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Visualizing Macrophage Polarization through Fluorescent mRNA Profiling. 通过荧光 mRNA 图谱对巨噬细胞极化进行可视化分析
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100475
Miaomiao Xu, Siyuan Wei, Tong Su, Die Ma, Zhixuan Wang, Dan Zhu, Lixing Weng, Xianguang Ding

Macrophages, known for their phenotypic plasticity, play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and inflammation-related pathogenesis. Although identifying diverse macrophage phenotypes holds promise for enhancing diagnoses and treatments of diseases mediated by macrophages, existing methodologies for differentiating macrophages often lack precision. They are limited by the cumbersome procedures that require large-scale equipment, such as flow cytometry and transcriptomic analysis. In this context, we have engineered fluorescent polyadenine (polyA)-mediated sticky flares that enable practical visualization of macrophages. This technology facilitates the highly sensitive detection of macrophage phenotypes through the specific recognition of intracellular mRNAs, permitting in situ imaging. Our approach demonstrates the potential for determining macrophage polarization status at the single-cell level within dynamic immune microenvironments, thereby providing crucial diagnostic and prognostic information that could guide the development of tailored treatments for macrophage-related diseases in personalized medicine.

巨噬细胞以其表型可塑性而闻名,在维持体内平衡和炎症相关发病机制中发挥着关键作用。尽管识别不同的巨噬细胞表型有望提高对由巨噬细胞介导的疾病的诊断和治疗水平,但现有的巨噬细胞分化方法往往缺乏精确性。它们受限于需要大型设备的繁琐程序,如流式细胞仪和转录组分析。在这种情况下,我们设计了由荧光聚腺嘌呤(polyA)介导的粘性耀斑,使巨噬细胞的可视化成为可能。这项技术通过特异性识别细胞内 mRNA,实现了对巨噬细胞表型的高灵敏度检测,并允许原位成像。我们的方法展示了在动态免疫微环境中单细胞水平上确定巨噬细胞极化状态的潜力,从而提供重要的诊断和预后信息,为开发个性化医疗中巨噬细胞相关疾病的定制治疗方法提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
A Nanoparticle-Coated Cellulose Acetate Membrane for Highly Efficient, Low-Cost Circulating Tumor Cell Detection. 一种用于高效、低成本检测循环肿瘤细胞的纳米颗粒包裹醋酸纤维素膜。
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100472
Yize Zhao, Yaqi Pan, Hao Sun, Pengfei Huo, Guangtong Wang, Shaoqin Liu

Detecting circulating tumor cells has exhibited great significance in treating cancers since its concentration is an index strongly associated with the development and transfer of the tumor. However, the present commercial method for CTC detection is still expensive, because special antibodies and complicated devices must be used for cell separation and imaging. Hence, it is quite necessary to apply alternative materials and methods to decrease the cost of CTC detection. In this article, we coated a cellulose acetate membrane with nanoparticles formed by the polymerization of melamine and furfural, creating a surface with nanoscale roughness for the highly efficient capture of the sparse CTCs in a blood sample. Subsequently, the CTCs on the surface can be quantitatively detected by colorimetry with the aid of a COF-based nanozyme. The detection limit (LOD) can be as low as 3 cells/mL, which is the lowest LOD among the colorimetric methods to our knowledge. Considering the low cost of fabricating the membrane for CTC capture and the robustness of nanozymes compared with natural enzymes, this CTC detection approach displays great potential to decrease the financial burden of commercial CTC detection.

