BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation最新文献

Purpose: Para-karate has been gaining popularity rapidly; however, scientific research on the subject remains limited. This study aims to examine the kata preferences at top-level para-karate events and explore the relationship between sport class (type of impairment) and kata selection.

Methods: Data was collected from nine events-four World Para-Karate Championships (2016, 2018, 2021, 2023) and five European Para-Karate Championships (2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023). A total of 906 katas were performed: 567 by males and 339 by females. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for analysis.

Results: Top-level para-karate athletes utilized 62 katas (61%) from the official WKF list (102 katas). The most popular katas were Gojushiho Sho (19.9%), Unsu (11.5%), Kanku Sho (9.5%), Suparinpei (6.7%), and Jion (6.2%). A significant relationship was found between sport class and kata selection (p ≤ 0.05). The most popular kata for K30 was Unsu (15%), while K10 and K21 + K22 classes predominantly chose Gojushiho Sho (16.6% and 30.3%, respectively).

Conclusions: Kata selection for para-karate athletes is influenced by the type of impairment. Intellectually impaired athletes and their coaches often select a single, challenging kata with a balanced fast-to-slow movement ratio, such as Gojushiho Sho, to optimize performance.

Background: Regular aerobic exercise regulates cardiorespiratory functions by its effect on specific enzyme activities. This study investigated the immediate effects of moderate aerobic exercise on haematological parameters and cardio-metabolic enzymes activity in healthy young male and female adults.

Methods: Forty young healthy sedentary subjects, twenty males (25 ± 5.6 years; 65 ± 4.0 kg; 176.9 ± 2.5 cm) and twenty females (25 ± 4.5 years, 62 ± 2.9 kg, 175 ± 1.3 cm) volunteered for the study. The exercise regimen was of moderate intensity lasting for 20 min daily on a treadmill at incremental speed of 3 km/h to 13 km/h for 14 consecutive days. The weight and height of participants were measured. Blood sample was collected via antecubital vein for haematological and biochemical analysis. The haematological parameters namely red blood cell and indices, leukocyte and differential white blood cell count, platelet and platelet indices were assessed. Cardiac troponin-T, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-cysteine activated creatine kinase activities were assessed before and after exercise.

Results: The result showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in RBC (males 7%, females 11%) haemoglobin (males 8%, females 8.3%), haematocrit (males 5%, females 14%) leukocyte (males 54%, females 40%) and monocyte count (males 68%, females 55%) after 14 days of exercise. The enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase, N-acetyl-cysteine activated creatine kinase (CK-NAC), creatine kinase (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin-T showed no significant change after 14 days of exercise.

Conclusion: It is concluded that moderate aerobic exercise increased haematological parameters and maintained cardio-metabolic enzymes activities in young male and female adults.

Background: Home-based cardiac rehabilitation is increasingly popular for patients with cardiovascular diseases. However, this mode of rehabilitation involves unsupervised exercise, making it challenging to assess, correct, and monitor exercise fidelity (the extent to which the patient performs the exercise intended by the intervention provider). This review aimed to identify the range, validity, and acceptability of measures for assessing exercise fidelity in unsupervised, home-based cardiovascular rehabilitation.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Medline, and PsycINFO for studies published between 2000 and 2024 to identify observational studies, trials, and protocols published in English with a home-based cardiovascular rehabilitation intervention and at least one measure of exercise fidelity (e.g., adherence to the intended frequency, intensity, time, type, safety, progression/regression). Two reviewers selected eligible studies and extracted data, including study characteristics, exercise components, adherence definition, adherence measures, and data on measurement validity or acceptability. We conducted a narrative synthesis using a comprehensive definition of exercise fidelity, which evolved as the analysis progressed.

Results: Forty-six articles describing 41 studies were included. Exercise intensity was the most commonly measured fidelity component (38/41 studies), followed by exercise frequency (32/41 studies). Exercise intensity was mostly assessed by wearable devices (28/41 studies). Frequency of exercise was most commonly assessed subjectively using a self-reported exercise log or diary, but also (objectively) using wearable devices. Exercise quantity was most commonly assessed (in terms of time or duration) by self-reported exercise logs, diaries and wearable devices, or (in terms of steps or distance) mostly by wearable devices (pedometers, other step activity monitors). Safety was only assessed in 12/41 studies. No studies assessed progression or regression of exercise, quality of exercise (accuracy of movement) or the appropriateness of progression or regression.

Conclusions: Most studies to date have conceptualised exercise fidelity or adherence narrowly, ignoring important elements of the initial exercise prescription and many have relied on non-validated self-report measures. We present a comprehensive framework for assessing exercise fidelity, which may be useful for designing more robust assessments of exercise fidelity in home-based rehabilitation programmes.

