ChemBioEng Reviews最新文献

The goal of microphysiological systems (MPS) is to replicate the relevant functionality of human organ tissues in in vitro. MPS technology so far has been used to simulate the various human organs and with the help of sensor integration in the MPS systems the biological activities of the organ to be modeled have been translated into data to be analyzed for further considerations. Most standard characterization approaches are intrusive and detrimental, and not feasible for online monitoring of cell cultures. Microfluidic biosensors, for instant, provide non-invasive on-line detection of biomarkers and molecules under targeted indicators with a high detection extent, successfully overcoming the limits of existing approaches. Microfluidic biosensors are rapidly being incorporated into MPS and employed for real-time target identification as a result. In this review the focus is on emerging ways for miniaturizing and embedding biosensing systems in MPS also known as “organ-on-chip”. Cutting-edge microfluidic biosensors are also covered with examples, showing their key benefits in monitoring MPS and highlighting current breakthroughs, before describing the remaining problems and anticipated future improvements in integrated microfluidic biosensors.

Neodymium is critically scarce and is often used in supportable technologies such as permanent magnets, batteries, and catalysts. The extraction of it from virgin ores causes environmental degradation and recycling of end-of-life (EOL) products proves to be an alternative to meet its future criticality. From an environmental and economic point of view, magnets produced from recovered neodymium perform better than the ones produced from virgin neodymium. In this review various technologies such as hydro metallurgy, pyro metallurgy, supercritical CO₂ extraction, desalination, and adsorption have been discussed for the recovery of this metal from different EOL sources. The advantages and limitations of these methods are summarized. Different experimental status like sources, temperature, aqueous phase composition, organic phase make up, and maximum recovery efficiency are also looked upon. This review may prove beneficial for the researchers to design recovery road maps under different circumstances.

Nanocarbons play a significant role in the development of alternative, clean and sustainable energy technologies. The utility of low-dimensional nanostructured carbons (one-, two- and three-dimensional) in the new generation of batteries have shown great potential due to their physicochemical and electrochemical properties as well as high safety. The electrodes made from nanostructured carbon materials with different dimensions, size and structures offer enhanced ionic transport and electronic conductivity as compared to conventional batteries. They also enable the occupation of all intercalation sites available in the particle which leads to high specific capacities, fast ion diffusion, superior rate capability and long-term cyclability. The carbonaceous nanosized active materials are important to enhance the electrical conductivity of the electrode materials and buffer the structural change and strain during sodium insertion and extraction. Application potentialities of different low-dimensional nanostructured carbons in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are discussed in this part II. It also deals with the modifications made on the carbonaceous material by doping with heteroatoms, expressing diversified morphologies with porous materials or compositing with organic or inorganic species.

The pulp and paper industry is one of the most significant industrial water polluters, generating large volumes of wastewater with high levels of organic pollutants, suspended solids, and other contaminants. Catalytic ozonation has emerged as a promising technique for the treatment of pulp and paper industry wastewater. Numerous reviews have presented the research on catalytic ozonation; however, open literature is missing a bibliometric analysis. Therefore, this article presents a bibliometric analysis of the research available on catalytic ozonation in pulp and paper industry wastewater treatment. A total of 578 documents extracted from the Scopus database have been examined via VOSviewer, MS Excel, and Rstudio to identify the research trends, influential authors, and research institutions in the field. The results reveal that the number of publications on the topic has increased significantly in recent years. This study also identified several influential authors, institutions, and highlighted future research directions in the field. Overall, the study provides insights into the state of research on catalytic ozonation in pulp and paper industry wastewater treatment and could help guide future research efforts in this area.

Biochar is a porous fine-grained substance produced from the pyrolysis technology of biomass that can be commercially used as a soil conditioner to promote soil fertility. Biochar is characterized by high carbon content, stability, and porosity. However, organic pollutants residue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is also formed during the pyrolysis of biochar. The high concentration of PAHs adversely degrades the quality of biochar for soil amendment application. Meanwhile, highly toxic-PAHs concentration may pose a potential threat to both human health and the environment. The total PAHs yield is mainly influenced by the pyrolysis condition and feedstock resource. This review aims to discuss the conversion pyrolysis technology of biochar and factors that may influence the PAHs formation. The key research findings from this literature will lead to some strategies to minimize the PAHs compound in biochar by controlling the pyrolysis conditions through higher pyrolysis temperature, carrier gas flow, and prolonged pyrolysis time or by selecting suitable feedstock with lower lignin content.

