T. Yokoyama, H. Takahashi, S. Koshiya, T. Murano, M. Terauchi
Abstract The method deriving the L self-absorption spectrum from Lα,β emission spectra obtained at different accelerating voltages has been optimized for analyzing the chemical state of Fe in solid materials. Fe Lα,β emission spectra obtained are fitted using Pseudo-Voigt functions and normalized by the integrated intensity of each Fe Ll line, which is not affected by L2,3 absorption edge. The self-absorption spectrum is calculated by dividing the normalized intensity profile collected at low accelerating voltage by that collected at a higher accelerating voltage. The obtained profile is referred to as soft X-ray self-absorption structure (SX-SAS). This method is applied to six Fe-based materials (Fe metal, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeS and FeS2) to observe different chemical states of Fe in those materials. By comparing the self-absorption spectra of iron oxides, one can observe the L3 absorption peak structure shows a shift to the higher energy side as ferric (3+) Fe increases with respect to ferrous (+2) Fe. The intensity profiles of self-absorption spectra of metallic Fe and FeS2 shows shoulder structures between the L3 and L2 absorption peaks, which were not observed in spectra of Fe oxides. These results indicate that the SX-SAS technique is useful to examine X-ray absorption structure as a means to understand the chemical states of transition metal elements.
{"title":"Analytical technique for self-absorption structure of iron L-emission spectra obtained by soft X-ray emission spectrometer","authors":"T. Yokoyama, H. Takahashi, S. Koshiya, T. Murano, M. Terauchi","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfac009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfac009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The method deriving the L self-absorption spectrum from Lα,β emission spectra obtained at different accelerating voltages has been optimized for analyzing the chemical state of Fe in solid materials. Fe Lα,β emission spectra obtained are fitted using Pseudo-Voigt functions and normalized by the integrated intensity of each Fe Ll line, which is not affected by L2,3 absorption edge. The self-absorption spectrum is calculated by dividing the normalized intensity profile collected at low accelerating voltage by that collected at a higher accelerating voltage. The obtained profile is referred to as soft X-ray self-absorption structure (SX-SAS). This method is applied to six Fe-based materials (Fe metal, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeS and FeS2) to observe different chemical states of Fe in those materials. By comparing the self-absorption spectra of iron oxides, one can observe the L3 absorption peak structure shows a shift to the higher energy side as ferric (3+) Fe increases with respect to ferrous (+2) Fe. The intensity profiles of self-absorption spectra of metallic Fe and FeS2 shows shoulder structures between the L3 and L2 absorption peaks, which were not observed in spectra of Fe oxides. These results indicate that the SX-SAS technique is useful to examine X-ray absorption structure as a means to understand the chemical states of transition metal elements.","PeriodicalId":48655,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"71 1","pages":"169 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47496946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract It is difficult to discriminate the amorphous state using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). We discriminated different amorphous states on TEM images using persistent homology, which is a mathematical analysis technique that employs the homology concept and focuses on ‘holes’. The structural models of the different amorphous states, that is, amorphous and liquid states, were created using classical molecular dynamic simulation. TEM images in several defocus conditions were simulated by the multi-slice method using the created amorphous and liquid states, and their persistent diagrams were calculated. Finally, logistic regression and support vector classification machine learning algorithms were applied for discrimination. Consequently, we found that the amorphous and liquid phases can be discriminated by more than 85%. Because the contrast of TEM images depends on sample thickness, focus, lens aberration, etc., radial distribution function cannot be classified; however, the persistent homology can discriminate different amorphous states in a wide focus range.