由于循环肿瘤细胞的浓度与肿瘤的发展和转移密切相关,因此检测循环肿瘤细胞对治疗癌症具有重要意义。然而,由于细胞分离和成像必须使用特殊的抗体和复杂的设备,目前商业化的 CTC 检测方法仍然价格昂贵。因此,应用其他材料和方法来降低 CTC 检测成本是非常必要的。在本文中,我们在醋酸纤维素膜上涂覆了由三聚氰胺和糠醛聚合而成的纳米颗粒,形成了具有纳米级粗糙度的表面,可高效捕获血液样本中稀疏的 CTC。随后,表面上的 CTC 可借助基于 COF 的纳米酶通过比色法进行定量检测。检测限(LOD)可低至 3 个细胞/毫升,这是我们所知的比色法中最低的检测限。考虑到用于捕获四氯化碳的膜的低成本制造以及纳米酶与天然酶相比的稳健性,这种四氯化碳检测方法在减轻商业四氯化碳检测的经济负担方面显示出巨大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Microscale Flow Control and Droplet Generation Using Arduino-Based Pneumatically-Controlled Microfluidic Device. 利用基于 Arduino 的气动控制微流控装置实现微尺度流量控制和液滴生成
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100469
Woohyun Park, Se-Woon Choe, Minseok Kim

Microfluidics are crucial for managing small-volume analytical solutions for various applications, such as disease diagnostics, drug efficacy testing, chemical analysis, and water quality monitoring. The precise control of flow control devices can generate diverse flow patterns using pneumatic control with solenoid valves and a microcontroller. This system enables the active modulation of the pneumatic pressure through Arduino programming of the solenoid valves connected to the pressure source. Additionally, the incorporation of solenoid valve sets allows for multichannel control, enabling simultaneous creation and manipulation of various microflows at a low cost. The proposed microfluidic flow controller facilitates accurate flow regulation, especially through periodic flow modulation beneficial for droplet generation and continuous production of microdroplets of different sizes. Overall, we expect the proposed microfluidic flow controller to drive innovative advancements in technology and medicine owing to its engineering precision and versatility.

微流控技术对于管理疾病诊断、药效测试、化学分析和水质监测等各种应用中的小容量分析解决方案至关重要。利用电磁阀和微控制器进行气动控制,对流量控制装置进行精确控制,可以产生多种流动模式。通过对连接到压力源的电磁阀进行 Arduino 编程,该系统能够主动调节气动压力。此外,电磁阀组的加入可实现多通道控制,从而以较低的成本同时创建和操纵各种微流。拟议的微流体流量控制器有利于精确调节流量,特别是通过周期性流量调节,有利于液滴的生成和不同大小微滴的连续生产。总之,由于其工程精度和多功能性,我们期待所提出的微流体流量控制器能够推动技术和医学的创新发展。
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引用次数: 0
Needle Tip Tracking through Photoluminescence for Minimally Invasive Surgery. 通过光致发光追踪针尖,用于微创手术。
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100470
Meenakshi Narayan, Mithun Bhowmick

Minimally invasive surgery continues to prioritize patient safety by improving imaging techniques and tumor detection methods. In this work, an all-optical alternative to the current image based techniques for in vitro minimally invasive procedures has been explored. The technique uses a highly fluorescent marker for the surgical needle to be tracked inside simulated tissues. A series of markers were explored including inorganic (Perovskite and PbS) and organic (carbon dots) nanoparticles and organic dye (Rhodamine 6G) to identify layers of different stiffnesses within a tissue. Rhodamine 6G was chosen based on its high fluorescence signal to track 3D position of a surgical needle in a tissue. The needle was tracked inside homogeneous and inhomogeneous gelatin tissues successfully. This exploratory study of tissue characterization and needle tip tracking using fluorescent markers or photoluminescence technique show potential for real-time application of robot-assisted needle insertions during in vivo procedures.

