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Siliceous sponge fossils from the early Cambrian Qingxi Formation in South China 华南早寒武世青溪组硅质海绵化石

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201013

Xin-Yuan Cao , Hai-Zhou Wang , Wen-Zhe Liu , Jia-Yue Wang , Jun-Ying Ding , Guo-Guang Wang , Qing Tang

The emergence of biomineralized sponge spicules in the early Cambrian provides critical insights into the origin of spiculogenesis and animal biomineralization. While sponge spicules proliferated in the early Cambrian, their original chemical composition is rarely preserved due to diagenetic alterations, hampering understanding on the mineralogy of the early spicules. Here we report abundant disarticulated fossil spicules from the early Cambrian Qingxi Formation in northern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (hereafter referred to as Guangxi), South China. Using reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy, our study reveals that the Qingxi spicules are predominately derived from Hexactinellida and are preserved in various modes, including pyritization, mold, and silica preservation. Notably, many spicules in silica preservation are composed of microcrystalline quartz with conchoidal fractures in cross-sectional view, suggesting minimal diagenetic alteration and retention of original chemical compositions. This study represents the first systematic investigation on the paleontological record of the Qingxi Formation in Guangxi, highlighting the exceptional potential of Cambrian shales and mudstones to preserve sponge spicules with primary silica composition.

早寒武纪生物矿化海绵针状体的出现为针状体形成和动物生物矿化的起源提供了重要的认识。虽然海绵针状体在早寒武纪大量出现，但由于成岩作用的改变，其原始化学成分很少被保存下来，阻碍了对早期针状体矿物学的认识。本文报道了在中国南方广西壮族自治区北部（以下简称广西）发现的大量早寒武世青溪组分离的化石针状体。利用反射光显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）、能量色散x射线能谱（EDS）和拉曼光谱分析表明，清溪针状体主要来源于Hexactinellida，并以黄铁矿、霉菌和二氧化硅等多种保存方式保存。值得注意的是，在石英保存中，许多针状体是由微晶石英组成的，在剖面上具有贝壳状裂缝，表明成岩蚀变很小，原始化学成分保留。本研究首次对广西清溪组的古生物记录进行了系统的研究，强调了寒武系页岩和泥岩保存原生硅质海绵针状体的特殊潜力。

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引用次数: 0

A new early Barremian fossiliferous amber outcrop at Beqaa Kafra (Northern Lebanon) Beqaa Kafra（黎巴嫩北部）新发现的早期巴雷米亚化石琥珀露头

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201012

Dany Azar , Eduardo Barrón , Denise Iskandar-Tabib , Sibelle Maksoud

A new outcrop of fossiliferous amber discovered at a site in the village of Beqaa Kafra (Bcharreh District, Northern Lebanon) during recent geological surveys, is described herein. This site represents the 32^nd known Lebanese amber outcrop containing biological inclusions. A palynological study was conducted to investigate the botanical diversity of the surrounding palaeoenvironment. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was performed on amber samples from the newly discovered site to depict their chemical composition and evaluate potential correlations with other Lebanese amber outcrops. The discovery significantly contributes to our understanding of Early Cretaceous palaeobiodiversity along the northeastern margin of Gondwana, particularly during the early Barremian.

在最近的地质调查中，在Beqaa Kafra村（Bcharreh区，黎巴嫩北部）的一个地点发现了一个新的化石琥珀露头。该遗址是已知的第32个含有生物包裹体的黎巴嫩琥珀露头。通过孢粉学研究，探讨了其周围古环境的植物多样性。对新发现地点的琥珀样品进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱分析，以描述其化学成分，并评估与其他黎巴嫩琥珀露头的潜在相关性。这一发现对我们了解冈瓦纳东北缘早白垩世古生物多样性，特别是巴雷米亚早期的生物多样性有重要意义。

引用次数: 0

New and revised middle Villafranchian canid material from Dafnero-3 (Greece): Implications to Nyctereutes systematics and zoogeography 希腊Dafnero-3中Villafranchian犬科动物资料的新修订：对Nyctereutes系统学和动物地理学的启示

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201011

Anna Savvidou, Dimitris S. Kostopoulos

New cranial, mandibular and dental canid material from Dafnero-3 site, in northern Greece confirms previous reports of Nyctereutes megamastoides and Vulpes sp. from either Dafnero-3 or/and Dafnero-1 sites but allows a reassignment of specimens previously referred to as Nyctereutes tingi from Dafnero-3 to Nyctereutes vulpinus. The results further support the previous hypothesis of a close phylogenetic link between N. tingi and N. vulpinus, revise the intraspecific diversity of the latter, and allow the establishment of a working phylogeographic hypothesis. Nyctereutes vulpinus is noted for the first time in southeast Europe, expanding its geographical range, confirming the simultaneous presence of two distinct Nyctereutes species in the Balkan area as in China.

