Biosensors-Basel最新文献

The growing global population and the rapid increase in older adults are driving healthcare costs upward. In response, the healthcare system is shifting toward models that enable continuous monitoring of individuals without requiring hospital admission. Advances in sensing technologies, embedded systems, wireless communication, nanotechnology, and device miniaturization have made these smart systems possible. Wearable sensors can monitor physiological indicators and other symptoms, helping to detect unusual or unexpected events. This allows for the provision of timely assistance when it is needed most. This paper outlines the challenges associated with these systems and reviews recent developments in wearable, sensor-based human activity monitoring. The focus is on health monitoring applications, including relevant biomarkers, wearable and implantable sensors, and established sensor technologies currently used in healthcare, as well as future prospects. It also discusses the challenges involved in researching, developing, and applying these sensors. The goal is to promote the widespread use of these sensors in human health monitoring.

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Temperate fruits, mostly comprising pome, stone fruits, and berries with immense nutritional benefits and a storehouse of various therapeutic phytochemicals, are prone to several physiological disorders immediately after harvest. The etiology, symptom progression, and decay incidence are influenced by pre-harvest and post-harvest factors, causing significant economic loss with respect to both the energy and economics invested. Respiratory end products, ethylene generation, and enzymatic activities interact to influence the metabolic response and associated biochemical variation. Advanced packaging technologies have emerged as innovative solutions to curtail these post-harvest problems. The design and development of novel packaging technologies need to critically understand the respiratory behavior of the fruits and their associated metabolic functions. A desirable polymer or packaging technology should exhibit enhanced barriers to the gases while providing adequate support to the fruit matrix. In addition, it should also fulfill the role of environmental sustainability and the circular economy. The outcome of this review will highlight the importance of proper post-harvest procedure, appropriate pretreatment, packaging matrix selection, and the storage conditions for effective and enhanced shelf-life storage. Therefore, this review was structured in two phases; the first phase discusses the biochemical understanding of the fruit during storage and transit in response to stress factors. The next phase highlights the various packaging interventions (polymers, biodegradable films, edible coatings, smart packaging, nano-packaging) taken to address these issues, with a key focus on shelf-life enhancement. Further, the key limitations of each technology are appraised.

Fluorescence imaging is crucial for providing detailed information in clinical practice. However, traditional first near-infrared (NIR-I) dyes such as indocyanine green (ICG) exhibit limitations such as shallow penetration depth, low contrast, and suboptimal clarity due to light scattering and autofluorescence. To overcome these drawbacks, we utilized a novel amphiphilic second near-infrared (NIR-II) aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe (TCP) with an emission range beyond 1300 nm (NIR-IIa). Using approximately 200 co-registered NIR-I/NIR-IIa image pairs acquired with TCP, we trained a SwinUnet-based deep learning model to transform low-quality NIR-I ICG images into high-resolution NIR-IIa-like images. Owing to its superior brightness and photostability, TCP enhances in vivo fluorescent angiography, offering clearer vascular details and a higher signal-to-background ratio (SBR) in the NIR-IIa region, 2.6-fold higher than that of ICG in the NIR-I region. The deep learning model successfully converted blurred NIR-I images into high-SBR NIR-IIa-like images, achieving rapid imaging speeds without compromising quality. This work introduces a synergistic "probe-plus-AI" paradigm that substantially improves both the quality and speed of clinical fluorescence imaging, providing a pathway that is immediately translatable to enhanced diagnostics and image-guided surgery.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent marine neurotoxin, necessitating sensitive and user-friendly on-site assays. To address long workflows of traditional immunoassays and limited signal amplification in colorimetric microfluidics, we developed a nanozyme-catalyzed colorimetric magnetic microfluidic immunosensor (Nano-CMI). This platform combines an aptamer-antibody sandwich capture format with catalytic amplification via AuNR@Pt@m-SiO₂ (APMS) nanozymes on a magnetically actuated microfluidic chip. Magnetic actuation simplifies sample handling and washing, while APMS catalysis enhances sensitivity and visual readout. The Nano-CMI has been used for the detection of TTX samples ranging from 0.2 to 20 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.2 ng/mL in 10 min, following the linear equation: y = -31.14ln x + 110.15, and the entire "capture-reaction-detection" workflow can be completed within 1 h. With rapid response, minimal hands-on time, and robust performance, this platform offers a practical, high-sensitivity solution for on-site TTX screening in food safety and customs inspection.

