Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech最新文献_第3页

An innovative stochastic fuzzy-optimized dispatch strategy for multi-energy parks with uncertain opportunity constraints 具有不确定机会约束的多能园区随机模糊优化调度策略

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102260

Liu Jiang , Jia Cui , Xingyang Xu , Jiajia Zhang , Tianhe Fu , Yuanzhong Li , Ximing Zhang

Amid the wave of green and low-carbon energy transition, unprecedented acceleration is urgently required for global renewable energy deployment. However, complex interdependencies are created by the interplay between the random nature of renewable power generation and diversified energy demands, and the scheduling robustness of Regional Integrated Energy Systems (RIES) is undermined by these interdependencies. A Regional Integrated Energy System solution based on a fuzzy adaptive scheduling approach is proposed in this paper. Energy flexibility is maximized through the implementation of multi-domain collaborative optimization to dynamically balance supply–demand uncertainties. Firstly, a fuzzy probabilistic constraint programming approach is proposed, in which wind power, photovoltaic power generation, and load are treated as fuzzy variables, and a credibility measure is introduced to mitigate decision ambiguity. Secondly, novel fuzzy membership functions are designed to comprehensively characterize the uncertainty in renewable energy generation and electricity consumption. Thirdly, robust flexibility coordination for bidirectional source-load matching is achieved through a fuzzy adaptive mechanism, with combined membership functions enhancing optimization reliability. Finally, fuzzy constraints are converted into deterministic equations via an exact equivalence class solver, and the confidence level of the time step is optimized by an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm—characterized by a linear decreasing inertia weight based on the arctangent function. Research findings indicate that dispatch costs are significantly increased by the uncertainty in power supply loads (costs under multi-source uncertainty scenarios are 51.2% higher than those under deterministic scenarios), while a confidence level of 0.7 is critical for balancing system reliability and economic efficiency.

在绿色低碳能源转型的浪潮中，全球可再生能源的部署迫切需要前所未有的加速。然而，可再生能源发电的随机性与能源需求的多样性之间的相互作用产生了复杂的相互依赖关系，这些相互依赖关系破坏了区域综合能源系统（RIES）的调度鲁棒性。提出了一种基于模糊自适应调度方法的区域综合能源系统解决方案。通过多域协同优化实现能源灵活性最大化，动态平衡供需不确定性。首先，提出了一种模糊概率约束规划方法，将风电、光伏发电和负荷作为模糊变量，引入可信度度量来减轻决策的模糊性；其次，设计了新的模糊隶属函数，对可再生能源发电和电力消耗的不确定性进行综合表征；第三，通过模糊自适应机制实现双向源负荷匹配的鲁棒柔性协调，结合隶属函数增强优化可靠性。最后，通过精确等价类求解器将模糊约束转化为确定性方程，并采用基于arctan函数的惯性权值线性递减的改进粒子群优化算法（IPSO）优化时间步长的置信水平。研究结果表明，电力负荷的不确定性显著增加了调度成本（多源不确定性情景下的调度成本比确定性情景下的调度成本高51.2%），而要平衡系统可靠性和经济效率，置信水平必须达到0.7。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of hydration temperature variation in reinforced concrete beam construction under winter conditions 冬季条件下钢筋混凝土梁结构水化温度变化试验研究

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102243

Burak Gedik , Dilek Okuyucu , İlker Kazaz , Ahmet Ferhat Bingöl , Muhammet Şahin , Burak Şahin

This study investigates the early-age thermal behaviour and hydration process of large-scale reinforced concrete beams cast under both winter and summer conditions, with a focus on the influence of fresh concrete temperature, admixture use, and environmental factors. Temperature monitoring was conducted for a minimum of 72 h using embedded sensors, and special attention was given to winter concreting under natural atmospheric conditions. Two winter casting scenarios were defined: Winter-1, with ambient temperatures below –15 °C, and Winter-2, ranging between –15 °C and +5 °C. Results show that fresh concrete temperature is the dominant factor in initiating hydration, with admixtures alone proving insufficient at low temperatures. Solar exposure and daytime casting significantly improved hydration behaviour, especially when specimens were covered with greenhouse plastic. In contrast, night-time casting under sub-zero temperatures delayed hydration by several hours, particularly in unheated conditions. Summer specimens exhibited consistent hydration aligned with reference laboratory behaviour. The temperature–time factor development of the without admixture winter group specimens average decreased by 39 % after 48 h. The findings highlight the importance of controlling fresh concrete temperature and utilizing environmental aids in cold weather concreting.

