Shortly after the discovery of antibiotics and their successful application to treat infectious diseases, researchers discovered the growth-promoting capacity of sub-therapeutic antibiotic treatment (Jukes and Williams, 1953; Taylor and Gordon, 1955; Dubos et al., 1963). For more than 60 yr, sub-therapeutic antibiotic treatment has been shown to increase growth rate and weight gain in a wide variety of livestock, including chickens, pigs, cows, and sheep, indicating an evolutionarily conserved relationship between microbes and host metabolism. Because of the high cost of antibiotics at the time of initial discovery (Cromwell, 2002), antibiotics were provided low levels in the animal feed. This economically constrained dosage choice turned out to be a fortunate one, since later studies demonstrated that highdose antibiotic treatment could lead to reduced weight gain or weight loss (Dubos et al., 1963; Carvalho et al., 2012). Many classes of antibiotics are efficacious for growth promotion, including those used to treat human diseases and categorized by the FDA as highly important or critically important for human health, such as b-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines (Apley et al., 2012), although the specific antibiotic within the class may differ for human vs. animal use (e.g., azithromycin is a macrolide used for humans, and tylosin a veterinary macrolide). While many antibiotics have been banned in Europe for decades (Millet and Maertens, 2011), their use is only recently being phased out in the United States in response to FDA guidance for a voluntary withdrawal. The antimicrobial dose for growth promotion is often one to two orders of magnitude lower than for therapeutic applications (Apley et al., 2012; Subbiah et al., 2016) and does not have the primary goal of treating disease or preventing infection (Allen and Stanton, 2014). For example, chlortetracycline would be administered at 70 mg/animal/day for growth promotion, at 350 mg/animal/day to for prophylaxis against catching infection, and at 22 mg/kg body weight—approximately 6,600 mg/animal for a 300-kg steer (Cazer et al., 2014). The practice of using low-dose antibiotic growth promotion continues today around the world and is projected to increase in several countries (Van Boeckel et al., 2015). While it has economic benefits associated with increasing weight gain and feed efficiency (the conversion of food to animal mass), results can vary across production facilities, and there is growing evidence and concerns that widespread use of low-dose antibiotics increases the selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their transmission to the human population (Allen et al., 2013). In recent years, there has been both legislative actions and consumer pressure to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics for growth promotion (Borron, 2012; Antibiotics shape microbiota and weight gain across the animal kingdom
在发现抗生素并成功应用于治疗传染病后不久，研究人员发现亚治疗性抗生素治疗具有促进生长的能力(Jukes和Williams, 1953;泰勒和戈登，1955年;Dubos et al.， 1963)。60多年来，亚治疗性抗生素治疗已被证明可以提高多种牲畜的生长速度和体重增加，包括鸡、猪、牛和羊，这表明微生物与宿主代谢之间存在进化上保守的关系。由于抗生素在最初发现时的成本很高(克伦威尔，2002年)，抗生素在动物饲料中的含量很低。这种经济上受限制的剂量选择被证明是幸运的，因为后来的研究表明，大剂量抗生素治疗可能导致体重增加或减轻(Dubos等人，1963;Carvalho et al.， 2012)。许多种类的抗生素对促进生长是有效的，包括那些用于治疗人类疾病并被FDA归类为对人类健康非常重要或至关重要的抗生素，如b-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、林科胺类和四环素类(Apley等，2012)，尽管该类抗生素在人类和动物使用中可能有所不同(例如，阿奇霉素是一种用于人类的大环内酯类药物，而泰洛素是一种兽医用大环内酯类药物)。虽然许多抗生素在欧洲已经被禁止了几十年(Millet和Maertens, 2011)，但它们的使用直到最近才在美国被逐步淘汰，以响应FDA对自愿退出的指导。用于促进生长的抗菌剂量通常比用于治疗的剂量低一到两个数量级(Apley等人，2012;Subbiah et al.， 2016)，其主要目的不是治疗疾病或预防感染(Allen and Stanton, 2014)。例如，用于促进生长的剂量为70毫克/头动物/天，用于预防感染的剂量为350毫克/头动物/天，对于300公斤重的牛，剂量为22毫克/头动物——约为6600毫克/头动物(Cazer等人，2014年)。使用低剂量抗生素促进生长的做法今天在世界各地仍在继续，预计在一些国家会增加(Van Boeckel等人，2015)。虽然它具有与增加体重和饲料效率(食物转化为动物质量)相关的经济效益，但不同生产设施的结果可能有所不同，而且越来越多的证据和担忧表明，广泛使用低剂量抗生素增加了对抗生素耐药细菌的选择及其向人类的传播(Allen et al.， 2013)。近年来，有立法行动和消费者的压力，以减少或消除使用抗生素促进生长(Borron, 2012;抗生素会影响整个动物王国的微生物群和体重增加