{"title":"Classification for transmission electron microscope images from different amorphous states using persistent homology","authors":"Fumihiko Uesugi, M. Ishii","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfac008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfac008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is difficult to discriminate the amorphous state using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). We discriminated different amorphous states on TEM images using persistent homology, which is a mathematical analysis technique that employs the homology concept and focuses on ‘holes’. The structural models of the different amorphous states, that is, amorphous and liquid states, were created using classical molecular dynamic simulation. TEM images in several defocus conditions were simulated by the multi-slice method using the created amorphous and liquid states, and their persistent diagrams were calculated. Finally, logistic regression and support vector classification machine learning algorithms were applied for discrimination. Consequently, we found that the amorphous and liquid phases can be discriminated by more than 85%. Because the contrast of TEM images depends on sample thickness, focus, lens aberration, etc., radial distribution function cannot be classified; however, the persistent homology can discriminate different amorphous states in a wide focus range.","PeriodicalId":48655,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"71 1","pages":"161 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45762873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shoko Ishikawa, M. Nikaido, Takahito Otani, Kayoko Ogata, H. Iida, Yuko Inai, Sachio Tamaoki, T. Inai
Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in epithelial homeostasis and influences the morphology, proliferation, differentiation and permeability of epithelial cells. Mouse keratinocytes, K38, reconstituted non-keratinized stratified epithelium in three-dimensional (3D) cultures with serum, which contains retinol (a source of RA), but the morphology was different from in vivo epithelium. The formed epithelium was thick, with loosened cell–cell contacts. Here, we investigated whether the inhibition of RA receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR)-mediated signaling by an RXR antagonist, HX 531, improved K38 3D cultures in terms of morphology and intercellular junctions. The epithelium formed by 0.5 μM HX531 was thin, and the intercellular space was narrowed because of the restoration of the layer-specific distribution of desmoglein (DSG)-1, DSG3 and plakoglobin (PG). Moreover, the levels of desmosomal proteins and tight junction proteins, including DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, PG, claudin (CLDN)-1 and CLDN4 increased, but the adherens junction protein, E-cadherin, did not show any change. Furthermore, CLDN1 was recruited to occludin-positive cell–cell contacts in the superficial cells and transepithelial electrical resistance was increased. Therefore, K38 3D cultures treated with 0.5 μM HX531 provides a useful in vitro model to study intercellular junctions in the non-keratinized epithelium.
{"title":"Inhibition of retinoid X receptor improved the morphology, localization of desmosomal proteins and paracellular permeability in three-dimensional cultures of mouse keratinocytes","authors":"Shoko Ishikawa, M. Nikaido, Takahito Otani, Kayoko Ogata, H. Iida, Yuko Inai, Sachio Tamaoki, T. Inai","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfac007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfac007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in epithelial homeostasis and influences the morphology, proliferation, differentiation and permeability of epithelial cells. Mouse keratinocytes, K38, reconstituted non-keratinized stratified epithelium in three-dimensional (3D) cultures with serum, which contains retinol (a source of RA), but the morphology was different from in vivo epithelium. The formed epithelium was thick, with loosened cell–cell contacts. Here, we investigated whether the inhibition of RA receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR)-mediated signaling by an RXR antagonist, HX 531, improved K38 3D cultures in terms of morphology and intercellular junctions. The epithelium formed by 0.5 μM HX531 was thin, and the intercellular space was narrowed because of the restoration of the layer-specific distribution of desmoglein (DSG)-1, DSG3 and plakoglobin (PG). Moreover, the levels of desmosomal proteins and tight junction proteins, including DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, PG, claudin (CLDN)-1 and CLDN4 increased, but the adherens junction protein, E-cadherin, did not show any change. Furthermore, CLDN1 was recruited to occludin-positive cell–cell contacts in the superficial cells and transepithelial electrical resistance was increased. Therefore, K38 3D cultures treated with 0.5 μM HX531 provides a useful in vitro model to study intercellular junctions in the non-keratinized epithelium.","PeriodicalId":48655,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"71 1","pages":"152 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42852543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For quality control of special steels, the microstructure of the steel is visually inspected on the basis of microscopic images. In this study, aiming to eliminate the effect of personal differences between inspectors and reduce inspection costs, a system for automatically estimating quality level (hereafter, “automatic-quality-level-estimation system ‘’) based on machine learning is proposed and evaluated. Collecting the images is a manual task performed by the inspector, and it is difficult to prepare multiple training samples in advance. As for the proposed method, overfitting, which is a problem in training with few samples, is suppressed by data expansion based on variation distribution of correct-answer values. The correct-answer rate for judging quality level by an inspector was about 90%, while the proposed method achieved a rate of 90%, which is sufficient to render the method practically applicable.
{"title":"Machine-learning-based quality-level-estimation system for inspecting steel microstructures","authors":"Hiromi Nishiura, A. Miyamoto, Akira Ito, Shogo Suzuki, Kouhei Fujii, Hiroshi Morifuji, Hiroyuki Takatsuka","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfac019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfac019","url":null,"abstract":"For quality control of special steels, the microstructure of the steel is visually inspected on the basis of microscopic images. In this study, aiming to eliminate the effect of personal differences between inspectors and reduce inspection costs, a system for automatically estimating quality level (hereafter, “automatic-quality-level-estimation system ‘’) based on machine learning is proposed and evaluated. Collecting the images is a manual task performed by the inspector, and it is difficult to prepare multiple training samples in advance. As for the proposed method, overfitting, which is a problem in training with few samples, is suppressed by data expansion based on variation distribution of correct-answer values. The correct-answer rate for judging quality level by an inspector was about 90%, while the proposed method achieved a rate of 90%, which is sufficient to render the method practically applicable.","PeriodicalId":48655,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":"71 1","pages":"214 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44301133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomohiro Haruta, Keiko Hasumi, Y. Ikeda, Y. Konyuba, T. Fukuda, H. Nishioka
In this study, we investigated use of local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metal nanoparticles (NPs) as a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) tag for biological samples. Gold NPs in ultra-thin sections for TEM revealed that LSPR could be observed by optical microscopy at sizes of 20 nm or larger. Gold NPs at sizes less than 20 nm could be observed using the gold enhancement method. Therefore, this CLEM tag could be applied to immunoelectron microscopy using this gold enhancement method.
