different attacking outcomes. Results La Liga teams scored relatively more goals when recovering possession through a tackle (2.5% of tackles led to a goal). EPL teams scored relatively more goals and took more shots after turnovers (2.0% of turnovers led to a goal and 14.6% of turnovers led to a shot). EPL teams are more likely to score a goal or create a shooting opportunity when utilising shorter possessions (<5 seconds), whereas La Liga teams are more likely to score a goal after utilising longer possessions (>12 seconds).
{"title":"The impact of ball recovery type, location of ball recovery and duration of possession on the outcomes of possessions in the English Premier League and the Spanish La Liga","authors":"Daniel Cooper, C. Pulling","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2020.1722319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1722319","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to explore the impact of the ball recovery type, location of ball recovery and the duration of the possession on the outcomes of possessions in both the EPL and the Spanish La Liga. Methods In total, 4971 possessions were observed across 20 matches from the 2017/2018 season of both the EPL (n = 2469) and La Liga (n = 2502). Ball recovery was analysed across four zones, supplemented by five types of ball recovery (interception, tackle, goalkeeper save, set-play and turnover) and three different possession duration categories (<5 seconds, 5–12 seconds and >12 seconds). Each of these were analysed according to five different attacking outcomes. Results La Liga teams scored relatively more goals when recovering possession through a tackle (2.5% of tackles led to a goal). EPL teams scored relatively more goals and took more shots after turnovers (2.0% of turnovers led to a goal and 14.6% of turnovers led to a shot). EPL teams are more likely to score a goal or create a shooting opportunity when utilising shorter possessions (<5 seconds), whereas La Liga teams are more likely to score a goal after utilising longer possessions (>12 seconds).","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"196 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2020.1722319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42904727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1634279
M. Taberner, J. O'keefe, David Flower, J. Phillips, G. Close, D. Cohen, C. Richter, C. Carling
ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the interchangeability of position tracking metrics obtained using global positioning systems (GPS) versus those obtained by a semi-automatic high definition (HD) optical camera system. Methods: Data was collected from a cohort of 29 elite football players (age: 23.1 ± 5.1 years, height: 180.4 ± 5.8 cm, mass: 74.6 ± 6.7 kg) in four matches played in four different stadiums. In two matches 10 Hz GPS (GPS-1, StatSports, Belfast, UK) were used, while in the other two matches augmented 10 Hz GPS (GPS-2, StatSports, Belfast, UK) were used. All four matches were analysed concomitantly using six semi-automated HD motion cameras sampling at 25 Hz (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, USA). Results: Mean bias was between 6% and 10% for GPS-1 and 1–4% for GPS-2, respectively. No proportional bias was found (p > 0.184). The SEE within calibration functions (expressed in % to mean) was between 5% and 22% for GPS-1 and 4–14% for GPS-2. While some significant differences existed between GPS-1 and TRACAB (total distance and high-speed), positional tracking variables were highly correlated between GPS-1, GPS-2 and TRACAB (r2> 0.92) with GPS-2 displaying stronger correlations (> r2 = 0.96). Conclusion: In the present study augmented GPS technology (GPS-2) and the TRACAB camera system provided interchangeable measures of positional tracking metrics to allow concurrent assessment and monitoring of training and competition in football players. However, we recommend practitioners evaluate their own systems to identify where errors exist, calculate and apply the regression equations to confidently interchange data.
摘要目的:本研究的目的是评估使用全球定位系统(GPS)获得的位置跟踪指标与半自动高清晰度(HD)光学相机系统获得的位置跟踪指标的互换性。方法:选取年龄23.1±5.1岁，身高180.4±5.8 cm，体重74.6±6.7 kg的29名优秀足球运动员，在4个不同的体育场馆进行4场比赛。在两场比赛中使用了10hz GPS (GPS-1, StatSports，贝尔法斯特，英国)，而在另外两场比赛中使用了增强10hz GPS (GPS-2, StatSports，贝尔法斯特，英国)。同时使用6台以25 Hz采样的半自动高清运动摄像机(TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, USA)对所有4种匹配进行分析。结果:GPS-1和GPS-2的平均偏倚分别在6% - 10%和1-4%之间。未发现比例偏倚(p < 0.184)。校准函数内的SEE(以% to mean表示)在GPS-1和GPS-2中分别为5% - 22%和4-14%。GPS-1、GPS-2和TRACAB之间的位置跟踪变量(总距离和高速)存在显著差异，但GPS-1、GPS-2和TRACAB之间的位置跟踪变量相关性较高(r2> = 0.92)，其中GPS-2相关性较强(> r2 = 0.96)。结论:在本研究中，增强型GPS技术(GPS-2)和TRACAB相机系统提供了可互换的位置跟踪指标，可以同时评估和监测足球运动员的训练和比赛。然而，我们建议从业者评估他们自己的系统，以确定错误存在的地方，计算和应用回归方程来自信地交换数据。
