Drivetrain is one of the important subsystems in the wind turbine and faults and damages in the drivetrain significantly affect the wind turbine's downtime and nonavailability. Understanding the drivetrain dynamics and load effects that results in failures has been a major research area due to challenges in the drivetrain operations and maintenance. A systematic literature review of wind turbine drivetrains is presented according to key research areas of drivetrains, such as modeling and load effects on the drivetrain. Special emphasis is given for the floating wind turbine drivetrains. A review on the state‐of‐art modeling techniques of the drivetrain is presented. Studies concerning the aeroelastic load effects on the drivetrain components especially the gearbox and the bearings are discussed. Several key aspects such as aero‐hydro‐elastic interaction load effect and platform motion excitations on the floating wind turbine drivetrain dynamics are reviewed in detail. Finally, challenges related to floating wind turbine drivetrain are also discussed.
{"title":"A review of wind turbine drivetrain loads and load effects for fixed and floating wind turbines","authors":"W. Remigius, A. Natarajan","doi":"10.1002/wene.417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.417","url":null,"abstract":"Drivetrain is one of the important subsystems in the wind turbine and faults and damages in the drivetrain significantly affect the wind turbine's downtime and nonavailability. Understanding the drivetrain dynamics and load effects that results in failures has been a major research area due to challenges in the drivetrain operations and maintenance. A systematic literature review of wind turbine drivetrains is presented according to key research areas of drivetrains, such as modeling and load effects on the drivetrain. Special emphasis is given for the floating wind turbine drivetrains. A review on the state‐of‐art modeling techniques of the drivetrain is presented. Studies concerning the aeroelastic load effects on the drivetrain components especially the gearbox and the bearings are discussed. Several key aspects such as aero‐hydro‐elastic interaction load effect and platform motion excitations on the floating wind turbine drivetrain dynamics are reviewed in detail. Finally, challenges related to floating wind turbine drivetrain are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wene.417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43739317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arya Das, Benjamin Raj, M. Mohapatra, S. M. Andersen, S. Basu
Advanced and sustainable energy storage technologies with tailorable electrochemically active materials platform are the present research dominancy toward an urgent global need for electrical vehicles and portable electronics. Moreover, intensive efforts are given to screen the widely available low‐cost materials with a focus to achieve superior electrochemical performance for the fabrication of energy storage devices. Transition metal‐based sulfides have prodigious technological credibility due to their compositional‐ and morphological‐based tunable electrochemical properties. Here the significant advances and present state‐of‐the‐art of such assured materials in different energy storage devices are discussed. Assessment of the intensive work invested in the progress of transition metals such as V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn Mo, and W based sulfides along with their structural/compositional engineering and addressable aspects for electrochemical performance enhancement are highlighted. Additionally, discussions on critical strategies for decisive mechanistic and kinetic views for charge storage phenomena with key challenges, such as volume expansions, low stability, and sluggish kinetics, are discussed. Finally, the challenges and future prospects demands for strategic approaches of such materials with prominence in futuristic directions are concluded.
{"title":"Performance and future directions of transition metal sulfide‐based electrode materials towards supercapacitor/supercapattery","authors":"Arya Das, Benjamin Raj, M. Mohapatra, S. M. Andersen, S. Basu","doi":"10.1002/wene.414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.414","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced and sustainable energy storage technologies with tailorable electrochemically active materials platform are the present research dominancy toward an urgent global need for electrical vehicles and portable electronics. Moreover, intensive efforts are given to screen the widely available low‐cost materials with a focus to achieve superior electrochemical performance for the fabrication of energy storage devices. Transition metal‐based sulfides have prodigious technological credibility due to their compositional‐ and morphological‐based tunable electrochemical properties. Here the significant advances and present state‐of‐the‐art of such assured materials in different energy storage devices are discussed. Assessment of the intensive work invested in the progress of transition metals such as V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn Mo, and W based sulfides along with their structural/compositional engineering and addressable aspects for electrochemical performance enhancement are highlighted. Additionally, discussions on critical strategies for decisive mechanistic and kinetic views for charge storage phenomena with key challenges, such as volume expansions, low stability, and sluggish kinetics, are discussed. Finally, the challenges and future prospects demands for strategic approaches of such materials with prominence in futuristic directions are concluded.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wene.414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48449616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Notwithstanding the high levels of renewable energy resources across Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), modern energy use based on these abundant natural resources remains negligible. Furthermore, the current electrification rates and reliability of available power supply in the region have consistently remained significantly lower than the global average over the last three decades. And of the reasons advanced for this state of affairs, the lack of appropriate financing is said to be a crucial one. Therefore, focusing on a comparative overview of the dominant approaches to financing electrification, we characterize the persistence of this regional gap as a reflection of relative “policy stasis.” We then problematize this condition of stasis by employing the theoretical perspectives of mission‐oriented finance in conjunction with those of innovative finance and renewable energy innovation. In addition, we review relevant peer‐reviewed articles over the same period, and find evidence that indicates an underappreciation of financing models that stimulate endogenous technological innovation in renewable energy in SSA. Our analysis suggests that the types of innovation, associated configurations of financial actors, levels of capital intensity, and perceived risks in relation to beneficiaries, diverge from those accounted for in the dominant financing models. Consequently, we propose a novel, historically path‐dependent conceptual framework that emerges from the intersection among the concepts of mission‐oriented finance, endogenous innovation, and innovative financing, which we term “endogenous innovative financing.” This framework ultimately guides our recommendations for more promising financing mechanisms for resolving the interwoven challenges of sustainable universal electrification and renewable energy innovation in SSA.