{"title":"Local surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles as a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) tag for biological samples.","authors":"Tomohiro Haruta, Keiko Hasumi, Y. Ikeda, Y. Konyuba, T. Fukuda, H. Nishioka","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfz031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz031","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated use of local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metal nanoparticles (NPs) as a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) tag for biological samples. Gold NPs in ultra-thin sections for TEM revealed that LSPR could be observed by optical microscopy at sizes of 20 nm or larger. Gold NPs at sizes less than 20 nm could be observed using the gold enhancement method. Therefore, this CLEM tag could be applied to immunoelectron microscopy using this gold enhancement method.","PeriodicalId":48655,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfz031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49134743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to our previous reports, the intraperiodontal elastic fiber system comprises oxytalan fibers, whereas all types of elastic system fibers are present in the gingiva. Much remains to be elucidated regarding the topographic development of the elastic fiber system that constitutes the walls of the digestive organs. This study aimed to examine the topographic development of the elastic fiber system in the periodontal tissue, oral cavity and digestive tract of rats at light- and electron microscopic levels. At embryonic day 20, in situ hybridization revealed the mRNA expression of tropoelastin in the putative gingival lamina propria but not in the dental follicle. At the postnatal stage, the masticatory mucous membrane of the gingiva and hard palate comprised three different types of elastic system fibers (oxytalan, elaunin and elastic fibers). Conversely, the elastic fiber system comprised elaunin and elastic fibers in other oral mucosae and the lining mucosae of digestive tract organs (the esophagus, stomach and small intestine). The findings of our study suggest that the elastic fiber system is mainly related to tissue resistance in the periodontal ligament and tissue elasticity in the oral mucosae without masticatory mucosae and the overlying mucosa of digestive tracts and both functions in the gingiva and hard palate, respectively. The appearance of elaunin fibers in the periodontium of rats aged 14 weeks suggests the expression of tropoelastin induced by mechanical stressors such as mastication. The intraperiodontal difference in the distribution of elaunin fibers suggests heterogeneity among fibroblasts constituting the periodontium.
{"title":"Elastic fiber system evaluated in the digestive organ of rats.","authors":"Kouji Inoue, N. Kuroda, Tetsuji Sato","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfz030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz030","url":null,"abstract":"According to our previous reports, the intraperiodontal elastic fiber system comprises oxytalan fibers, whereas all types of elastic system fibers are present in the gingiva. Much remains to be elucidated regarding the topographic development of the elastic fiber system that constitutes the walls of the digestive organs. This study aimed to examine the topographic development of the elastic fiber system in the periodontal tissue, oral cavity and digestive tract of rats at light- and electron microscopic levels. At embryonic day 20, in situ hybridization revealed the mRNA expression of tropoelastin in the putative gingival lamina propria but not in the dental follicle. At the postnatal stage, the masticatory mucous membrane of the gingiva and hard palate comprised three different types of elastic system fibers (oxytalan, elaunin and elastic fibers). Conversely, the elastic fiber system comprised elaunin and elastic fibers in other oral mucosae and the lining mucosae of digestive tract organs (the esophagus, stomach and small intestine). The findings of our study suggest that the elastic fiber system is mainly related to tissue resistance in the periodontal ligament and tissue elasticity in the oral mucosae without masticatory mucosae and the overlying mucosa of digestive tracts and both functions in the gingiva and hard palate, respectively. The appearance of elaunin fibers in the periodontium of rats aged 14 weeks suggests the expression of tropoelastin induced by mechanical stressors such as mastication. The intraperiodontal difference in the distribution of elaunin fibers suggests heterogeneity among fibroblasts constituting the periodontium.","PeriodicalId":48655,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfz030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49533922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
He Zheng, Fan Cao, Ligong Zhao, Renhui Jiang, Peili Zhao, Ying Zhang, Yanjie Wei, S. Meng, Kaixuan Li, Shuangfeng Jia, Luying Li, Jianbo Wang
In situ transmission electron microscopy has achieved remarkable advances for atomic-scale dynamic analysis in low-dimensional materials and become an indispensable tool in view of linking a material's microstructure to its properties and performance. Here, accompanied with some cutting-edge researches worldwide, we briefly review our recent progress in dynamic atomistic characterization of low-dimensional materials under external mechanical stress, thermal excitations and electrical field. The electron beam irradiation effects in metals and metal oxides are also discussed. We conclude by discussing the likely future developments in this area.
