BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation最新文献

Background: This study examines the determinant role of athletic mental energy on the flow state in professional football (soccer) players. This research fills an important gap in the sports psychology literature by focusing on the interaction between mental energy and flow, a critical component of optimal performance.

Methods: Accordingly, 254 male athletes (Mean age = 23.1 ± 5.4 years) voluntarily participated in the study. This study was designed with the relational survey model, one of the quantitative research models. Athletic Mental Energy Scale and Dispositional Flow State Scale-2 were used as data collection tools. After confirming the validity and reliability of the scales, the data were analyzed. In this study, blank data were first evaluated to check the suitability of the analysis and assumptions. After the structure of the scales was verified, firstly, when the skewness kurtosis values for the normality test were examined, it was deter-mined that the data were suitable for normal distribution as the values were between - 1.5 and + 1.5 and the Q-Q graph did not show deviations from the distribution. In this context, Pearson Correlation Analysis was used to determine the relationship between athletic mental energy and flow state, and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was used to determine the determinant role of mental energy. Mental energy significantly predicted the flow state (β = 0.81, p < 0.05), and the SEM results indicated a good model fit (χ²/df = 2.96, RMSEA = 0.08, GFI = 0.89, CFI = 0.90).

Results: When the findings obtained from the research were analyzed, it was determined that athletic mental energy was a determinant of flow and contributed to 66% of the variance.

Conclusion: As a result, it supports that athletes' mental energy levels play an important role in their performance and contribute to the increase of optimal performance mood. These findings suggest that coaches and sports psychologists should focus on strategies to enhance athletes' mental energy levels, such as incorporating mental skills training into their routines. The study emphasizes the importance of athletes' ability to manage their mental energy levels and the development of strategies to increase optimal performance mood. By providing evidence for the link between mental energy and flow, this study contributes to advancing the understanding of performance optimization in professional sports.

Background: The epithelial wall leakage has been extensively studied in sports disciplines like running and cycling. However, little is known about gut permeability in other disciplines, like rowing, especially after the regular competition performance distance of 2000 m. Therefore, our study aimed to check gut permeability after the 2000-meter rowing test in the annual training cycle. The phenomenon of epithelial wall leakage has been the subject of investigations within athletic domains such as running and cycling. Nevertheless, there exists an insufficiency of understanding regarding gut permeability in alternative disciplines, such as rowing, particularly following the completion of a standard competitive distance of 2000 m. Hence, the principal objective of our study was to assess gut permeability after the completion of a 2000-meter rowing test.

Methods: The study was performed at the beginning of a competitive training phase. Eighteen elite rowers of the Polish Rowing Team participated in study after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The participants performed a 2000-meter ergometer test. Blood samples were taken before the test, after exercise, and after 1-hour of restitution. Parameters, such as I-FABP, LPS, LBP, and zonulin, were determined using appropriate biochemical tests.

Results: There were no changes between pre- and post-exercise values in I-FABP, LBP, LPS, and zonulin. However, the I-FABP changed from 6,49 ± 2,15 to 8,3 ± 2,71 (ng/ml) during the recovery period, and LBP decreased from 2,73 ± 0,77 to 2,035 ± 0,53 (µg/ml) simultaneously. Other parameters have not changed.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that intense physical effort performed during the training period is sufficient to negatively affect the gut integrity of rowers.

Background: The final event in modern pentathlon, the laser run, determines the final ranking, and it is not known whether the athletes' heart rates (HRs) and success rates during the shooting in the laser run are affected by environmental conditions. Although heart rate (HR) affects shooting performance, exercise-induced muscle fatigue accompanying increased HR can affect shooting speed and accuracy. The aims of this research were (a) to compare the HRs of pentathletes before and after fatigue, (b) to compare the shooting performance of pentathletes in the field vs. laboratory environment, and (c) to compare the HRs of pentathletes during successful and unsuccessful shootings.