{"title":"Innovative and mission‐oriented financing of renewable energy in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A review and conceptual framework","authors":"Ogundiran Soumonni, K. Ojah","doi":"10.1002/wene.416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.416","url":null,"abstract":"Notwithstanding the high levels of renewable energy resources across Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), modern energy use based on these abundant natural resources remains negligible. Furthermore, the current electrification rates and reliability of available power supply in the region have consistently remained significantly lower than the global average over the last three decades. And of the reasons advanced for this state of affairs, the lack of appropriate financing is said to be a crucial one. Therefore, focusing on a comparative overview of the dominant approaches to financing electrification, we characterize the persistence of this regional gap as a reflection of relative “policy stasis.” We then problematize this condition of stasis by employing the theoretical perspectives of mission‐oriented finance in conjunction with those of innovative finance and renewable energy innovation. In addition, we review relevant peer‐reviewed articles over the same period, and find evidence that indicates an underappreciation of financing models that stimulate endogenous technological innovation in renewable energy in SSA. Our analysis suggests that the types of innovation, associated configurations of financial actors, levels of capital intensity, and perceived risks in relation to beneficiaries, diverge from those accounted for in the dominant financing models. Consequently, we propose a novel, historically path‐dependent conceptual framework that emerges from the intersection among the concepts of mission‐oriented finance, endogenous innovation, and innovative financing, which we term “endogenous innovative financing.” This framework ultimately guides our recommendations for more promising financing mechanisms for resolving the interwoven challenges of sustainable universal electrification and renewable energy innovation in SSA.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wene.416","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47403948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current collectors play a very crucial role in the performance of an energy storage device. Regarding supercapacitors, material design, processing, and current collectors' surface properties can result in substantial variation in energy density, power output, cyclic charge–discharge behavior, and other key performance parameters. Most of the reviews in supercapacitor materials and devices focus on the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of electrode materials. In the present report, the recent advances in supercapacitor electrodes in conjunction with current collector materials and design are summarized in light of various supercapacitor devices categorized concerning their applications and working mechanisms. It includes the literature documented on multifarious supercapacitors, that is, flow supercapacitors, alternating current line filtering supercapacitors, redox electrolyte‐enhanced supercapacitor, metal ion hybrid supercapacitors, microsupercapacitors, electrochromic supercapacitors, and self‐healing supercapacitors. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is a new and recent summarized report on the development of current collector materials based on intended applications and the working principles of supercapacitors.
{"title":"Recent progress on novel current collector electrodes for energy storage devices: Supercapacitors","authors":"Nitesh Kumar, L. Pradhan, B. Jena","doi":"10.1002/wene.415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.415","url":null,"abstract":"Current collectors play a very crucial role in the performance of an energy storage device. Regarding supercapacitors, material design, processing, and current collectors' surface properties can result in substantial variation in energy density, power output, cyclic charge–discharge behavior, and other key performance parameters. Most of the reviews in supercapacitor materials and devices focus on the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of electrode materials. In the present report, the recent advances in supercapacitor electrodes in conjunction with current collector materials and design are summarized in light of various supercapacitor devices categorized concerning their applications and working mechanisms. It includes the literature documented on multifarious supercapacitors, that is, flow supercapacitors, alternating current line filtering supercapacitors, redox electrolyte‐enhanced supercapacitor, metal ion hybrid supercapacitors, microsupercapacitors, electrochromic supercapacitors, and self‐healing supercapacitors. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is a new and recent summarized report on the development of current collector materials based on intended applications and the working principles of supercapacitors.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wene.415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49360139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Cardemil, A. Starke, Adriana Zurita, Carlos Mata‐Torres, R. Escobar
Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies have been developed over the past four decades for commercial operation, establishing them as reliable power generation sources in regions with high direct solar irradiance. The sizing of the solar field, thermal energy storage systems, and power block enables CSP plants to operate under various operating conditions, while also exhibiting capabilities to generate multiple products such as electricity, heat, desalination, and cooling. The limitations of CSP systems can be reduced by utilizing the positive traits of other technologies, thus resulting in hybrid plant configurations that can fully exploit different technology strengths while minimizing their individual weaknesses. This review presents the state of the art on CSP stand‐alone plants for both power generation and combined generation of different products. Subsequently, the characteristics of CSP plants hybridized with photovoltaics, wind, fossil fuels, and biomass systems are discussed for both power multiple‐product generation. The review of assessment methodologies provides suggestions for both assessment and performance analysis and comparison with other generation technologies. This review shows that hybrid CSP plants have clear advantages in terms of cost, flexibility of operation, adaptability, and capability for the multigeneration of different products compared with stand‐alone plants used to generate each product individually. Hybrid CSP plants have advantages and can be designed to satisfy multiple demands on a case‐by‐case basis and are valid alternatives to combinations of stand‐alone plants.