{"title":"Antibiotics shape microbiota and weight gain across the animal kingdom","authors":"Laura M. Cox","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Shortly after the discovery of antibiotics and their successful application to treat infectious diseases, researchers discovered the growth-promoting capacity of sub-therapeutic antibiotic treatment (Jukes and Williams, 1953; Taylor and Gordon, 1955; Dubos et al., 1963). For more than 60 yr, sub-therapeutic antibiotic treatment has been shown to increase growth rate and weight gain in a wide variety of livestock, including chickens, pigs, cows, and sheep, indicating an evolutionarily conserved relationship between microbes and host metabolism. Because of the high cost of antibiotics at the time of initial discovery (Cromwell, 2002), antibiotics were provided low levels in the animal feed. This economically constrained dosage choice turned out to be a fortunate one, since later studies demonstrated that highdose antibiotic treatment could lead to reduced weight gain or weight loss (Dubos et al., 1963; Carvalho et al., 2012). Many classes of antibiotics are efficacious for growth promotion, including those used to treat human diseases and categorized by the FDA as highly important or critically important for human health, such as b-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines (Apley et al., 2012), although the specific antibiotic within the class may differ for human vs. animal use (e.g., azithromycin is a macrolide used for humans, and tylosin a veterinary macrolide). While many antibiotics have been banned in Europe for decades (Millet and Maertens, 2011), their use is only recently being phased out in the United States in response to FDA guidance for a voluntary withdrawal. The antimicrobial dose for growth promotion is often one to two orders of magnitude lower than for therapeutic applications (Apley et al., 2012; Subbiah et al., 2016) and does not have the primary goal of treating disease or preventing infection (Allen and Stanton, 2014). For example, chlortetracycline would be administered at 70 mg/animal/day for growth promotion, at 350 mg/animal/day to for prophylaxis against catching infection, and at 22 mg/kg body weight—approximately 6,600 mg/animal for a 300-kg steer (Cazer et al., 2014). The practice of using low-dose antibiotic growth promotion continues today around the world and is projected to increase in several countries (Van Boeckel et al., 2015). While it has economic benefits associated with increasing weight gain and feed efficiency (the conversion of food to animal mass), results can vary across production facilities, and there is growing evidence and concerns that widespread use of low-dose antibiotics increases the selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their transmission to the human population (Allen et al., 2013). In recent years, there has been both legislative actions and consumer pressure to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics for growth promotion (Borron, 2012; Antibiotics shape microbiota and weight gain across the animal kingdom","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
• Methane emissions from ruminant livestock are proposed to contribute ~10 to 20% of annual global greenhouse gas emissions. • Recent efforts have shown that "low methane emitting" animals can be identified both within and across species, including nondomesticated herbivores. • Methanogens are also present within the human gut and some other body sites, and variations in their diversity and/or abundance has been linked to some functional gastrointestinal disorders and non-communicable chronic diseases. • Recent advances in "-omics" technologies have provided new insights of the roles that methanogens play in both feed digestion and host-microbe interactions. • Although much research and understanding has been derived from the study of the numerically dominant Methanobrevibacter genus, the recent studies outlined above have shown that other, "heterotrophic" methanogens warrant greater attention. • Here, we provide a brief overview of our recent research of the Methanosphaera genus and outline the possible consequences associated with its presence in the gut of livestock, native Australian herbivores, and humans.