Methods: The HRs and shooting performances of the seven national team pentathletes were measured in two separate sessions under laboratory conditions (pre- and post-fatigue) and in the field (laser run event). Bruce protocol was used to create exercise-induced fatigue and the internal loads of the pentathletes were determined with the 10-point Borg scale. The first session consisted of pre- and post-fatigue shooting in the laboratory environment, and the second session consisted of shooting in the laser run event in the field environment. The pentathletes' HRs were monitored in all sessions.

Results: The shooting accuracy of pentathletes in the laboratory is not affected by fatigue, although the HRs before and after the fatigue protocol differ significantly (p < .001). The unsuccessful shot count in the field was not significantly different between laps, and the HR decreased significantly towards the last successful shot in each lap (p < .001). Although shooting accuracy was not significantly different between the field and laboratory, the HRs in the field were significantly higher than those in the scenarios performed in the laboratory (p < .05).

Conclusion: The findings revealed that HR was significantly affected by different environmental conditions and fatigue, but this was not accompanied by shooting accuracy, and significantly higher HR was achieved in unsuccessful shots compared to successful shots. We recommend that pentathletes perform running-shooting training in different weather and field conditions before the competition to adapt to different environments, especially during the competition seasons, instead of shooting in a polygon or laboratory.

Background: Stage 1 hypertension influences acute cardiovascular responses to resistance exercises and post-exercise recovery. We examined whether the order of exercises, particularly in agonist-antagonist pairings, can alter these cardiovascular responses. This study compares systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses during agonist and agonist-antagonist paired sets of upper and lower-body resistance exercises with a load of 75% repetition maximum in individuals with normotension and stage 1 hypertension.

Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 47 participants with sedentary jobs, comprising 30 normotensive individuals (47.8 ± 5.9 years, height 174.8 ± 10.2 cm, weight 77.7 ± 15.4 kg, BMI 25.3 ± 3.6 kg/m²) and 17 hypertensive individuals (54.3 ± 6.0 years, 177.6 ± 11.3 cm, 89.8 ± 16.4 kg, BMI 28.5 ± 4,5 kg/m²). Acute cardiovascular parameters were measured using an arteriograph, a non-invasive device designed to assess vascular stiffness and cardiovascular health, after each set of resistance training.

Results: No significant differences in systolic blood pressure changes were found between the resistance training methods and aerobic exercise when comparing normotensive and hypertensive individuals. However, significant increases in systolic blood pressure were observed during lower-body exercises (11.3-24.7 mmHg for normotensives and 11.7-24.1 mmHg for hypertensives, p < 0.05). Hypertensive individuals showed slightly higher increases during lower-body supersets (p < 0.05). Regarding diastolic blood pressure, significant decreases were noted during upper-body resistance training for both groups, especially for normotensives (-10.6 to -13.7 mmHg, p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Agonist and agonist-antagonist paired set resistance training for both lower and upper-body exercises resulted in similar blood pressure changes in individuals with normotension and stage 1 hypertension. These findings suggest that both methods may have comparable cardiovascular effects across blood pressure.

Trial registration: The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06047678). Registration date: 31 August 2023.

Background: There is a gap in knowledge regarding the utility of preoperative exercise (PEx) among gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients undergoing surgery and how PEx impacts surgical outcomes. This study seeks to evaluate the mechanism behind PEx among patients undergoing major abdominal surgery for GI cancer through a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Methods: This was a single center RCT conducted at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. Eligible patients diagnosed with GI cancers with planned abdominal surgery were randomized to receive PEx or a Sedentary (Non-PEx) arm between October 2020 and May 2022. To investigate if PEx could lead to systemic change in circulation, we employed secretomics and metabolomics analyses of patient serum samples before and after exercise to detect inflammatory and tumorigenic responses, with the primary endpoint of investigating the mechanisms through which PEx modulates the inflammatory response in patients undergoing GI cancer surgery.