Background: The effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) applied along with function in Hypertension (HT) patients is uncertain. In this study, it was to determine the effectiveness of functional IMT (F-IMT) on functional lower and upper exercise capacity, mobility, peripheral and respiratory muscle strength, blood pressure, fatigue, physical activity, and quality of life (HRQoL) in HT patients.

Methods: Prospective, randomized controlled, assessor-blinded, parallel three-armed trial. Forty-five patients with HT were divided into F-IMT group (IMT with 50% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP)/4 weeks + exercise and IMT with 50% MIP/4 weeks, n = 15), IMT group (MIP 50%, n = 15) and control group (CG, breathing exercises, n = 15). 6-min walking test (6-MWT), 6-min pegboard ring test (6PBRT), 1-min sit to stand test (1STS), mobility, peripheral muscle strength, MIP, maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), systolic& diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), fatigue, physical activity, and HRQoL were evaluated before and after 8 weeks of training.

Results: Increases in 6-MWT were higher in F-IMT (p < 0.001). 6PBRT, 1STS, quadriceps femoris strength were improved and SBP reduced in F-IMT and IMT than CG (p < 0.001). Mobility, handgrip, HRQoL, and physical activity level increased within groups (p < 0.05). MIP increased within F-IMT and IMT; MEP, fatigue, DBP improved only within F-IMT (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: F-IMT is more effective in enhancing exercise capacity, reducing fatigue and DBP, and improving MEP. Both IMT and F-IMT show similar benefits for upper extremity exercise capacity, quadriceps femoris strength, SBP, and MIP. Mobility, HRQoL, and physical activity levels are increased with F-IMT, IMT, and breathing exercises.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06343246 (03/29/2024).

Background: The study aimed to assess the acute effects of overcoming isometric split squats on subsequent single-leg drop jump (DJ) performance and the contralateral effect in volleyball players, considering training status differences.

Methods: Ten male elite (ELI) and ten amateur (AMA) volleyball players took part in two experimental sessions in which they performed conditioning activity (CA) consisted of 3 sets of overcoming isometric 3-second split squats, differing in the limb used: dominant (DL) or non-dominant (ND-L). Single-leg DJ was performed before and at the 4th and 8th minute post-CA for both limbs. The best post-CA attempt in terms of jump height (JH) was analyzed.

Results: Results revealed a significant increase in jump height (JH) in the non-dominant limb (ND-L) from 13.7 ± 2.6 cm to 15.5 ± 2.7 cm after CA performed by the ND-L (p = 0.001; Hedge's g = 0.65). Similarly, the reactive strength index (RSI) of the ND-L improved from 0.40 ± 0.06 to 0.45 ± 0.08 (p = 0.008; g = 0.58). Additionally, contact time in the ND-L increased significantly from 342 ± 36 ms to 375 ± 42 ms after CA performed by the dominant limb (p = 0.001; g = 0.66). In the elite (ELI) group, JH significantly increased from 16.4 ± 2.4 cm to 18.3 ± 3.3 cm (p < 0.001; g = 0.79), while RSI in the dominant limb (DL) improved from 0.47 ± 0.06 to 0.53 ± 0.07 (p = 0.011; g = 0.68).

Conclusions: Results suggest that the examined CA effectively induces the post-activation performance enhancement in DJ among elite volleyball players, with a predominantly local impact on the limb executing the CA.

Trial registration: NCT06459050 (Retrospectively registered).

Objective: The current study was conducted to explore the clinical impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in rehabilitation nursing on improving cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity in COPD patients.

Methods: A total of thirty-one COPD patients underwent HIIT, while an equal number underwent moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) were included in this randomized controlled clinical study. The randomization method used was stratified block randomization, stratified by center. During the 6 months follow-up period, the clinical data, including cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) results, cardiopulmonary function index, quality of life, and follow-up outcomes, were collected before and after the interventions. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared.

Results: After the intervention, the HIIT group exhibited significantly higher peak power, exercise test duration, anaerobic threshold, peak oxygen uptake, peak ventilation, FEV1/FVC ratio, FEV1% of expected value, LVEF (%), and SF-36 scores compared to the MICT group (P < 0.05). Moreover, LVEDD was significantly lower in the HIIT group compared to the MICT group (P < 0.05). At the 6-month follow-up, the incidence of COPD acute exacerbation in the HIIT group was significantly lower than in the MICT group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Implementation of HIIT in rehabilitation nursing effectively improved cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity in COPD patients during clinical treatment, highlighting its promising application potential.

Trial registration: This study was previously registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Date 11/05/2022 Number ChiCTR2200059764).

Aim: The study aims to explore the relationship between proactive personality and positional competition in soccer players, considering factors like gender, age, position, and years of active participation in the sport.