{"title":"Integration schemes for hybrid and polygeneration concentrated solar power plants","authors":"J. Cardemil, A. Starke, Adriana Zurita, Carlos Mata‐Torres, R. Escobar","doi":"10.1002/wene.412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.412","url":null,"abstract":"Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies have been developed over the past four decades for commercial operation, establishing them as reliable power generation sources in regions with high direct solar irradiance. The sizing of the solar field, thermal energy storage systems, and power block enables CSP plants to operate under various operating conditions, while also exhibiting capabilities to generate multiple products such as electricity, heat, desalination, and cooling. The limitations of CSP systems can be reduced by utilizing the positive traits of other technologies, thus resulting in hybrid plant configurations that can fully exploit different technology strengths while minimizing their individual weaknesses. This review presents the state of the art on CSP stand‐alone plants for both power generation and combined generation of different products. Subsequently, the characteristics of CSP plants hybridized with photovoltaics, wind, fossil fuels, and biomass systems are discussed for both power multiple‐product generation. The review of assessment methodologies provides suggestions for both assessment and performance analysis and comparison with other generation technologies. This review shows that hybrid CSP plants have clear advantages in terms of cost, flexibility of operation, adaptability, and capability for the multigeneration of different products compared with stand‐alone plants used to generate each product individually. Hybrid CSP plants have advantages and can be designed to satisfy multiple demands on a case‐by‐case basis and are valid alternatives to combinations of stand‐alone plants.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wene.412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47856332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi-kuang Chen, A. Hexeberg, K. E. Rosendahl, T. Bolkesjø
The Nordic power system will play an important role in a future carbon‐neutral European power market. In this study, 43 scenarios in 15 Nordic power market outlooks published between 2016 and 2019 are reviewed. Most scenarios see high future power prices with substantial correlation with assumed gas and emission quota prices. The underlying uncertainties in gas and emission quota prices are passed on to future power prices. The power prices are well above the cost of wind power, indicating that the wind deployment is either underestimated or might be largely dependent on non‐market factors. The models used for the outlooks have limited sector coverage and trade‐offs are made between computational resources and complexity. A set of recommendations for future outlook publications are proposed based on this review experience. Moving towards a low‐carbon future, more attention should be put to the demand side, especially with increasing importance of sector coupling and electrification. Also, to assess the profound uncertainties in the energy transition period, techniques besides scenario analysis can be applied. Explicit assessments on impacts of emerging topics, such as social oppositions to particular technologies and increased awareness of sustainability indicators besides clean energy, will add values for long‐term decision making in the power markets. Last but not the least, best efforts of clarity and transparency should always be ensured.