Membrane separation processes are becoming a significant part of fruit juice processing industries because of their excellent selectivity, absence of thermal and chemical treatments, and energy efficiency. Specifically, the applicability of ceramic membranes in citrus fruit juice clarification is more promising as they are highly stable in a corrosive environment and have a longer lifetime. However, ceramic membranes are costlier than polymeric membranes due to the high cost of raw materials. Therefore, numerous alternative low-cost precursors for making the ceramic membrane are being utilized. Accordingly, the current review is focused on the different low-cost raw materials and various fabrication methods to synthesize different ceramic membranes. Further, the ceramic membrane's application in fruit juice clarification is intensely discussed. In any membrane separation process, fouling is an unavoidable constraint. In the current review, various mechanisms involved in fouling are emphasized in detail. In addition, a variety of techniques to reduce fouling are extensively deliberated. Furthermore, ceramic membranes' challenges and future perspectives for further development are also systematically highlighted.

In the recent past, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have assumed to be an alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as sodium is abundantly available in nature. It is low cost with its storage mechanism almost similar to LIBs. The ionic radius of Na is three-fold larger than that of Li and offers a low standard electrochemical potential than Li. The built-in SIBs are better than LIBs. However, in terms of energy density, specific capacity, and rate capability, there is a lack of suitable anode materials for SIBs. Interestingly, carbon-based quantum dots are a new class of zero-dimensional (0D) material with ultra-small size having unique physicochemical properties. The utility of carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (g-C₃N₄ QDs) has drawn attention to the scientists and industrialists for the development of SIBs due to their quantum size and structural diversities, physicochemical properties, amenability for doping with heteroatoms and good electrical conductivity. This article reviews the role of various carbon quantum dots commonly used as anodes in SIBs.

Despite the increasing interest in biodiesel production from microalgae, the high cost of multistage production processes still hinders its commercialization. The high oil productivity of microalgae and their ability to grow rapidly under harsh conditions and in saline water make them a favorable feedstock for biodiesel production. In this review, conventional methods of producing biodiesel from microalgae are thoroughly discussed and compared to state-of-the-art technologies. Considerable emphasis has been put on the adoption of biocatalysts as alternative greener and more effective catalysts. Challenges facing the biocatalytic process and innovative ways to overcome them are also presented. The main focus is on the in-situ biodiesel production processes, which are promising to pave the way for industrial application of microalgae-to-biodiesel process. The use of state-of the-art thermoresponsive switchable solvents, coupled with immobilized lipase, for simultaneous cell disruption, oil extraction-reaction, and product separation in one pot has shown to be highly favorable. Because enzymes are expensive, finding ways to enhance their stability and reusability for a greater number of cycles is essential for the process to be economically viable and competitive.

The gasification of biomass with supercritical water, also known as SCWG, is a sustainable method of hydrogen production. The process produces a mixture of hydrogen, carbon oxides, and hydrocarbons. Upgrading this mixture through steam or dry reforming of hydrocarbons to create synthesis gas and then extra hydrogen is a viable way to increase hydrogen production from biomass. This literature review discusses combining these two processes and recent experimental work on catalytic SCWG of biomass and its model compounds and steam/dry reforming of produced hydrocarbons. It focuses on catalysts used in these processes and their key criteria, such as activity, selectivity towards hydrogen and methane, and ability to inhibit carbon formation and deposition. A new criterion is proposed to evaluate catalyst performance in biomass SCWG and the need for further upgrading via reforming, based on the ratio of hydrogen bound in hydrocarbons to total hydrogen produced during SCWG. The review concludes that most catalysts used in biomass SCWG trap a large proportion of hydrogen in hydrocarbons, necessitating further processing of the product stream.

The constant need for advanced materials led by modern research continues the exploitation of old remedies and innovation to find new solutions. The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents has revolutionized modern chemical research. The non-toxic green technology has inspired new paradigms in chemical reactions and synthesis. Developing nontoxic materials for industrial and biomedical applications has endorsed the use of ILs in synthesis and fabrication. In terms of biomedical materials, the exploration for novel technologies to deal with chronic and nonhealing injuries desires degradable materials. One of the vastly used biomaterials is cellulose, which is nondegradable on its own unless digested by special enzymes produced by bacteria in nature. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a naturally occurring more refined and purified form of cellulose which again is nondegradable on its own. Looking for technologies that can modify the BC in situ or ex situ is a challenge. This review is bound to give insight into the current scientific research being conducted to render BC degradable for biomedical applications. The data has been collected through Clarivate analysis, Google search, PubMed Central Identifier (PMCID), and Research Gate. The lack of available literature on this topic allowed us to include all the articles related to the subject as old as 1988 onwards.