通过改进成像技术和肿瘤检测方法,微创手术继续将患者安全放在首位。在这项工作中,我们探索了一种全光学技术来替代目前基于图像的体外微创手术技术。该技术使用一种高荧光标记,用于在模拟组织内跟踪手术针。研究人员探索了一系列标记物,包括无机(Perovskite 和 PbS)和有机(碳点)纳米粒子以及有机染料(罗丹明 6G),以识别组织内不同硬度的层。之所以选择罗丹明 6G,是因为它具有高荧光信号,可跟踪手术针在组织中的三维位置。在均质和不均质的明胶组织中都成功地追踪到了针的位置。这项利用荧光标记或光致发光技术进行组织特征描述和针尖追踪的探索性研究,显示了在体内手术中实时应用机器人辅助插针的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Aptamer-Mediated Electrochemical Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein in Saliva. 以肽聚体为媒介电化学检测唾液中的 SARS-CoV-2 核头壳蛋白
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100471
Ryan H P Siu, Robert G Jesky, Yu-Jing Fan, Cyrus C H Au-Yeung, Andrew B Kinghorn, Kwok-Hung Chan, Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung, Julian A Tanner

Gold standard detection of SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) can achieve ultrasensitive viral detection down to a few RNA copies per sample. Yet, the lengthy detection and labor-intensive protocol limit its effectiveness in community screening. In view of this, a structural switching electrochemical aptamer-based biosensor (E-AB) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein was developed. Four N protein-targeting aptamers were characterized on an electrochemical cell configuration using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The sensor was investigated in an artificial saliva matrix optimizing the aptamer anchoring orientation, SWV interrogation frequency, and target incubation time. Rapid detection of the N protein was achieved within 5 min at a low nanomolar limit of detection (LOD) with high specificity. Specific N protein detection was also achieved in simulated positive saliva samples, demonstrating its feasibility for saliva-based rapid diagnosis. Further research will incorporate novel signal amplification strategies to improve sensitivity for early diagnosis.

通过反转录定量 PCR(RT-qPCR)检测 SARS-CoV-2 的金标准可实现超灵敏病毒检测,每个样本可检测到几个 RNA 拷贝。然而,冗长的检测过程和劳动密集型方案限制了其在社区筛查中的有效性。有鉴于此,我们开发了一种以 SARS-CoV-2 核头蛋白(N)为靶标的结构转换电化学适配体生物传感器(E-AB)。利用方波伏安法(SWV)在电化学电池配置上对四种 N 蛋白靶向适配体进行了表征。在人工唾液基质中对传感器进行了研究,优化了适配体的锚定方向、SWV 检测频率和目标培养时间。在 5 分钟内就实现了对 N 蛋白的快速检测,检测限(LOD)低至纳摩尔,特异性高。在模拟的阳性唾液样本中也实现了对 N 蛋白的特异性检测,证明了其在基于唾液的快速诊断中的可行性。进一步的研究将采用新型信号放大策略,以提高早期诊断的灵敏度。
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引用次数: 0
A Review of Advanced Sensor Technologies for Aquatic Products Freshness Assessment in Cold Chain Logistics. 用于冷链物流中水产品新鲜度评估的先进传感器技术综述。
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100468
Baichuan Wang, Kang Liu, Guangfen Wei, Aixiang He, Weifu Kong, Xiaoshuan Zhang

The evaluation of the upkeep and freshness of aquatic products within the cold chain is crucial due to their perishable nature, which can significantly impact both quality and safety. Conventional methods for assessing freshness in the cold chain have inherent limitations regarding specificity and accuracy, often requiring substantial time and effort. Recently, advanced sensor technologies have been developed for freshness assessment, enabling real-time and non-invasive monitoring via the detection of volatile organic compounds, biochemical markers, and physical properties. The integration of sensor technologies into cold chain logistics enhances the ability to maintain the quality and safety of aquatic products. This review examines the advancements made in multifunctional sensor devices for the freshness assessment of aquatic products in cold chain logistics, as well as the application of pattern recognition algorithms for identification and classification. It begins by outlining the categories of freshness criteria, followed by an exploration of the development of four key sensor devices: electronic noses, electronic tongues, biosensors, and flexible sensors. Furthermore, the review discusses the implementation of advanced pattern recognition algorithms in sensor devices for freshness detection and evaluation. It highlights the current status and future potential of sensor technologies for aquatic products within the cold chain, while also addressing the significant challenges that remain to be overcome.