来自希腊北部Dafnero-3遗址的新颅、下颌和牙类材料证实了之前在Dafnero-3或/和Dafnero-1遗址发现的巨齿Nyctereutes megamastoides和Vulpes，但允许将以前被称为tingnyctereutes tingi的标本从Dafnero-3重新分配到vulpinus Nyctereutes。该研究结果进一步支持了先前关于刺毛螨与狐毛螨之间存在密切系统发育联系的假设，修正了后者的种内多样性，并允许建立一个有效的系统地理学假设。在欧洲东南部首次发现夜蛾，扩大了其地理分布范围，证实了在巴尔干地区和中国同时存在两种不同的夜蛾。

引用次数: 0

Middle–late Cambrian acritarchs from the Llanos Basin in Colombia: Implications for biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography 哥伦比亚Llanos盆地中晚寒武世树栖类：生物地层学和古生物地理学意义

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201009

Claudia V. Rubinstein , María C. Vargas , Felipe de la Parra

A palynological investigation of a Cambrian sedimentary succession drilled in well A, located in the Llanos Basin of Colombia, revealed moderately preserved and relatively diverse acritarchs. This analysis allows for the identification of two distinct acritarch assemblages. Based on the presence of key diagnostic species and correlation with established middle–late Cambrian acritarch biozones, the lower acritarch assemblage is dated to the middle Cambrian, corresponding to the Drumian–Guzhangian stages of the Miaolingian Series. The upper acritarch assemblage is dated as late Cambrian, corresponding to the Jiangshanian–Stage 10 of the Furongian Series on the Global Chronostratigraphic Scale. The presence of globally-occurring species such as Eliasum llaniscum, Cristalinium cambriense, Ninadiacrodium dumontii, Timofeevia phosphoritica, Vulcanisphaera mougnoana, and V. africana supports the cosmopolitanism of middle and late Cambrian acritarchs. The identification of middle and upper Cambrian strata in the Llanos Basin’s Palaeozoic sequence helps to establish a more accurate biostratigraphic framework for the Palaeozoic of Colombia.

对哥伦比亚Llanos盆地A井寒武系沉积演替进行的孢粉学研究显示，该地层中存在保存较好且种类相对丰富的关键种。这种分析允许识别两种不同的主柱头组合。根据关键诊断种的存在，并与已建立的中晚寒武统树栖生物带进行对比，下树栖生物组合的年代为中寒武统，对应于庙岭系的鼓店—古张期。上支岩组合为晚寒武世，对应于全球年代地层尺度上的芙蓉系江山期—第10期。Eliasum llaniscum、Cristalinium cambriense、Ninadiacrodium dumontii、Timofeevia phosphoritica、Vulcanisphaera mougnoana和V. africana等全球存在的物种的存在支持了中晚寒武纪树栖生物的世界主义。通过对Llanos盆地古生代层序中、上寒武统地层的识别，有助于建立更为准确的哥伦比亚古生代生物地层格架。

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引用次数: 0

A new genus of aphids from the Bqaatouta outcrop of Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Hemiptera: Tajmyraphidoidea) 下白垩世黎巴嫩琥珀Bqaatouta露头蚜虫一新属（半翅目：蚜总科）

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201010

Michael S. Engel , Mounir Maalouf , André Nel , Dany Azar

A new genus of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidomorpha) is described and figured from an alate female preserved in amber from the Lower Cretaceous outcrop of Bqaatouta at El-Shqif, central Lebanon. Melqartaphis media n. gen. n. sp., is remarkable for many traits but most notably the presence of three-branched medial vein and a complex structure of terminalia with four tubelike tubercles. The group belongs to the Tajmyraphididae. The genus is diagnosed and its affinities with other Mesozoic lineages of aphids are briefly discussed.