{"title":"Methane matters: from blue-tinged moos, to boozy roos, and the health of humans too","authors":"E. Hoedt, P. Ó. Cuív, M. Morrison","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0029","url":null,"abstract":"• Methane emissions from ruminant livestock are proposed to contribute ~10 to 20% of annual global greenhouse gas emissions. • Recent efforts have shown that \"low methane emitting\" animals can be identified both within and across species, including nondomesticated herbivores. • Methanogens are also present within the human gut and some other body sites, and variations in their diversity and/or abundance has been linked to some functional gastrointestinal disorders and non-communicable chronic diseases. • Recent advances in \"-omics\" technologies have provided new insights of the roles that methanogens play in both feed digestion and host-microbe interactions. • Although much research and understanding has been derived from the study of the numerically dominant Methanobrevibacter genus, the recent studies outlined above have shown that other, \"heterotrophic\" methanogens warrant greater attention. • Here, we provide a brief overview of our recent research of the Methanosphaera genus and outline the possible consequences associated with its presence in the gut of livestock, native Australian herbivores, and humans.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gut microbiota, diet, and health: Application to livestock and companion animals","authors":"K. Swanson","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of the gut microbiota in equine health and disease","authors":"E. Venable, S. Bland, J. L. McPherson, J. Francis","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Importance of gut microbiota for the health and disease of dogs and cats","authors":"Amanda B Blake, J. Suchodolski","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pig intestine is home to a dynamic microbial population that forms a complex ecosystem and has a symbiotic relationship with the host. The population of gut microbes, or microbiota, plays key roles in maintaining nutritional, physiological, and immunological functions of the pig (Lee and Mazmanian, 2010; Brestoff and Artis, 2013). However, this microbial population also includes disease-causing organisms such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Clostridia. These pathogenic organisms can cause substantial morbidity and mortality; thus, prophylactic use of antibiotics has been common in livestock industries. Disturbances in the gut microbial ecosystem during the rearing of pigs can dramatically increase risk of disease. To meet production goals in the swine industry, piglets are weaned early, before a stable microbial population is established and the immune system is mature. Stress at weaning further disrupts the gut microbial ecosystem (Konstantinov et al., 2006), increasing susceptibility to bacterial post-weaning diarrhea (Lallès et al., 2004). The use of prophylactic antibiotics tends to balance these disturbances, decreasing incidence of gastrointestinal disease, particularly at weaning. Widespread use of prophylactic and growth-promoting antibiotics has increased selective pressure for anti-microbial resistant bacteria and is now a major public health concern (Dibner and Richards, 2005). Using current knowledge of the host–microbial relationship, strategies including the use of prebiotics, highly fermentable carbohydrate cereal grains, probiotics, and (or) microbial transplants may promote animal health and reduce the need for antibiotic use. However, future research must quantitatively and qualitatively define the composition and function of a ‘healthy’ pig gut microbiota to successfully implement such strategies.
{"title":"The role of gut microbiota in the health and disease of pigs","authors":"J. Fouhse, R. Zijlstra, B. Willing","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0031","url":null,"abstract":"The pig intestine is home to a dynamic microbial population that forms a complex ecosystem and has a symbiotic relationship with the host. The population of gut microbes, or microbiota, plays key roles in maintaining nutritional, physiological, and immunological functions of the pig (Lee and Mazmanian, 2010; Brestoff and Artis, 2013). However, this microbial population also includes disease-causing organisms such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Clostridia. These pathogenic organisms can cause substantial morbidity and mortality; thus, prophylactic use of antibiotics has been common in livestock industries. Disturbances in the gut microbial ecosystem during the rearing of pigs can dramatically increase risk of disease. To meet production goals in the swine industry, piglets are weaned early, before a stable microbial population is established and the immune system is mature. Stress at weaning further disrupts the gut microbial ecosystem (Konstantinov et al., 2006), increasing susceptibility to bacterial post-weaning diarrhea (Lallès et al., 2004). The use of prophylactic antibiotics tends to balance these disturbances, decreasing incidence of gastrointestinal disease, particularly at weaning. Widespread use of prophylactic and growth-promoting antibiotics has increased selective pressure for anti-microbial resistant bacteria and is now a major public health concern (Dibner and Richards, 2005). Using current knowledge of the host–microbial relationship, strategies including the use of prebiotics, highly fermentable carbohydrate cereal grains, probiotics, and (or) microbial transplants may promote animal health and reduce the need for antibiotic use. However, future research must quantitatively and qualitatively define the composition and function of a ‘healthy’ pig gut microbiota to successfully implement such strategies.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reticulo-rumen is the largest compartment of the ruminant digestive tract, and it harbors a complex anaerobic microbial community capable of producing a wide array of enzymes, some of which are important for the breakdown of plant lignocellulosic and non-structural carbohydrate (starch, sugars) material through the process of fermentation (Russell and Rychlik, 2001). Important outcomes of microbial fermentation are the production of volatile fatty acids (or short-chain fatty acids) that serve as fuels for the animal’s tissues and the synthesis of microbial protein that provides amino acids for the animal to produce high-quality protein for human consumption, i.e., meat and milk. Studies over the last few decades have conclusively demonstrated that the ruminal microbial ecosystem (both of the neonate and mature ruminant) can be altered by nutritional management (McCann et al., 2014b). Therefore, nutrition represents an important tool for manipulating the microbial ecosystem to optimize rumen function while producing high-quality meat and milk for meeting the demands of a growing human population. The recent development of omic technologies, e.g., sequencing of the 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA gene, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics, along with bioinformatics tools, have not only enhanced the understanding of the rumen ecology, but also our ability to predict the functional capacity of the microbiota (McCann et al., 2014b). From a production standpoint, it is believed that further gains in knowledge that in the medium-to-long term could lead to practical applications will arise from the integration of taxonomic and functional data with “classical” parameters of rumen digestion, metabolism, and performance (Morgavi et al., 2013). Our aim in this review is to provide recent examples demonstrating how nutrition can alter the structure, composition, and diversity of the rumen microbiota in beef and dairy production. In addition, we attempt to highlight points where there are knowledge gaps for further research.