Results: Between October 2020 and May 2022, 64 patients were enrolled in the study, with 28 randomized to the PEx group and 36 to the non-PEx group. The two cohorts were comparable in terms of age, gender, and comorbidity burden. The median length of stay was 6 days across the entire cohort, with no significant differences between the groups. Similarly, the overall 30-day readmission rate was 15.7%, and the median comprehensive complication index score was 20.9, both of which showed no differences between the PEx and non-PEx groups. Secretomics and metabolomics analyses of patient serum samples revealed a shift towards an anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic phenotype, with significant changes in secretion and metabolic profiles observed in post-PEx serum compared to pre-PEx serum from the same patients.

Conclusions: PEx has the potential to mitigate the pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic state of GI cancer by modulating specific cellular pathways. This study provides evidence into the mechanisms underlying these effects, but additional research is required to explore their applicability in therapeutic development. These findings build upon existing research to support the advancement of exercise-inspired therapeutic strategies in the future.

Trial registration: The trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04602026) on 20/10/2020.

Background: This study developed a sequential winning-percentage prediction model for badminton competitions using the expert system sequential probability ratio test (EXSPRT), aiming to calculate the difficulty of each event within a match and establish the initial prior probability.

Methods: We utilized data from 100 men's singles matches (222 games) held by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) in 2018 to evaluate event difficulty across six models for each determining factor. For setting the initial prior probability calculation method, 30 men's singles matches (74 games) organized by the BWF in 2019 were randomly selected. The odds for these matches were obtained from www.oddsportal.com .

Results: The efficacy of the six models was assessed based on application rates (15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) of the collected odds, with the initial prior probability reflecting 25% of the odds chosen owing to its superior validity.

Conclusions: This research yielded six sequential winning percentage prediction models capable of offering real-time predictions during matches in badminton competitions by leveraging EXSPRT. These models enhance spectator engagement and provide foundational data for developing similar prediction models for other sports. Future research should focus on developing a program to identify the most effective model among the six and implement it practically.

Background: The relationship between swimming performance and shoulder muscle strength at different swimming distances is unclear. To provide a theoretical basis for future targeted training as well as better detection and prevention of water polo related injuries.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between swimming speed and shoulder joint muscle strength.

Methods: Eleven members of the Chinese men's water polo team were included as subjects, and a BIODEX isokinetic muscle strength tester was used to test the isokinetic muscle strength of shoulder flexion, extension, rotation, and abduction-adduction muscles on both sides of the shoulder. And a stopwatch was used to measure swimming speed. Correlation analysis was used to verify the relationship between muscle strength and swimming performance.

Results: A significant difference in the peak moment index of the shoulder muscle groups on both sides of the shoulder at 60°/s centripetal movement. Correlation analysis showed that the 25 m swimming performance was significantly correlated with the peak moment index of the right shoulder extensor group (60°/s centripetal), and with the total work of the left and right shoulder flexor groups and the right shoulder extensor group under the 240°/s centripetal contraction; The 50 m swimming performance was significantly correlated with the index of the right shoulder flexor group and the total work of the left and right extensor groups (240°/s centripetal); The 100 m swimming performance was significantly correlated with the index of the left shoulder flexor group and the total work of the right shoulder extensor group (240°/s centripetal); Swimming performance over 200 m was significantly correlated with the peak moment of the right and left shoulder flexor groups and the right extensor group (240°/s centripetal).

Conclusion: National male water polo players have balanced muscle strength on their left and right sides, which contributes to improved swimming performance. In addition, the muscle strength characteristics of their shoulder flexion-extension and adduction-abduction muscle groups can be used as predictors of swimming performance. Conducting training is important to improve the swimming ability of water polo players as well as to better prevent the incidence of shoulder injuries.

Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) is a low-load training technique that involves applying pressure to partially restrict arterial blood flow while occluding venous return. Despite its growing popularity, there is still no consensus on how combining BFRT with resistance or aerobic training influences hemodynamic responses, or on the safest and most effective methods for implementing it. This review aims to systematically identify the effects of BFRT on hemodynamic parameters. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement guidelines. The Chinese literature search was performed in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. English literature search was conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The studies included human subjects, the outcome indicators included hemodynamic evaluation indicators, and only randomized controlled trials and randomized crossover trials were considered. Non-Chinese or English literature, duplicate studies, and those with missing data were excluded. The adapted STROBE checklist was used to assess the risk of bias, 44 articles were included in this review. Results indicated that BFRT has increased heart rate and blood lactate levels, while its effect on blood oxygen saturation varies. Additionally, BFRT significantly enhances cardiac output but may either have no significant effect or cause a decrease in stroke volume. Furthermore, BFRT improves pulse wave velocity from the femur to the posterior tibia, suggesting a positive influence on cardiovascular function. BFRT induces changes in arterial structure and function, with these indicators interacting to produce both positive and negative effects on cardiovascular health. The primary mechanisms by which BFRT influences hemodynamics include the activation of the sympathetic and vagus nerves, as well as the regulation of chemical mediators in body fluids that modulate cardiovascular function. Convenient, economical, non-invasive, and easily measurable hemodynamic indicators are expected to become an efficient tool for evaluating the effects of exercise training. Further research is needed to establish the optimal compression thresholds and durations for different populations and exercise types, as well as to assess the long-term impact of BFRT on hemodynamic parameters.

Background: Game performance analysis has been playing a significant role in sports events which has reached an international consensus. In the field of technical and tactical analysis of table tennis, many studies conducted the segmented evaluation of players based on the phased-theory. The present study proposed the concepts of "competitive technical and tactical performance" of elite table tennis players. The purpose of this study was to develop an entropy-based weighting system integrated with three comprehensive evaluation methods, aiming to examine its feasibility for evaluation in two practical applications: inter-athlete comparison and performance fluctuations across time periods. Another purpose was to explore the applicability of different comprehensive evaluation methods through comparative application.

Methods: A total of 40 matches of six elite male table tennis players in 2019 were selected to evaluate their competitive technical and tactical performance. The technical effectiveness of four phases in a match as the relevant indexes, three comprehensive evaluation methods, including the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, the Rank-sum ratio method and the Osculating value method were applied based on the Entropy weight method. Kendall's concordance coefficient and Spearman's correlation coefficient were employed to examine the consistency and correlation.

Results: (1) The technical strength ranking of the six elite table tennis players was as follows: Player A, Player B, Player C, Player F, Player E, and Player D. This ranking exhibited a high degree of consistency with the international rankings as of December 2019. Notably, Player C's performance showed significant fluctuations, whereas Player E demonstrated a steady and upward performance trend. (2) All Kendall's concordance coefficients exceeded 0.948, and all Spearman's correlation coefficients were above 0.883, with statistically highly significant results (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: All three comprehensive methods were shown to have strong applicability and high consistency in evaluating the comprehensive performance of athletes. The TOPSIS method performed more well. This approach facilitated a more in-depth and comprehensive representation of table tennis match analysis, providing practical applications for athletes and coaches.

Purpose: Functional training to improve athletes' technical performance and movement quality is becoming increasingly popular, but few studies have focused on young tennis players. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of 12 weeks of functional training on skilled youth male tennis players' skill performance and movement quality.

Methods: Forty skilled youth male tennis players were assigned to the functional training group (n = 20) or the control training group (n = 20). The control group received a traditional resistance training program by their coach, whereas the functional training group was given Santana's Racket Sports Program. Each group received 60-minute training sessions three times per week for 12 weeks. At baseline (T0), after six weeks (T6), and after 12 weeks (T12), the participants' skill performance was measured according to the International Tennis Federation's protocol, and movement quality was measured according to the functional movement screening assessment recommended by Gray Cook. The data were analyzed via a generalized estimation equation model.

Results: The results revealed that there were no significant differences in skill performance or movement quality between the groups at baseline (p > 0.05), but there were significant differences in those variables between the groups after 6 weeks of the intervention and 12 weeks of the intervention (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: These results indicate that the functional training model seems to be more effective than the traditional resistance training model in terms of increasing athletic skill performance and movement quality. The inclusion of functional training as part of an athlete's training routine is highly recommended, as it has proven to be an effective method for improving skill performance and movement quality.

Trial registration: ISRCTN67565717, registered 26/07/2024, retrospectively registered.