{"title":"Long‐term trends of Nordic power market: A review","authors":"Yi-kuang Chen, A. Hexeberg, K. E. Rosendahl, T. Bolkesjø","doi":"10.1002/wene.413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.413","url":null,"abstract":"The Nordic power system will play an important role in a future carbon‐neutral European power market. In this study, 43 scenarios in 15 Nordic power market outlooks published between 2016 and 2019 are reviewed. Most scenarios see high future power prices with substantial correlation with assumed gas and emission quota prices. The underlying uncertainties in gas and emission quota prices are passed on to future power prices. The power prices are well above the cost of wind power, indicating that the wind deployment is either underestimated or might be largely dependent on non‐market factors. The models used for the outlooks have limited sector coverage and trade‐offs are made between computational resources and complexity. A set of recommendations for future outlook publications are proposed based on this review experience. Moving towards a low‐carbon future, more attention should be put to the demand side, especially with increasing importance of sector coupling and electrification. Also, to assess the profound uncertainties in the energy transition period, techniques besides scenario analysis can be applied. Explicit assessments on impacts of emerging topics, such as social oppositions to particular technologies and increased awareness of sustainability indicators besides clean energy, will add values for long‐term decision making in the power markets. Last but not the least, best efforts of clarity and transparency should always be ensured.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wene.413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41435737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Through increasing urbanization, a large share of world's population is already now living in urban areas such as cities. Urban infrastructures will be of utmost importance to support the everyday life of the urban population. Their adequacy related to delivering everyday services needed by the citizens may sometimes be stressed to their limits, which may lead to issues with power grid reliability and energy supply, environmental damage, or jeopardizing human health. A common concern to all urban regions presently is the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from various energy uses. Often the energy needed is still produced with fossil fuels, but the Paris Climate Agreement from December 2015 calls for rapid cuts in emissions. For example, the European Union has committed to reach a net-zero of all GHG by the middle of this century. The above-described challenges are even more serious in the densely populated regions of the emerging economies such as China and India with huge populations and fast pace in urbanization. How these large countries will deal with their urban infrastructures aiming at better sustainability will have worldwide impacts, in particular for climate change mitigation. Due to the urgency of sustainability and climate protection, this Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews' (WIREs) collection of papers is focusing on the urban infrastructure sustainability in China, which is perhaps the most important country in the world from the climate and environmental perspective taken its size. The collection aims at providing state-of-the-art knowledge from the latest stand of science in relevant topics and helping to figure out possible better pathways into the future. WIREs is a series of interdisciplinary review journals that also serve as encyclopedic resources across a range of topics. We have chosen eight contributions into this collection covering three of the WIREs (Energy and Environment, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, and Water). The papers have a strong focus on the environment and climate, but view it from different perspectives, to provide a more versatile view on the urban infrastructure sustainability issues in China. In the next, we provide short summaries of the key observations from the eight articles in the collection to highlight their relevance: Zhu et al. (2020) reviewed the concept of smart city and resilient city and their differences and connections. Smart cities often relate to intensive use of information and communication technologies, but also to sustainable development. Whereas the resilient city relates mainly to its ability to absorb, adapt, and transform external pressures and ensure urban safety in the event of any crisis, hazards, or disasters. Both aspects are important for city development, but it seems that based on the research literature the smart cities develop faster than the resilient city concept. In spite of their differences, the authors conclude that both are necessary for the urban development an
{"title":"Sustainable urban infrastructure in China","authors":"P. D. Lund, Bo Shen","doi":"10.1002/wene.411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.411","url":null,"abstract":"Through increasing urbanization, a large share of world's population is already now living in urban areas such as cities. Urban infrastructures will be of utmost importance to support the everyday life of the urban population. Their adequacy related to delivering everyday services needed by the citizens may sometimes be stressed to their limits, which may lead to issues with power grid reliability and energy supply, environmental damage, or jeopardizing human health. A common concern to all urban regions presently is the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from various energy uses. Often the energy needed is still produced with fossil fuels, but the Paris Climate Agreement from December 2015 calls for rapid cuts in emissions. For example, the European Union has committed to reach a net-zero of all GHG by the middle of this century. The above-described challenges are even more serious in the densely populated regions of the emerging economies such as China and India with huge populations and fast pace in urbanization. How these large countries will deal with their urban infrastructures aiming at better sustainability will have worldwide impacts, in particular for climate change mitigation. Due to the urgency of sustainability and climate protection, this Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews' (WIREs) collection of papers is focusing on the urban infrastructure sustainability in China, which is perhaps the most important country in the world from the climate and environmental perspective taken its size. The collection aims at providing state-of-the-art knowledge from the latest stand of science in relevant topics and helping to figure out possible better pathways into the future. WIREs is a series of interdisciplinary review journals that also serve as encyclopedic resources across a range of topics. We have chosen eight contributions into this collection covering three of the WIREs (Energy and Environment, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, and Water). The papers have a strong focus on the environment and climate, but view it from different perspectives, to provide a more versatile view on the urban infrastructure sustainability issues in China. In the next, we provide short summaries of the key observations from the eight articles in the collection to highlight their relevance: Zhu et al. (2020) reviewed the concept of smart city and resilient city and their differences and connections. Smart cities often relate to intensive use of information and communication technologies, but also to sustainable development. Whereas the resilient city relates mainly to its ability to absorb, adapt, and transform external pressures and ensure urban safety in the event of any crisis, hazards, or disasters. Both aspects are important for city development, but it seems that based on the research literature the smart cities develop faster than the resilient city concept. In spite of their differences, the authors conclude that both are necessary for the urban development an","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wene.411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48237318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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