由于水产品易腐烂,其质量和安全都会受到严重影响,因此对冷链中水产品的保鲜和新鲜度进行评估至关重要。传统的冷链新鲜度评估方法在特异性和准确性方面存在固有的局限性,通常需要花费大量的时间和精力。最近,人们开发出了用于新鲜度评估的先进传感器技术,可通过检测挥发性有机化合物、生化标记和物理特性进行实时和非侵入式监测。将传感器技术整合到冷链物流中,可提高维护水产品质量和安全的能力。本综述探讨了冷链物流中用于水产品新鲜度评估的多功能传感器设备所取得的进展,以及模式识别算法在识别和分类方面的应用。报告首先概述了新鲜度标准的类别,然后探讨了四种关键传感器设备的发展:电子鼻、电子舌、生物传感器和柔性传感器。此外,综述还讨论了如何在传感器设备中采用先进的模式识别算法进行新鲜度检测和评估。报告强调了冷链中水产品传感器技术的现状和未来潜力,同时也探讨了仍有待克服的重大挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Effective Boundary Correction for Deterministic Lateral Displacement Microchannels to Improve Cell Separation: A Numerical and Experimental Study. 确定性侧向位移微通道的有效边界校正以改善细胞分离:数值和实验研究。
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100466
Shaghayegh Mirhosseini, Mohammadmahdi Eskandarisani, Aryanaz Faghih Nasiri, Fatemeh Khatami, Akram Mirzaei, Majid Badieirostami, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Mohammadreza Kolahdouz

Particle separation and sorting techniques based on microfluidics have found extensive applications and are increasingly gaining prominence. This research presents the design and fabrication of a microfluidic device for separating cells using deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), enabling accuracy and continuity while being size-based. Nevertheless, it remains demanding, to completely reverse the detrimental effects of the boundaries that disturb the fluidic flow in the channel and reduce particle separation efficiency. This study introduces a novel approach to enhance the boundary structure of channels. By using this design, separation efficiency is boosted, and the fluid behavior around the walls is improved. The boundary correction (BC) enhances the operation of the microchannel and is very effective in microchannels. With boundary correction, the device exhibited improved separation efficiencies, but in its absence, separation efficiencies dropped. The collected microscopic images of the isolation of prostate cancer cell lines and red blood cells revealed promising outcomes. The efficiency of circulating tumor cell (CTC) throughput in the microfluidic channel, quantified as the ratio or proportion of tumor cells exiting the channel to cells entering it, exceeds 93%. Moreover, the efficiency of CTC isolation, expressed as the proportion of tumor cells from the upper outlet of the microfluidic channel to all cells, is over 89%. Additionally, the efficiency of red blood cell isolation, evaluated as the ratio of red blood cells from the lower outlet of the microfluidic channel to all cells, surpasses 77%. While using the same DLD separator without boundary correction reduced the separation efficiency by around 5%.

基于微流控技术的粒子分离和分拣技术已得到广泛应用,并日益受到重视。本研究介绍了一种利用确定性横向位移(DLD)分离细胞的微流体设备的设计与制造,该设备在基于尺寸的基础上实现了精确性和连续性。然而,要完全扭转边界的有害影响,使其扰乱通道中的流体流动并降低颗粒分离效率,仍然是一项艰巨的任务。本研究介绍了一种增强通道边界结构的新方法。通过使用这种设计,分离效率得到了提高,壁面周围的流体行为也得到了改善。边界校正(BC)增强了微通道的运行,在微通道中非常有效。有了边界校正,设备的分离效率得到提高,但如果没有边界校正,分离效率则会下降。收集到的前列腺癌细胞系和红细胞分离显微图像显示了良好的结果。循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)在微流体通道中的吞吐效率超过了 93%,其量化指标是流出通道的肿瘤细胞与进入通道的细胞的比率或比例。此外,以微流体通道上部出口的肿瘤细胞占所有细胞的比例表示的 CTC 分离效率超过 89%。此外,以来自微流体通道下部出口的红细胞与所有细胞的比例表示的红细胞分离效率也超过了 77%。而使用未进行边界校正的相同 DLD 分离器,分离效率降低了约 5%。
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引用次数: 0
Distinguishing of Histopathological Staging Features of H-E Stained Human cSCC by Microscopical Multispectral Imaging. 通过显微多光谱成像区分 H-E 染色人 cSCC 的组织病理学分期特征
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100467
Rujuan Wu, Jiayi Yang, Qi Chen, Changxing Yang, Qianqian Ge, Danni Rui, Huazhong Xiang, Dawei Zhang, Cheng Wang, Xiaoqing Zhao