Method: Quantitative data collection methods were employed, including the Proactive Personality Scale and Positional Competition in Sports Scale, along with a custom personal information form. The study involved 242 soccer players (average age: 20.60 years, 39% female) from semi-amateur soccer clubs in Ankara province, surveyed during the 2022-2023 season.

Results: The study found no significant differences in proactive personality and positional competition among soccer players based on their age and position (p > .05). However, gender differences were significant, with male players scoring higher than females in receiving and providing teammate support, communication, and overall positional competition in sports.

Conclusion: Proactive personality can be a determinant of positional competition in sports. Moreover, these findings may provide important contributions to the development of talent identification, athlete development programs and coaching strategies that aim to increase competitiveness and success in positional contexts. In addition, in the present study, it can be concluded that following athletes over time is an important phenomenon for proactive personality and athletic development.

Background: Foot strike patterns during running are classified into two types: rearfoot strike (RFS) and non-rearfoot strike (NRFS). These patterns are considered biomechanical risk factors for running-related injuries (RRIs). However, limited research exists on the prevalence or incidence of RRIs associated with different foot strike patterns, particularly within training or clinical practice contexts. Therefore, this epidemiological study aimed to investigate the prevalence and injury risk ratio (IRR) of RRIs concerning different foot strike patterns.

Methods: A total of 182 male Japanese adolescent runners were included. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their RRIs over the past year and were filmed during their habitual high-intensity training sessions from the lateral side. Foot strike patterns were visually classified, with participants accordingly categorized into the RFS and NRFS groups. The prevalence and IRR for RRIs for each site were calculated in both groups. A χ² test was conducted to examine the relationship between RRI history and foot strike patterns.

Results: A total of 95 (52.2%) and 87 (47.8%) participants were included in the RFS and NRFS groups, respectively, with 124 (68.1%) participants experiencing at least one RRI in the past year. The NRFS group was significantly associated with a history of RRI in the Achilles tendon (P = 0.01) and the medial lower leg (P = 0.03). The prevalence of RRI in the Achilles tendon was 9.5% and 23.0% in the RFS and NRFS groups, respectively, with an IRR of 2.427 [1.168, 5.040]. The prevalence of RRI in the medial lower leg was 27.4% and 42.5% in the RFS and NRFS groups, respectively, with an IRR of 1.554 [1.033, 2.338].

Conclusions: Adolescent runners with NRFS exhibit a higher risk of Achilles tendinopathy and medial tibial stress syndrome, highlighting the need for RRI prevention strategies tailored for each foot strike pattern.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate lower extremity alignment in football players with and without genu varum using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms and contributing factors to malalignment.

Methods: This prospective case-control study included 36 male football players aged 16-19 years, divided into two groups: 18 with genu varum and 18 controls with normal lower extremity alignment. Full-length lower extremity MRI was used to assess alignment parameters. The isokinetic strength of the concentric knee extensor-flexor and concentric hip abductor-adductor muscles was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 60°/sec and 180°/sec. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk factors for genu varum.

Results: Genu varum group had a mean mechanical axis deviation (MAD) of 14 ± 5 mm (p < 0.001), with 11 players exceeding the clinical cutoff of 15 mm. Significant differences were observed in the lateral distal tibial angle (LDTA) (p = 0.014), lateral proximal femoral angle (LPFA) (p = 0.017), and medial distal femoral angle (mLDFA) (p = 0.002) between the groups. Muscle strength values were comparable between the groups, except for the hip adductor-abductor strength ratio at 60°/sec, which was significantly lower in the genu varum group (p = 0.008), while all other comparisons were non-significant (p > 0.05). The regression analysis demonstrated that the mechanisms responsible for varus alignment in football players differ between the dominant and non-dominant leg.

Conclusions: The findings in this study suggest that the proximal tibial deformity is a key factor in malalignment among football players with genu varum. Differences in alignment were observed between dominant and non-dominant legs. Strength values were similar between players with and without varus alignment, except for the 60˚/sec angular velocity Add/Abd ratio.

Clinical trial registration: NCT06606964 / 16.09.2024.

Level of evidence: Level III.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with endurance training on aerobic capacity, lower limb muscle strength, anaerobic power, and sports performance to supply effective scientific guidance for training. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. We searched PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases up to 28 October 2024. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. We calculated the effect size using standardized mean difference values and the random effects model. The results showed a medium effect size on maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O₂max), a large effect size on lower limb muscle strength, a small effect size on anaerobic power and sports performance. In conclusion, while BFR training during endurance training had a significant positive effect on lower limb muscle strength and moderate improvement in V̇O₂max, its impact on anaerobic power and sports performance was relatively small. These findings suggest that BFR training may be effective for enhancing muscle strength and aerobic capacity, but its benefits on anaerobic power and sport-specific performance may be limited. Therefore, it is important to carefully design BFR training programs to target specific outcomes.