网状瘤胃是反刍动物消化道中最大的隔间，它容纳着一个复杂的厌氧微生物群落，能够产生多种酶，其中一些酶对于通过发酵过程分解植物木质素、纤维素和非结构碳水化合物(淀粉、糖)物质很重要(Russell and Rychlik, 2001)。微生物发酵的重要结果是产生挥发性脂肪酸(或短链脂肪酸)，作为动物组织的燃料，并合成微生物蛋白，为动物提供氨基酸，以生产供人类食用的高质量蛋白质，即肉和奶。过去几十年的研究已经明确表明，营养管理可以改变瘤胃微生物生态系统(包括新生和成熟反刍动物)(McCann et al.， 2014b)。因此，营养是操纵微生物生态系统以优化瘤胃功能的重要工具，同时生产高质量的肉和奶，以满足不断增长的人口的需求。基因组学技术的最新发展，如16S和18S核糖体RNA基因测序、宏基因组学和亚转录组学，以及生物信息学工具，不仅增强了对瘤胃生态的理解，而且提高了我们预测微生物群功能能力的能力(McCann et al.， 2014b)。从生产的角度来看，人们相信，将分类和功能数据与瘤胃消化、代谢和性能的“经典”参数相结合，将进一步获得知识，从而在中长期内实现实际应用(Morgavi et al.， 2013)。我们在这篇综述中的目的是提供最近的例子来证明营养如何改变牛肉和乳制品生产中瘤胃微生物群的结构、组成和多样性。此外，我们试图强调存在知识空白的地方，以便进一步研究。
{"title":"Dietary impacts on rumen microbiota in beef and dairy production","authors":"J. Loor, A. Elolimy, J. McCann","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0030","url":null,"abstract":"The reticulo-rumen is the largest compartment of the ruminant digestive tract, and it harbors a complex anaerobic microbial community capable of producing a wide array of enzymes, some of which are important for the breakdown of plant lignocellulosic and non-structural carbohydrate (starch, sugars) material through the process of fermentation (Russell and Rychlik, 2001). Important outcomes of microbial fermentation are the production of volatile fatty acids (or short-chain fatty acids) that serve as fuels for the animal’s tissues and the synthesis of microbial protein that provides amino acids for the animal to produce high-quality protein for human consumption, i.e., meat and milk. Studies over the last few decades have conclusively demonstrated that the ruminal microbial ecosystem (both of the neonate and mature ruminant) can be altered by nutritional management (McCann et al., 2014b). Therefore, nutrition represents an important tool for manipulating the microbial ecosystem to optimize rumen function while producing high-quality meat and milk for meeting the demands of a growing human population. The recent development of omic technologies, e.g., sequencing of the 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA gene, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics, along with bioinformatics tools, have not only enhanced the understanding of the rumen ecology, but also our ability to predict the functional capacity of the microbiota (McCann et al., 2014b). From a production standpoint, it is believed that further gains in knowledge that in the medium-to-long term could lead to practical applications will arise from the integration of taxonomic and functional data with “classical” parameters of rumen digestion, metabolism, and performance (Morgavi et al., 2013). Our aim in this review is to provide recent examples demonstrating how nutrition can alter the structure, composition, and diversity of the rumen microbiota in beef and dairy production. In addition, we attempt to highlight points where there are knowledge gaps for further research.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gut microbiome and omics: a new definition to ruminant production and health","authors":"N. Malmuthuge, L. Guan","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68978992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The importance of microbiota in ruminant production","authors":"T. Alexander, J. Plaizier","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68978485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modifying gut microbiomes in large ruminants: Opportunities in non-intensive husbandry systems","authors":"M. Wadhwa, M. Bakshi, H. Makkar","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68978831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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