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common malignant skin tumor. Early and precise diagnosis of tumor staging is crucial for long-term outcomes. While pathological diagnosis has traditionally served as the gold standard, the assessment of differentiation levels heavily depends on subjective judgments. Therefore, how to improve the diagnosis accuracy and objectivity of pathologists has become an urgent problem to be solved. We used multispectral imaging (MSI) to enhance tumor classification. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained cSCC slides were from Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. Scale-invariant feature transform was applied to multispectral images for image stitching, while the adaptive threshold segmentation method and random forest segmentation method were used for image segmentation, respectively. Synthetic pseudo-color images effectively highlight tissue differences. Quantitative analysis confirms significant variation in the nuclear area between normal and cSCC tissues (p < 0.001), supported by an AUC of 1 in ROC analysis. The AUC within cSCC tissues is 0.57. Further study shows higher nuclear atypia in poorly differentiated cSCC tissues compared to well-differentiated cSCC (p < 0.001), also with an AUC of 1. Lastly, well differentiated cSCC tissues show more and larger keratin pearls. These results have shown that combined MSI with imaging processing techniques will improve H&E stained human cSCC diagnosis accuracy, and it will be well utilized to distinguish histopathological staging features.

皮肤鳞状细胞癌(cSCC)是第二大最常见的恶性皮肤肿瘤。早期精确的肿瘤分期诊断对长期预后至关重要。虽然病理诊断历来是金标准,但对分化程度的评估严重依赖于主观判断。因此,如何提高病理学家诊断的准确性和客观性已成为亟待解决的问题。我们利用多光谱成像(MSI)来提高肿瘤分类的准确性。苏木精和伊红(H&E)染色的 cSCC 切片来自上海瑞金医院。多光谱图像采用尺度不变特征变换进行图像拼接,同时分别采用自适应阈值分割法和随机森林分割法进行图像分割。合成伪彩色图像能有效突出组织差异。定量分析证实,正常组织和 cSCC 组织的核面积差异显著(p < 0.001),ROC 分析的 AUC 为 1。cSCC 组织内的 AUC 为 0.57。进一步研究显示,与分化良好的 cSCC 相比,分化不良的 cSCC 组织核不典型性更高(p < 0.001),AUC 也为 1。这些结果表明,将 MSI 与成像处理技术相结合将提高 H&E 染色人类 cSCC 诊断的准确性,并能很好地用于区分组织病理学分期特征。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Genotyping Detection of Fragmented Nucleic Acids. 片段核酸基因分型检测的进展。
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100465
Qian Liu, Yun Chen, Hao Qi

Single nucleotide variant (SNV) detection is pivotal in various fields, including disease diagnosis, viral screening, genetically modified organism (GMO) identification, and genotyping. However, detecting SNVs presents significant challenges due to the fragmentation of nucleic acids caused by cellular apoptosis, molecular shearing, and physical degradation processes such as heating. Fragmented nucleic acids often exhibit variable lengths and inconsistent breakpoints, complicating the accurate detection of SNVs. This article delves into the underlying causes of nucleic acid fragmentation and synthesizes the strengths and limitations of next-generation sequencing technology, high-resolution melting curves, molecular probes, and CRISPR-based approaches for SNV detection in fragmented nucleic acids. By providing a detailed comparative analysis, it seeks to offer valuable insights for researchers working to overcome the challenges of SNV detection in fragmented samples, ultimately advancing the accurate and efficient detection of single nucleotide variants across diverse applications.