本研究研究了冬季和夏季条件下大型钢筋混凝土梁的早期热行为和水化过程，重点研究了新混凝土温度、外加剂使用和环境因素的影响。使用嵌入式传感器进行了至少72小时的温度监测，并特别注意自然大气条件下的冬季混凝土。定义了两种冬季铸造场景：冬季-1，环境温度低于-15°C，冬季-2，环境温度介于-15°C至+5°C之间。结果表明，初拌混凝土的温度是水化的主导因素，单独使用外加剂在低温条件下是不够的。日晒和日间浇铸显著改善了水化行为，特别是当标本被温室塑料覆盖时。相比之下，在零度以下的夜间浇筑会使水合作用延迟几个小时，特别是在没有加热的条件下。夏季标本表现出与参考实验室行为一致的水化。无外加剂冬季组试件的温度-时间因子发展在48 h后平均下降39%。研究结果强调了在寒冷天气混凝土中控制新拌混凝土温度和利用环境助剂的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Leveraging uncertainty for transmission period control in IoT applications 利用物联网应用中传输周期控制的不确定性

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102248

Gyeong Ho Lee , Sungpil Woo , Jaeseob Han

In numerous Internet of Things (IoT) applications, vast amounts of data are continuously collected and transmitted by IoT sensors to enable precise, real-time environmental monitoring. However, frequent data transmission significantly increases energy consumption, posing a critical challenge for IoT systems. To address this issue, we propose the uncertainty-based optimal transmission period control (U-OTPC) model, which adaptively adjusts the transmission period of each IoT sensor to minimize energy consumption while preserving data accuracy. The optimal transmission period is derived by formulating a min–max optimization problem that balances energy consumption and data quality, where data quality is quantified using a combination of reconstruction error and uncertainty. To estimate predictive uncertainty, we leverage the Monte Carlo (MC) dropout technique, a factor often overlooked in transmission period control models. To efficiently solve this problem, the U-OTPC integrates theoretical propositions with a

k

-ary search algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed model is rigorously validated through extensive evaluations on three distinct open datasets collected from real-time monitoring. Experimental results show that the U-OTPC model surpasses other benchmarks in the period control score (PCS) metric, effectively balancing data collection accuracy and energy consumption.

在众多物联网（IoT）应用中，物联网传感器不断收集和传输大量数据，以实现精确、实时的环境监测。然而，频繁的数据传输大大增加了能源消耗，对物联网系统构成了严峻的挑战。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了基于不确定性的最优传输周期控制（U-OTPC）模型，该模型自适应调整每个物联网传感器的传输周期，以最大限度地减少能耗，同时保持数据准确性。通过制定平衡能耗和数据质量的最小-最大优化问题推导出最优传输周期，其中数据质量使用重构误差和不确定性的组合来量化。为了估计预测不确定性，我们利用蒙特卡罗（MC） dropout技术，这是一个在传输周期控制模型中经常被忽视的因素。为了有效地解决这一问题，U-OTPC将理论命题与k-ary搜索算法相结合。通过对从实时监测中收集的三个不同的开放数据集进行广泛评估，严格验证了所提出模型的有效性。实验结果表明，U-OTPC模型在周期控制分数（PCS）指标上优于其他基准，有效地平衡了数据采集精度和能耗。

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引用次数: 0

Secure and imperceptible medical image watermarking via multiscale QR embedding and attention-based optimization 基于多尺度QR嵌入和注意力优化的安全且不易察觉的医学图像水印

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102250

Ahmed Said Beggari , Ali Wali , Amine Khaldi , Med Redouane Kafi , Aditya Kumar Sahu

The exponential growth of telemedicine and digital health platforms has introduced serious challenges in maintaining the confidentiality, authenticity, and diagnostic integrity of medical images transmitted over insecure networks. This study specifically addresses these challenges by developing a blind and imperceptible watermarking architecture that ensures both data privacy and image reliability. The proposed method integrates four complementary techniques—Non-Subsampled Shearlet Transform (NSST) for multiscale feature extraction, QR decomposition for numerically stable embedding, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for adaptive block selection, and Grad-CAM attention maps for perceptual guidance. Together, these components solve three long-standing issues in medical image protection: (1) preserving diagnostic quality while embedding sensitive data, (2) achieving robustness against signal and geometric distortions without reference to the original image, and (3) reducing computational complexity for real-time telemedicine integration. The watermark encodes both compressed patient metadata and biometric images using BCH error correction and XOR encryption. Experiments on colorized CT and X-ray datasets show high imperceptibility (PSNR = 45.21 dB, SSIM = 0.9864), strong robustness (NCC ≥ 0.897), and fast runtime (≈ 2 s per image), confirming the method’s suitability for secure and practical clinical deployment.