从黎巴嫩中部El-Shqif的Bqaatouta下白垩世露头的琥珀中保存的一只晚期雌性蚜虫中描述和发现了一个新的蚜虫属（半翅目：蚜虫科）。Melqartaphis media n. gen. n. sp，在许多特征上都是显著的，但最显著的是存在三个分支的内侧静脉和具有四个管状结节的复杂终末结构。这一类群属于踏足蛛科。对该属进行了诊断，并简要讨论了它与其他中生代蚜虫谱系的亲缘关系。

引用次数: 0

Dinocrocuta gigantea from the Upper Miocene site of Eldari, Azerbaijan 阿塞拜疆埃尔达里中新世晚期遗址的巨恐龙

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201007

Daniyar R. Khantemirov , Dmitriy O. Gimranov , Qi-Gao Jiangzuo , Tariel M. Eybatov

In this paper we redescribe the specimens of “Eldari hyena” from the Upper Miocene site of Eldari, Azerbaijan. The material, which was previously described as Hyaena eldarica includes one maxilla fragment as well as the holotype mandibular fragment with p3-p4 that is unfortunately lost. The upper teeth morphology of Eldari specimen is typical for percrocutids and Dinocrocuta gigantea specifically. The teeth size of Eldari hyena also falls within the range of D. gigantea. The lost hemimandible exhibits morphology similar to D. gigantea and is close to it in size, based on published data. At the same time, it differs from other specimens of D. gigantea in having shorter p4 and more pronounced p3 mesial accessory cusps. These are the first D. gigantea specimens described from Caucasus.

本文对来自阿塞拜疆埃尔达里上中新世遗址的“埃尔达里鬣狗”标本进行了重新描述。该材料之前被描述为土狼，包括一个上颌骨碎片以及不幸丢失的具有p3-p4的完整型下颌碎片。埃尔达里标本的上齿形态是典型的大鳄和巨蜥。埃尔达里鬣狗的牙齿大小也在D. gigantea的范围内。根据已发表的数据，这种消失的半下颚动物的形态与D. gigantea相似，在大小上也接近。同时，它与其他标本的不同之处在于具有较短的p4和更明显的p3近侧副尖。这是在高加索地区发现的第一批巨茶树标本。

引用次数: 0

Onset timing and palaeoenvironmental records of Carnian Pluvial Episode (Late Triassic) in southwestern Guizhou, China 黔西南卡尼期（晚三叠世）洪积期开始时间与古环境记录

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201008

Shi-Xin Li , Zhi-Heng Ma , Xi Zhang , Wei Yang , Jian-Li Zeng , Mihai Emilian Popa , Kai-Nan Mao , Ting-Shan Zhang

The Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) in the Early Mesozoic was an extreme climate event that globally perturbed the Carbon cycle, significantly enhanced the hydrological cycle, and intensified ocean anoxia due to global warming, thereby exerting a significant influence on sedimentary environments. This study investigates the CPE in South China through integrated biostratigraphic, petrological, and geochemical analyses. Our findings of δ¹³C records reveal a progressive increase from 1.71‰ to 3.54‰ and 1.53‰ to 2.88‰ in the lower to middle Julian 1 substage, followed by a major negative excursion from 2.91‰ to 1.47‰ and 2.88‰ to 1.09‰ in the late Julian 1 at the Yongning and the Wusha sections respectively. The δ¹³C records from the two study sections generally correlate well with each other and are earlier than published records. Moreover, fluctuations observed in various redox proxies (U/Th, V/Cr, V/(V+Ni), Mo/Al) strongly coincide with δ¹³C excursions during the late Julian 1 substage, pointing the marine environment shift from oxic to dysoxic/anoxic condition. While the carbonate platforms are overlain by deep-water anoxic facies at the Yongning section. Sr and Ba levels revealed a significant freshwater influx during the CPE, leading to oscillating decreases in palaeosalinity within the study area. In addition, recorded data for Al, Zr, Hf, Ti and Th suggest that the intensified continental weathering, resulted from a humid climate during the CPE, increased the terrigenous clastic input.

早中生代卡尼期雨积期（Carnian Pluvial Episode， CPE）是全球变暖导致全球范围内碳循环扰动、水循环显著增强、海洋缺氧加剧，对沉积环境产生重大影响的极端气候事件。通过综合生物地层、岩石学和地球化学分析，研究了华南地区的CPE。δ13C记录显示，下至中朱利安1亚阶段δ13C由1.71‰逐渐升高至3.54‰，由1.53‰逐渐升高至2.88‰，其后在永宁剖面和乌沙剖面分别由2.91‰逐渐升高至1.47‰和2.88‰逐渐升高至1.09‰。两个研究剖面的δ13C记录总体上具有较好的相关性，且比已发表的记录要早。此外，各氧化还原指标（U/Th、V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)、Mo/Al）的波动与Julian 1亚期晚期δ13C的漂移强烈吻合，表明海洋环境由缺氧向缺氧转变。而在永宁剖面，碳酸盐岩台地上覆深水缺氧相。Sr和Ba水平表明，CPE期间有大量淡水流入，导致研究区内古盐度振荡下降。此外，Al, Zr, Hf， Ti和Th的记录数据表明，CPE期间潮湿气候导致大陆风化加剧，增加了陆源碎屑的输入。

