BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation最新文献

Complex network modeling has been applied in sports science research; yet few studies have applied it to capture the dynamic evolution of multivariate relationships within a single session of high-intensity training. This study is the first to use complex network modeling to examine the dynamic associations among kinematic (stroke rate, stroke length), metabolic (blood lactate), and perceived exertion (Rating of Perceived Exertion, RPE) variables and 100-meter freestyle performance. The analysis was conducted on 16 adolescent swimmers during a 6 × 50-meter sprint interval training (6 × 50 m SSIT) protocol. The findings showed that the overall network topology remained stable throughout the SSIT protocol, suggesting that multiple training bouts within the session collectively contributed to enhancing 100-meter freestyle performance (network density: from 42.65% to 49.17%; modularity: from 0.2 to 0.24). Nevertheless, the relative importance of individual variables shifted markedly during the training process. Specifically, the nodal centrality of swimming velocity, blood lactate, and RPE increased substantially, positioning them as central hubs mediating performance outcomes. In contrast, the influence of stroke rate progressively declined, whereas stroke length remained relatively stable. This research introduces a powerful analytical tool for the dynamic assessment of training processes and provides valuable insights into the adaptive mechanisms shaping sport-specific anaerobic capacity in competitive swimmers.

Background: Tissue flossing and mobilization with movement (MWM) have been used to improve ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), vertical jump, gait, and balance in athletes after sports injuries or to increase sports performance. However, direct comparisons between tissue flossing and MWM in recreationally active, healthy young adults remain limited. This study aimed to compare the effects of tissue flossing and MWM on ankle ROM, jump, gait, and balance in recreationally active young adults. The secondary aim was to compare the perceived comfort level between interventions.

Methods: This crossover randomized controlled study included three groups: Flossing, MWM, and control. The interventions were administered with a one-week interval between sessions. The tissue flossing and the MWM were applied to both ankles. No intervention was performed in the control group. All measurements were conducted both before and after the interventions. Passive and active ankle dorsiflexion ROM was evaluated using ImageJ software and the Weight-Bearing Lunge Test, respectively. The BTS G-Walk IMU sensor was used for counter-movement jump, gait, and balance assessments.

Results: Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant group × time interaction effects for passive ankle dorsiflexion ROM and jump height (p < 0.05), with the MWM group showing greater improvements than the flossing and control groups. Active ankle dorsiflexion ROM also showed a significant interaction effect (p < 0.05), where both the MWM and flossing groups improved compared to the control group. Within-group comparisons showed no improvement in the control group (p > 0.05). The MWM group demonstrated significant gains in both active and passive dorsiflexion ROM and vertical jump height (p < 0.05), whereas the flossing group improved only in active dorsiflexion ROM (p < 0.05). The MWM was also perceived as more comfortable than flossing (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: MWM demonstrated advantages in specific outcomes (passive ROM, jump height, comfort) compared to flossing in the acute setting.

Trial registration: NCT06392880, 04/26/2024 (retrospectively registered), Link https//clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06392880.

Objective: This study aimed to systematically compare, through a network meta-analysis (NMA), the effects of different exercise modalities-including aerobic exercise (AE), resistance training (RT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and combined training (COM)-on the lipid profile of overweight/obese children and adolescents.

Methods: The study followed the PRISMA-NMA guidelines and systematically searched randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from 1999 to August 31, 2025 in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases. A total of 35 RCTs (n = 1601 participants) were included. Random-effects models in Stata 16.0 were applied to calculate pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Network meta-analysis was performed to synthesize and analyze the data, and intervention effects were ranked using the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking (SUCRA) curve.

Results: The findings revealed differential effects of exercise modalities on lipid regulation. RT ranked highest for reducing total cholesterol (TC). AE was the only intervention that significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). HIIT demonstrated the greatest efficacy in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). COM showed no superior effect for any single outcome among the four indicators. From an integrated perspective, AE intervention was most effective in elevating HDL-C but relatively weak in reducing LDL-C. Conversely, although RT and HIIT were less effective for raising HDL-C, they exhibited the strongest effects in reducing LDL-C. Compared with the no-exercise control group (CON), resistance training (RT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) levels in individuals with overweight or obesity. Aerobic exercise (AE) significantly increased HDL-C levels in this population. HIIT and combined exercise (COM) significantly reduced LDL-C levels, while HIIT, AE, and COM significantly lowered triglyceride (TG) levels.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that different exercise modalities may exert differential effects on specific lipid parameters. These distinct patterns offer preliminary support for phenotype-targeted exercise prescription, providing an evidence base for refining clinical guidelines and enhancing the precision of cardiovascular health interventions.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to systematically review and meta-analyze the effects of in-season flywheel resistance training (FRT) compared to traditional resistance training (TRT) on vertical jump and linear sprint performance in team-sport athletes. Additionally, this study aims to explore the moderating effects of training parameters (such as frequency, intensity, and duration) on training outcomes.

Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. Five databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing in-season flywheel resistance training (FRT) with traditional resistance training (TRT) on vertical jump and sprint performance in team-sport athletes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and evidence quality was graded using the GRADE approach. Data were analyzed using Review Manager and Stata, with subgroup and sensitivity analyses performed. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test.

Results: Seven randomized controlled trials with 199 male athletes were included. The overall risk of bias was moderate, and evidence quality was low. Flywheel resistance training (FRT) significantly improved countermovement jump (CMJ) height (SMD = 0.46, p < 0.01) and had a small positive effect on linear sprint performance (SMD = -0.38, p = 0.02). Subgroup analyses indicated that CMJ performance improved with training programs consisting of more than 12 sessions, a duration of 5-10 weeks, and a training frequency of less than twice per week. No significant subgroup effects were observed for sprint performance. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results, and no publication bias was detected.

Conclusion: Compared with TRT, FRT is more effective in enhancing CMJ performance and linear sprint speeds over specific distances in male team-sport athletes during the in-season. Training protocols characterized by low frequency (≤ 2 sessions per week) and a total of around 12 sessions appear to facilitate better athletic adaptations. Future research should include female athletes and investigate long-term interventions to further refine the application strategies of FRT in in-season training.

Background: Understanding the impact of different motor learning strategies on injury-related movement patterns is essential for designing effective ACL injury mitigation programs. This study aimed to compare the effects of three motor learning strategies linear pedagogy (LP), nonlinear pedagogy (NLP), and differential learning (DL) on improving biomechanical indicators related to ACL injury risk in male basketball players with dynamic knee valgus, while considering motor competence (MC) as a moderating factor.

Methods: Ninety male student-athletes (mean age = 19.29 ± 0.93 years) with prior basketball experience and clinically confirmed dynamic knee valgus were categorized into high and low MC groups based on the standardized BOT-2 test. Participants were randomly assigned to six intervention groups (combining training type and MC level). Each group received a single one-hour training session according to their respective instructional method. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected synchronously using an eight-camera motion capture system (120 Hz) in combination with a force plate. Assessments were conducted at pre-test, post-test, retention (24 h later), and transfer (48 h later).

Results: The results showed that the NLP with high MC improved knee flexion, reduced abduction loads, and lowered GRF, effects retained at 24-48 h. Additionally, individuals with higher MC consistently outperformed their lower-competence peers across all conditions.

Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of dynamic, interaction-based training design and the need to consider individual MC. Consequently, NLP may be beneficial in corrective and injury-mitigation programs, particularly for athletes with high MC. The observed improvements in joint mechanics indicate a reduced risk of ACL injury, and the findings support the potential use of nonlinear pedagogy in preventive training programs.

Clinical trial number: IRCT20250527065941N1 on 14/06/2025.