远程医疗和数字卫生平台的指数级增长，在维护通过不安全网络传输的医学图像的保密性、真实性和诊断完整性方面带来了严峻挑战。本研究通过开发一种盲的和难以察觉的水印架构来解决这些挑战，该架构可以确保数据隐私和图像可靠性。该方法集成了四种互补技术：用于多尺度特征提取的非下采样Shearlet变换（NSST）、用于数值稳定嵌入的QR分解、用于自适应块选择的粒子群优化（PSO）和用于感知引导的grado - cam注意图。这些组件共同解决了医学图像保护中三个长期存在的问题：(1)在嵌入敏感数据的同时保持诊断质量；(2)在不参考原始图像的情况下实现对信号和几何畸变的鲁棒性；(3)降低实时远程医疗集成的计算复杂度。水印使用BCH纠错和异或加密对压缩的患者元数据和生物特征图像进行编码。在彩色CT和x射线数据集上的实验表明，该方法具有较高的不可见性（PSNR = 45.21 dB, SSIM = 0.9864）、较强的鲁棒性（NCC≥0.897）和较快的运行时间（每张图像≈2 s），适合安全实用的临床部署。

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引用次数: 0

Graph-based EEG analysis for seizure prediction enhanced with Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks and Self-Supervised Learning 基于图的脑电图分析与Kolmogorov-Arnold网络和自监督学习的癫痫发作预测

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102245

Safa Ben Atitallah , Maha Driss , Wadii Boulila , Anis Koubaa

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder in which seizures pose major health problems, including sudden death. Despite advances in medicine, many patients do not react positively to treatments; therefore, early prediction of seizures is essential. However, precise detection remains challenging due to the complexity and variability of brain signals, as well as the scarcity of labeled clinical data to train conventional learning models. In this work, we propose SeizureNet-KAN, a novel fusion-based approach to predict seizures by transforming EEG data into graphs and integrating a custom-designed Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (KAN) layer into the Graph Convolutional Network (GCN). Furthermore, the proposed approach incorporates Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) to capture latent features from the EEG graph data effectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the idea of KAN has been used in graph SSL. We demonstrated that the proposed SeizureNet-KAN model, implemented within an SSL framework, effectively enhances seizure prediction. Unlike traditional methods, our model captures complex non-linear EEG dynamics and reduces dependence on labeled data. The hybrid SSL pretraining strategy effectively extracts meaningful representations, improving generalization across patients. The experimental findings on the CHB-MIT dataset demonstrated that our proposed approach achieves excellent accuracy and resilience in seizure prediction, with a mean accuracy of 97.68%, precision of 97.72%, recall of 97.53%, F1-score of 97.59%, and AUC of 99.28%. These results highlight the potential of SSL-driven graph models for real-time seizure prediction in personalized healthcare applications.

癫痫是一种常见的神经系统疾病，癫痫发作会造成严重的健康问题，包括猝死。尽管医学取得了进步，但许多患者对治疗的反应并不积极；因此，早期预测癫痫发作是至关重要的。然而，由于大脑信号的复杂性和可变性，以及用于训练传统学习模型的标记临床数据的稀缺性，精确检测仍然具有挑战性。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的基于融合的方法，通过将EEG数据转换为图形并将定制设计的Kolmogorov-Arnold网络（KAN）层集成到图卷积网络（GCN）中来预测癫痫发作。此外，该方法还结合了自监督学习（Self-Supervised Learning， SSL）来有效地捕获脑电信号数据中的潜在特征。据我们所知，这是第一次在图形SSL中使用KAN的思想。我们证明了提出的在SSL框架内实现的SeizureNet-KAN模型有效地增强了癫痫发作的预测。与传统方法不同，我们的模型捕获了复杂的非线性脑电图动态，减少了对标记数据的依赖。混合SSL预训练策略有效地提取有意义的表征，提高了患者的泛化程度。在CHB-MIT数据集上的实验结果表明，我们提出的方法在癫痫发作预测中具有良好的准确性和弹性，平均准确率为97.68%，精密度为97.72%，召回率为97.53%，f1得分为97.59%，AUC为99.28%。这些结果突出了ssl驱动的图形模型在个性化医疗保健应用中用于实时癫痫预测的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Risk assessment method for stator transposition bar of AC generator based on fault dataset and Markov chain 基于故障数据集和马尔可夫链的交流发电机定子换位杆风险评估方法