{"title":"Atomistic and dynamic structural characterizations in low-dimensional materials: recent applications of in situ transmission electron microscopy.","authors":"He Zheng, Fan Cao, Ligong Zhao, Renhui Jiang, Peili Zhao, Ying Zhang, Yanjie Wei, S. Meng, Kaixuan Li, Shuangfeng Jia, Luying Li, Jianbo Wang","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfz038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz038","url":null,"abstract":"In situ transmission electron microscopy has achieved remarkable advances for atomic-scale dynamic analysis in low-dimensional materials and become an indispensable tool in view of linking a material's microstructure to its properties and performance. Here, accompanied with some cutting-edge researches worldwide, we briefly review our recent progress in dynamic atomistic characterization of low-dimensional materials under external mechanical stress, thermal excitations and electrical field. The electron beam irradiation effects in metals and metal oxides are also discussed. We conclude by discussing the likely future developments in this area.","PeriodicalId":48655,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfz038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45190772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Image formation in electron microscopes with circular hole and annular apertures is studied theoretically. The apertures-the circular hole aperture being negative with respect to the annular aperture-produce an additional electrostatic field that exerts a force on the electrons directed toward the optical axis. The resulting deflection angle decreases with increasing distance from the optical axis. This electrostatic field results in a correcting effect of the unavoidable spherical aberration of round electron lenses; the deflection toward the optical axis increases stronger than linearly with increasing distance from the optical axis. Analytical formulae are given for the correcting effect of circular hole and annular apertures. The expressions are based on the Davisson-Calbick formula, which is used to calculate focal length of a simple electrostatic lens.
{"title":"Properties of electrostatic correcting systems with annular apertures.","authors":"T. Kodama, T. Kawasaki, T. Ikuta","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfz035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz035","url":null,"abstract":"Image formation in electron microscopes with circular hole and annular apertures is studied theoretically. The apertures-the circular hole aperture being negative with respect to the annular aperture-produce an additional electrostatic field that exerts a force on the electrons directed toward the optical axis. The resulting deflection angle decreases with increasing distance from the optical axis. This electrostatic field results in a correcting effect of the unavoidable spherical aberration of round electron lenses; the deflection toward the optical axis increases stronger than linearly with increasing distance from the optical axis. Analytical formulae are given for the correcting effect of circular hole and annular apertures. The expressions are based on the Davisson-Calbick formula, which is used to calculate focal length of a simple electrostatic lens.","PeriodicalId":48655,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfz035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48846189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using positive or negative stains in an effort to increase the contrast between the specimen and background. When imaging CNCs, conventional stains have been shown to induce particle aggregation and produce artifacts. In this study, we report on methods used to image CNCs. To increase contrast and decrease artifacts and aggregation, sputter coating was used to coat the samples. CNCs were loaded onto copper grids and sputter coated with one of four different metals: iridium, carbon, gold, and titanium. The final layer was deposited at 5 nm to ensure surface homogeneity. The thin layer of conductive metal atoms deposited onto the specimen surface significantly increased contrast and improved image quality. The results presented here demonstrate the advantages of using sputter coating for imaging of highly crystalline cellulose materials with TEM.
{"title":"Sample preparation utilizing sputter coating increases contrast of cellulose nanocrystals in the transmission electron microscope.","authors":"Marina R. Mulenos, B. Zechmann, C. Sayes","doi":"10.1093/jmicro/dfz032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfz032","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using positive or negative stains in an effort to increase the contrast between the specimen and background. When imaging CNCs, conventional stains have been shown to induce particle aggregation and produce artifacts. In this study, we report on methods used to image CNCs. To increase contrast and decrease artifacts and aggregation, sputter coating was used to coat the samples. CNCs were loaded onto copper grids and sputter coated with one of four different metals: iridium, carbon, gold, and titanium. The final layer was deposited at 5 nm to ensure surface homogeneity. The thin layer of conductive metal atoms deposited onto the specimen surface significantly increased contrast and improved image quality. The results presented here demonstrate the advantages of using sputter coating for imaging of highly crystalline cellulose materials with TEM.","PeriodicalId":48655,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jmicro/dfz032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42073766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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