单核苷酸变异体(SNV)检测在疾病诊断、病毒筛查、转基因生物(GMO)鉴定和基因分型等多个领域都至关重要。然而,由于细胞凋亡、分子剪切和加热等物理降解过程会导致核酸片段化,因此检测 SNV 面临着巨大的挑战。碎裂的核酸通常表现出不同的长度和不一致的断裂点,使 SNV 的准确检测变得更加复杂。本文深入探讨了核酸片段化的根本原因,综述了下一代测序技术、高分辨率熔解曲线、分子探针和基于 CRISPR 的方法在片段核酸 SNV 检测中的优势和局限性。通过提供详细的比较分析,该书力图为研究人员克服片段样本中 SNV 检测所面临的挑战提供有价值的见解,最终推动在各种应用中准确、高效地检测单核苷酸变异。
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引用次数: 0
Portable Electrochemical System and Platform with Point-of-Care Determination of Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio to Evaluate Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiorenal Syndrome. 便携式电化学系统和平台,可在护理点测定尿白蛋白与肌酐比值,以评估慢性肾病和心肾综合征。
IF 4.9 3区 工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/bios14100463
Shuenn-Yuh Lee, Ding-Siang Ciou, Hao-Yun Lee, Ju-Yi Chen, Yi-Chieh Wei, Meng-Dar Shieh

The urine albumin (Alb)-to-creatinine (Crn) ratio (UACR) is a sensitive and early indicator of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiorenal syndrome. This study developed a portable and wireless electrochemical-sensing platform for the sensitive and accurate determination of UACR. The developed platform consists of a carbon nanotube (CNT)-2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS)-based modified UACR sensor, a miniaturised potentiostat, a cup holder embedded with a magnetic stirrer and a smartphone app. The UACR sensing electrode is composed of two screen-printed carbon working electrodes, one screen-printed carbon counter electrode and a screen-printed AgCl reference electrode. The miniaturised potentiostat, which is controlled by the developed app, performs cyclic voltammetry and amperometry to detect Alb and Crn, respectively. Clinical trials of the proposed system by using spot urine samples from 30 diabetic patients indicate that it can accurately classify all three CKD risk statuses within 30 min. The high accuracy of our proposed sensing system exhibits satisfactory agreement with the commercial biochemical analyser TBA-25FR (Y = 0.999X, R2 = 0.995). The proposed UACR sensing system offers a convenient, reliable and affordable solution for personal mobile health monitoring and point-of-care urinalysis.

尿白蛋白(Alb)-肌酐(Crn)比值(UACR)是慢性肾脏病(CKD)和心肾综合征的早期敏感指标。本研究开发了一种便携式无线电化学传感平台,用于灵敏准确地测定 UACR。开发的平台由一个基于碳纳米管(CNT)-2,2'-偶氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(ABTS)改良的 UACR 传感器、一个微型恒电位仪、一个嵌入磁力搅拌器的杯座和一个智能手机应用程序组成。UACR 传感电极由两个丝网印刷碳工作电极、一个丝网印刷碳对电极和一个丝网印刷 AgCl 参比电极组成。微型恒电位仪由开发的应用程序控制,可执行循环伏安法和安培计法,分别检测 Alb 和 Crn。通过使用 30 名糖尿病患者的点滴尿样对拟议系统进行的临床试验表明,该系统可在 30 分钟内对所有三种慢性肾脏病风险状态进行准确分类。我们提出的传感系统的高准确度与商用生化分析仪 TBA-25FR 的准确度一致(Y = 0.999X,R2 = 0.995)。拟议的尿液分析仪传感系统为个人移动健康监测和护理点尿液分析提供了一种方便、可靠和经济的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
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