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102249

Chenguang Wang, Hecheng Yang, Lei Ni, Xu Bian, Dongmei Wang, Yanping Liang

The transposition bar is an important component in large generators, the insulation fault in transposition bars is extremely dangerous for the daily operation of generators. The circulating current losses of the stator windings are usually considered in traditional transposition designs. The risk and hazard of the transposition bar inter-strands short-circuit fault are neglected. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the risk of the transposition bars. This paper proposes a new risk assessment method for transposition bars. This method enables the comprehensive risk assessment of the design, circulating current losses, and fault risk of transposition bars. Firstly, the strand current of all short-circuit fault schemes of the transposition bar is calculated by the leakage reactance electromotive potential method and the fault dataset is established. Further, based on the fault dataset, risk indexes: severity and probability are proposed. The probability of short-circuit fault for each category is calculated by Markov chain. Finally, the risk indexes of three transposition types are calculated and compared with the traditional index. The risk of 360° and 360°+25 mm transposition is 7.5 times larger than that of 308° transposition. A risk assessment method for the transposition bar is proposed, which considers both operation efficiency and reliability. This method provides a new basis for the transposition designs.

换位排是大型发电机的重要部件，换位排的绝缘故障对发电机的日常运行是极其危险的。传统的换位设计通常考虑定子绕组的循环电流损耗。忽略了换位杆股间短路故障的危险性和危害。因此，有必要对换位杆的风险进行评估。提出了一种新的换位杆风险评估方法。该方法能够对换位杆的设计、环流损耗和故障风险进行综合风险评估。首先，采用漏抗电势法计算换位杆各短路故障方案的股电流，建立故障数据集；进一步，基于故障数据集，提出了严重程度和概率风险指标。利用马尔可夫链计算各类别短路故障的概率。最后，计算了三种换位类型的风险指数，并与传统指数进行了比较。360°和360°+ 25mm转位的风险是308°转位的7.5倍。提出了一种兼顾运行效率和可靠性的换位杆风险评估方法。该方法为换位设计提供了新的依据。

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引用次数: 0

Fuel-cell electric vehicle integrated shunt active power filter with advanced control algorithm for energy management and harmonic suppression 燃料电池汽车集成并联有源电力滤波器，采用先进的能量管理和谐波抑制控制算法

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102241

Mehmet Zahid Erel

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) offer high energy density, zero emissions, and fast refueling, making them ideal for sustainable transport. However, power converters and charging stations introduce nonlinear currents that distort waveforms and reduce power quality (PQ). Shunt Active Power Filters (SAPFs) have emerged as effective solutions to these challenges. This study presents a sliding mode control (SMC) strategy with phase-decoupled Kalman filtering for improved harmonic suppression, power factor correction, and DC-link voltage regulation under varying load and grid conditions. The Kalman filter, based on a simplified converter model, enhances noise immunity and enables independent SMCs with fixed switching frequency. A saturation-based SMC is used for robust DC-link voltage control. The proposed control reduces grid current THD to 1.53 % under 10 % voltage sag and maintains 4.23 % under distorted grid conditions, complying with IEEE-519 standards. Power factor improves to near unity (0.989–1). DC-link voltage ripple is limited to ΔV = 2 V, with fast response time under 50 ms and minimal overshoot. Additionally, the SAPF supports 3 kW of active power, easing the grid burden. Simulations confirm the strategy’s effectiveness in improving FCEV performance, addressing power quality and efficiency issues.

燃料电池电动汽车（fcev）具有高能量密度、零排放和快速加油的特点，是可持续交通的理想选择。然而，电源转换器和充电站引入的非线性电流会扭曲波形并降低电能质量（PQ）。并联有源电源滤波器（sapf）已成为应对这些挑战的有效解决方案。该研究提出了一种采用相位解耦卡尔曼滤波的滑模控制策略，以改善谐波抑制、功率因数校正以及在变负载和电网条件下的直流链路电压调节。卡尔曼滤波器基于简化的变换器模型，增强了噪声抗扰性，并使独立的smc具有固定的开关频率。基于饱和的SMC用于稳健的直流链路电压控制。该控制方案在电压跌落10%的情况下将电网电流THD降低至1.53%，在电网畸变条件下保持4.23%，符合IEEE-519标准。功率因数提高到接近统一（0.989-1）。直流链路电压纹波限制为ΔV = 2 V，响应时间在50 ms以下，超调最小。此外，SAPF支持3kw有功功率，减轻电网负担。仿真验证了该策略在提高FCEV性能、解决电能质量和效率问题方面的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Design, analysis and experimental validation of novel accelerated adaptive predefined time SMC for nonlinear systems 非线性系统加速自适应预定义时间SMC的设计、分析与实验验证