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引用次数: 0

Application of machine learning in radiolarian taxonomy: A case study on Early Cretaceous Turbocapsula lineage 机器学习在放射虫分类中的应用——以早白垩世Turbocapsula谱系为例

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201005

Xin-Yi Zhang , Han-Ting Zhong , Xin Li , Hui Chen , Shan Ye , Ming-Cai Hou , Chao Ma

Due to the great abundance of microfossils even in a small sample, they are ideal specimens for machine learning, which needs sufficient sample size. Taking the taxonomic controversy in a certain radiolarian lineage as a case study, a quantitative and objective approach and its advantage to fossil taxonomy is discussed in this study. Unsupervised machine learning algorithms are used to determine the species of radiolarians based on their morphological characteristics. K-Means, Agglomerative Clustering, and Meanshift are applied to build clustering models, with the centroid-based K-Means algorithm providing the most accurate classification results at a 92.26% accuracy. This method improves the efficiency of fossil identification and presents an accurate and objective method for assessing controversies associated with traditional methods.

由于微化石即使在很小的样本中也有大量的丰度，因此它们是机器学习的理想样本，而机器学习需要足够的样本量。本文以某放射虫谱系的分类争议为例，讨论了定量、客观的分类方法及其在化石分类中的优势。无监督机器学习算法用于根据放射虫的形态特征确定其种类。采用K-Means、Agglomerative Clustering和Meanshift建立聚类模型，其中基于质心的K-Means算法分类结果最准确，准确率为92.26%。该方法提高了化石鉴定的效率，并为评估与传统方法相关的争议提供了一种准确、客观的方法。

引用次数: 0

A second cuckoo wasp species from the mid-Miocene Zhangpu biota (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) 中新世中张浦生物群杜鹃小蜂二种（膜翅目：小蜂科）

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201006

Manuel Brazidec , Paolo Rosa

The Miocene history of the aculeate family Chrysididae is poorly known, with only two species described for that time interval. Here, a third species is introduced, the second from the rich middle Miocene Zhangpu amber, southeastern China. †Trichrysis perrichoti n. sp. is described and illustrated based on a nearly complete female specimen. The new species displays characters of the cyanea species group, which is today the most common for Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 in China. This discovery further strengthens the affinities between the Zhangpu entomofauna and the modern Southeast Asia entomofauna.

在中新世，人们对棘足动物科Chrysididae的历史知之甚少，在那个时间间隔只有两个物种被描述。在这里，第三种被引入，第二种来自中国东南部丰富的中新世中张浦琥珀。†根据一个几乎完整的雌性标本描述和说明了佩里科蒂毛癣。新种显示了蓝藻种群的特征，蓝藻种群是目前中国Lichtenstein， 1876中最常见的一种。这一发现进一步加强了漳浦昆虫动物群与现代东南亚昆虫动物群的亲缘关系。

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Xenophlebotomites eliei, a new genus and species of phlebotomine sandflies from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) 下白垩世黎巴嫩琥珀中白蛉一新属新种（双翅目：白蛉科：白蛉科）

IF 1.7 3区地球科学 Q2 PALEONTOLOGY

Palaeoworld

Pub Date : 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201004

Dany Azar , Sibelle Maksoud

Xenophlebotomites eliei n. gen. n. sp. is characterized after a male and female individuals, illustrated, and described from the lower Barremian amber of Hammana/Mdeyrij, central Lebanon. It represents the first phlebotomine fly from Lebanese amber with an incomplete r1-r2+3 cross-vein without reaching R1, wing wide with round tip, and legs relatively short, slightly longer than body length. This phlebotomine has very developed piercing mouthparts and palps bearing Newstead’s sensilla assembled on the fourth palpomere suggesting haematophagous life-mode. The discovery of this Cretaceous psychodid fly constitutes the seventh phlebotomine discovered from the Lebanese amber and improves our knowledge of the palaeobiodiversity of sandflies during the Lower Cretaceous.

Xenophlebotomites eliei n. gen. n. sp.以雌雄个体为特征，在黎巴嫩中部Hammana/Mdeyrij的下巴雷米亚琥珀中进行了说明和描述。它是第一只来自黎巴嫩琥珀的白蛉，具有不完整的R1 -r2+3交叉静脉，未达到R1，翅膀宽，尖端圆，腿相对较短，略长于体长。这种白血鱼有非常发达的刺穿式口器和触须，在第四触须上装配有纽斯特德感受器，表明它的生活方式是噬血的。这种白垩纪精神病蝇的发现构成了从黎巴嫩琥珀中发现的第七种白蛉，并提高了我们对下白垩纪白蛉古生物多样性的认识。

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