{"title":"Interchangeability of position tracking technologies; can we merge the data?","authors":"M. Taberner, J. O'keefe, David Flower, J. Phillips, G. Close, D. Cohen, C. Richter, C. Carling","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1634279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1634279","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the interchangeability of position tracking metrics obtained using global positioning systems (GPS) versus those obtained by a semi-automatic high definition (HD) optical camera system. Methods: Data was collected from a cohort of 29 elite football players (age: 23.1 ± 5.1 years, height: 180.4 ± 5.8 cm, mass: 74.6 ± 6.7 kg) in four matches played in four different stadiums. In two matches 10 Hz GPS (GPS-1, StatSports, Belfast, UK) were used, while in the other two matches augmented 10 Hz GPS (GPS-2, StatSports, Belfast, UK) were used. All four matches were analysed concomitantly using six semi-automated HD motion cameras sampling at 25 Hz (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, USA). Results: Mean bias was between 6% and 10% for GPS-1 and 1–4% for GPS-2, respectively. No proportional bias was found (p > 0.184). The SEE within calibration functions (expressed in % to mean) was between 5% and 22% for GPS-1 and 4–14% for GPS-2. While some significant differences existed between GPS-1 and TRACAB (total distance and high-speed), positional tracking variables were highly correlated between GPS-1, GPS-2 and TRACAB (r2> 0.92) with GPS-2 displaying stronger correlations (> r2 = 0.96). Conclusion: In the present study augmented GPS technology (GPS-2) and the TRACAB camera system provided interchangeable measures of positional tracking metrics to allow concurrent assessment and monitoring of training and competition in football players. However, we recommend practitioners evaluate their own systems to identify where errors exist, calculate and apply the regression equations to confidently interchange data.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"4 1","pages":"76 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1634279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47632950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1662081
C. Ramírez, K. Till, Grant Beasley, Pierosario Giuliano, C. Leduc, N. Dalton-Barron, J. Weakley, B. Jones
ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the effects of international competition on sleep patterns of elite youth team-sport athletes from two national squads compared to a baseline period. Methods: Fifty elite male youth rugby players from two squads were assessed two weeks before (HOME) and throughout two match-day cycles (matchday−1, matchday, matchday+1) of an international competition (COMP). Players were selected to represent their nation during the Six Nations Festival and completed daily self-reported sleep diaries before and during a competitive period. Linear mixed models were used to examine differences between HOME and COMP, and within camp days. Effect sizes±90% confidence intervals (ES±90%CI) were calculated to quantify the magnitude of pairwise differences. Results: Participants spent more time in bed (34.6±13.9 min; ES=0.26±0.19), slept for longer (35.4±12.7 min; ES=0.30±0.19), and woke up later (36.5±9.5 min; ES=0.41±0.20) in COMP compared to HOME, but maintained their regular bedtime (−1.8±11.2 min; ES=0.02±0.19), sleep onset latency (4.1±3.2 min; ES=0.17±0.25) and rating of sleep quality (0.30±0.17; ES=0.17±0.19). Conclusions: Elite youth team-sport athletes sleep for longer during a competition camp compared to home resulting from a delay in wake-up times. This highlights the opportunity for implementing interventions to improve sleep patterns in international-level team sport athletes in their daily environment.
{"title":"Sleep patterns of elite youth team-sport athletes prior to and during international competition","authors":"C. Ramírez, K. Till, Grant Beasley, Pierosario Giuliano, C. Leduc, N. Dalton-Barron, J. Weakley, B. Jones","doi":"10.1080/24733938.2019.1662081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1662081","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the effects of international competition on sleep patterns of elite youth team-sport athletes from two national squads compared to a baseline period. Methods: Fifty elite male youth rugby players from two squads were assessed two weeks before (HOME) and throughout two match-day cycles (matchday−1, matchday, matchday+1) of an international competition (COMP). Players were selected to represent their nation during the Six Nations Festival and completed daily self-reported sleep diaries before and during a competitive period. Linear mixed models were used to examine differences between HOME and COMP, and within camp days. Effect sizes±90% confidence intervals (ES±90%CI) were calculated to quantify the magnitude of pairwise differences. Results: Participants spent more time in bed (34.6±13.9 min; ES=0.26±0.19), slept for longer (35.4±12.7 min; ES=0.30±0.19), and woke up later (36.5±9.5 min; ES=0.41±0.20) in COMP compared to HOME, but maintained their regular bedtime (−1.8±11.2 min; ES=0.02±0.19), sleep onset latency (4.1±3.2 min; ES=0.17±0.25) and rating of sleep quality (0.30±0.17; ES=0.17±0.19). Conclusions: Elite youth team-sport athletes sleep for longer during a competition camp compared to home resulting from a delay in wake-up times. This highlights the opportunity for implementing interventions to improve sleep patterns in international-level team sport athletes in their daily environment.","PeriodicalId":48512,"journal":{"name":"Science and Medicine in Football","volume":"51 1","pages":"15 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/24733938.2019.1662081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60129580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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