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102246

Saleem Riaz, Bingqiang Li

Predefined-time stability (PDTS) controllers are sought for industrial nonlinear systems as they guarantee convergence within a user-defined time, independent of initial conditions. However, conventional PDTS sliding mode controllers often suffer from a trade-off between convergence speed and robustness, are prone to singularity issues, and typically lack adaptive mechanisms for handling uncertain dynamics. Achieving faster error convergence and ensuring stability in a nonlinear system (NLS) under disturbances for industrial control applications are challenging tasks. In this article a novel predefined time stability (PDTS) based adaptive sliding mode controller is designed for such NLS. Using this new PDTS, a novel theorem is presented which includes an extra square term that increases convergence speed, making the controller more robust and guaranteeing the predefined time convergence. Then a new PDTS sliding surface has been designed in which a novel piecewise function has been added to address the singularity issue which is commonly encountered in conventional predefined time sliding mode controllers (SMCs). This controller is further improved by including a novel adaptive law which offers more flexibility when setting up the controller stability. Moreover, a general form of the PDTS theorem is presented which is useful for implementing the proposed adaptive control law with other modified sophisticated control algorithms. The paper extends this new theoretical development to adaptive predefined time SMCs, and the simulation and experimental study reveal that the proposed method can achieve better control performance compared to existing predefined time controllers.

预定义时间稳定性（PDTS）控制器是工业非线性系统寻求的，因为它们保证在用户定义的时间内收敛，独立于初始条件。然而，传统的PDTS滑模控制器经常在收敛速度和鲁棒性之间权衡，容易出现奇点问题，并且通常缺乏处理不确定动态的自适应机制。在工业控制应用中，实现更快的误差收敛和确保非线性系统（NLS）在干扰下的稳定性是一项具有挑战性的任务。本文设计了一种新的基于预定义时间稳定性（PDTS）的自适应滑模控制器。利用这种新的PDTS，提出了一个新的定理，该定理增加了一个平方项，提高了收敛速度，使控制器更具鲁棒性，并保证了预定义的时间收敛性。然后设计了一种新的PDTS滑动曲面，并在其上加入了一种新的分段函数，以解决传统的预定义时间滑模控制器（SMCs）中常见的奇异性问题。该控制器通过加入一种新的自适应律进一步改进，该律在设置控制器稳定性时提供了更大的灵活性。此外，还给出了PDTS定理的一般形式，该形式可用于与其他改进的复杂控制算法一起实现所提出的自适应控制律。本文将这一新的理论发展扩展到自适应预定义时间控制器，仿真和实验研究表明，与现有的预定义时间控制器相比，所提出的方法可以获得更好的控制性能。

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引用次数: 0

Front Matter 1 - Full Title Page (regular issues)/Special Issue Title page (special issues) 封面1 -完整的扉页（每期）/特刊扉页（每期）

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0986(25)00312-X

引用次数: 0

Advancements and applications of wind tunnel testing in aerial vehicle development: A state-of-the-art overview 风洞试验在飞行器研制中的进展和应用：最新概况

IF 5.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-Jestech

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102244

Durjoy Kumar Paul , Hasan Muhommod Robin , Nishitha Paul , Mim Mashrur Ahmed , Mahadi Hasan Masud

Wind tunnel testing of aerial vehicles is a crucial step prior to the commercialization of vehicles. This paper focuses on an overview of common wind tunnel testing methods for various aerial vehicles with detailed specifications and flow conditions inside the wind tunnels. This work begins with the classification of wind tunnels and overviewing their evolution over the years. Later, wind tunnel specifications for testing scaled-down models of aerial vehicles and commercial models were discussed, along with the associated challenges and limitations. Literature reveals that challenges associated with the scaling of aerial vehicles, as well as cost, time, and technological limitations, need to be addressed to increase the accuracy of the wind tunnel testing. Lastly, this work summarizes the key specifications of the wind tunnels individually for different types of aerial vehicles, which will be beneficial for the researchers while selecting the suitable wind tunnel with desired specifications for particular applications.

飞行器的风洞试验是飞行器商业化前的关键一步。本文重点概述了各种飞行器常用的风洞试验方法，并详细介绍了风洞内的流动情况和试验规范。这项工作从风洞的分类开始，并回顾了它们多年来的演变。随后，讨论了用于测试飞行器和商业模型的缩小模型的风洞规范，以及相关的挑战和限制。文献显示，为了提高风洞测试的准确性，需要解决与飞行器规模、成本、时间和技术限制相关的挑战。最后，总结了不同类型飞行器风洞的关键规格，有助于研究人员根据具体应用选择合适的风洞。

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引用次数: 0