Acoustic bubbles are emerging as powerful microscale sensors that convert local biochemical and biomechanical cues into measurable signals in a remote, label-free, and clinically compatible manner. Originally developed as vascular contrast agents, microbubbles are now engineered so that their resonance frequency, nonlinear oscillations, cavitation emissions, microstreaming, and radiation-force-induced motion encode information about pressure, rheology, oxygenation, and cell or tissue mechanics. In this review, we first summarize the fundamental physics of bubble dynamics, and then describe how these dynamics are translated into practical sensing observables. We then highlight key bioapplications where acoustic bubbles function as environment-responsive probes, ranging from hemodynamic pressure and fluid rheology to oxygen levels and cellular mechanics. Across these examples, we emphasize advantages such as non-invasive and wireless readout, high sensitivity arising from nonlinear bubble dynamics, and biochemical and molecular tunability. Finally, we outline current challenges and future opportunities for translating acoustic bubble-based sensing into robust, quantitative tools for biomedical applications.

Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful platform for the analysis of minute sample volumes, driving its widespread adoption in biosensing applications. Optical imaging and electrochemical sensing are two typical integration strategies, each offering distinct advantages. The optical methods provide detailed spatial mapping of chemical processes, while electrochemical techniques enable selective detection that is unhindered by optical scattering from impurities. Here, we introduce a novel optical imaging-electrochemical sensor for integrated microfluidic analysis. This approach employs an electrochemical workstation to modulate optical signals, enabling the simultaneous acquisition of decoupled optical images and electrochemical readings. Consequently, it delivers complementary information, revealing both the spatial distribution of analytes and their intrinsic electrochemical properties. We detail the system design and imaging principle, demonstrate its utility through the analysis of noble metal nanoparticles, which are commonly used for signal amplification in biosensors, and finally apply it to monitor biological processes on live cells. We believe this integrated methodology will develop into a powerful tool for operando analysis in microfluidics, significantly expanding its application in the biosensing of complex biological fluids.

Taste masking in pharmaceutical products is a complex and subjective process that requires reliable evaluation methods. This review focuses on the electronic tongue (e-tongue), an emerging sensor-based technology designed to mimic human taste perception without the need for human panels. E-tongue systems provide objective data to support the development of palatable formulations. In this review, we discuss the principles, types of e-tongue devices, data processing approaches, and their applications in pharmaceutical research. By comparing e-tongue performance with human taste assessment, we highlight its potential as a complementary tool to traditional in vitro assays, accelerating formulation development and improving patient adherence.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are important biomarkers associated with diabetes and metabolic disorders; yet existing detection methods are invasive and unsuitable for frequent monitoring. This study aimed to develop a non-invasive and portable AGEs detection device, optimize strategies for mitigating pigmentation-related interference, and evaluate its feasibility for metabolic assessment. The proposed system employs a 365 nm ultraviolet LED excitation source, an optical filter assembly integrated into an ergonomic dark chamber, and an eyelid-signal-based algorithm to suppress ambient light and skin pigmentation interference. Simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of different pigment colors and skin tones on fluorescence measurements. A clinical study was performed in 200 participants, among whom 42 underwent concurrent serum AGEs measurement as the reference standard. Predictive models combining corneal fluorescence signals and body mass index (BMI) were constructed and evaluated. The results indicated that purple and blue pigments introduced greater interference, whereas green and pink pigments had minimal effects. Device-derived AGEs estimates demonstrated good agreement with serum AGEs, with a mean error below 8%. A hybrid model incorporating BMI achieved improved predictive accuracy compared with single-parameter models. Participants with high-AGE dietary habits exhibited elevated fluorescence signals and BMI. These findings suggest that the proposed device enables stable and accurate non-invasive AGEs assessment, with potential utility for metabolic monitoring. Incorporating lifestyle-related parameters may further enhance predictive performance and expand clinical applicability.

We report a novel dual-receptor lateral flow biosensor (LFB) for the rapid, sensitive, and visual detection of MCF-7 breast cancer cells as a model for circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The biosensor employs a MUC1-specific aptamer conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles as the detection probe and an anti-MUC1 antibody immobilized at the test line as the capture probe, forming a unique "aptamer-cell-antibody" sandwich complex upon target recognition. This design enables instrument-free, visual readout within minutes, achieving a detection limit of 675 cells. The assay also demonstrates robust performance in spiked human blood samples, highlighting its potential as a simple, cost-effective dual-mode point-of-care testing (POCT) platform. This platform supports both rapid visual screening and optional strip-reader-based quantification, making it suitable for early detection and monitoring of breast cancer CTCs.