The year 2021 marks the 60th anniversary of the Shockley–Queisser paper which laid the theoretical foundations for the fundamentals of solar cell operation. This article reviews the principal results of the Shockley‐Queisser paper and the developments that followed. Starting with links to the earlier radiative balance laws of Kirchhoff and Planck, we discuss the nature of the detailed balance between the incident and emitted photon beams. The resulting efficiency limit is juxtaposed with another popular limit due to Trivich and Flinn. The dependence of the Shockley–Queisser limit on the intensity and sizes (étendues) of the two beams—in other words, on the concentration of sunlight—is discussed in some detail. This article then takes a broader view of the detailed balance with the help of the generalized Planck law and the refinements that this implies for the efficiency and the current–voltage characteristic of the cell. A natural extension of the Shockley–Queisser detailed balance into the realms of thermodynamics is outlined by considering the photon entropy in the two beams. This produces the detailed balance limit in a typical thermodynamic form, similar to the result for a heat engine, where the efficiency losses are expressed in terms of entropy generation. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how the results can be extended to the operation of practical solar cells with a more realistic description of light absorption and nonradiative recombination. A brief overview is also given of mechanisms for how the Shockley–Queisser limit can be exceeded.
{"title":"Shockley: Queisser detailed balance limit after 60 years","authors":"T. Markvart","doi":"10.1002/wene.430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.430","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2021 marks the 60th anniversary of the Shockley–Queisser paper which laid the theoretical foundations for the fundamentals of solar cell operation. This article reviews the principal results of the Shockley‐Queisser paper and the developments that followed. Starting with links to the earlier radiative balance laws of Kirchhoff and Planck, we discuss the nature of the detailed balance between the incident and emitted photon beams. The resulting efficiency limit is juxtaposed with another popular limit due to Trivich and Flinn. The dependence of the Shockley–Queisser limit on the intensity and sizes (étendues) of the two beams—in other words, on the concentration of sunlight—is discussed in some detail. This article then takes a broader view of the detailed balance with the help of the generalized Planck law and the refinements that this implies for the efficiency and the current–voltage characteristic of the cell. A natural extension of the Shockley–Queisser detailed balance into the realms of thermodynamics is outlined by considering the photon entropy in the two beams. This produces the detailed balance limit in a typical thermodynamic form, similar to the result for a heat engine, where the efficiency losses are expressed in terms of entropy generation. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how the results can be extended to the operation of practical solar cells with a more realistic description of light absorption and nonradiative recombination. A brief overview is also given of mechanisms for how the Shockley–Queisser limit can be exceeded.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46457351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meron Tesfamichael, E. Twinomujuni, M. Ogeya, Silver Ssebagala, Y. Mulugetta
Uganda has ambitions to become a middle‐income country by 2040. Achieving this goal would require an economic transformation that is led and aided by industrialization. Economic transformation and industrialization also require efficient utilization of energy, including electricity. The cost of electricity in Uganda is not cheap; thus, there is an incentive for industries and policymakers to invest in energy efficiency measures. The fact that energy efficiency could contribute to climate and other social policy objectives is also an added advantage. Since the mid‐2000s, following a power crisis, the Government of Uganda has taken several initiatives to promote energy efficiency within the industrial sector. However, although targeted interventions delivered demonstrable gains, efforts to institutionalize industrial energy efficiency remains a challenge. In this article, we use institutional theory and the political economy approach to explore why institutionalization has been difficult to achieve in Uganda. The article pays attention to the underlying political and economic processes to observe the factors that contribute to the non‐institutionalized status. The article argues the need to build a robust regulatory framework with a deliberate intent to broaden consensus around a shared understanding of the trade‐offs and benefits associated with energy efficiency.
{"title":"Barriers to the institutionalization of industrial energy efficiency in Africa: A case study from Uganda","authors":"Meron Tesfamichael, E. Twinomujuni, M. Ogeya, Silver Ssebagala, Y. Mulugetta","doi":"10.1002/wene.427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.427","url":null,"abstract":"Uganda has ambitions to become a middle‐income country by 2040. Achieving this goal would require an economic transformation that is led and aided by industrialization. Economic transformation and industrialization also require efficient utilization of energy, including electricity. The cost of electricity in Uganda is not cheap; thus, there is an incentive for industries and policymakers to invest in energy efficiency measures. The fact that energy efficiency could contribute to climate and other social policy objectives is also an added advantage. Since the mid‐2000s, following a power crisis, the Government of Uganda has taken several initiatives to promote energy efficiency within the industrial sector. However, although targeted interventions delivered demonstrable gains, efforts to institutionalize industrial energy efficiency remains a challenge. In this article, we use institutional theory and the political economy approach to explore why institutionalization has been difficult to achieve in Uganda. The article pays attention to the underlying political and economic processes to observe the factors that contribute to the non‐institutionalized status. The article argues the need to build a robust regulatory framework with a deliberate intent to broaden consensus around a shared understanding of the trade‐offs and benefits associated with energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47106658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides a comprehensive review about passive flow control devices (PFCDs) implemented in lift‐type vertical axis wind turbine (LVAWT), focusing on the underlying flow physics mechanisms and to what extents they can improve the LVAWT performance. In addition, some novel concepts that can be potentially implemented in future are also presented. Based on literature review, it is observed that PFCDs can enhance the power generation of LVAWT up to 172.73% compared with a clean LVAWT. However, this significant improvement still needs to be evaluated carefully by considering the economic feasibility aspect, because PCFDs can increase the design complexity, weight penalty and manufacturing cost of LVAWT. Furthermore, it is essential to design and evaluate the effectiveness of PFCDs using a full VAWT configuration by considering the blade rotating effects and blade‐to‐blade interactions. Finally, evaluation of PFCDs needs to be performed at all ranges of tip speed ratios (TSRs) operation conditions, as there are clear evidences on the correlation between LVAWT performance and different range of TSRs.
{"title":"A review on the use of passive flow control devices as performance enhancement of lift‐type vertical axis wind turbines","authors":"T. Syawitri, Yufeng Yao, J. Yao, B. Chandra","doi":"10.1002/wene.435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.435","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a comprehensive review about passive flow control devices (PFCDs) implemented in lift‐type vertical axis wind turbine (LVAWT), focusing on the underlying flow physics mechanisms and to what extents they can improve the LVAWT performance. In addition, some novel concepts that can be potentially implemented in future are also presented. Based on literature review, it is observed that PFCDs can enhance the power generation of LVAWT up to 172.73% compared with a clean LVAWT. However, this significant improvement still needs to be evaluated carefully by considering the economic feasibility aspect, because PCFDs can increase the design complexity, weight penalty and manufacturing cost of LVAWT. Furthermore, it is essential to design and evaluate the effectiveness of PFCDs using a full VAWT configuration by considering the blade rotating effects and blade‐to‐blade interactions. Finally, evaluation of PFCDs needs to be performed at all ranges of tip speed ratios (TSRs) operation conditions, as there are clear evidences on the correlation between LVAWT performance and different range of TSRs.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43708605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01Epub Date: 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1002/wene.418
Mulualem G Gebreslassie
The COVID-19 pandemic is having an unprecedented impact on social, economic, and political situations of all countries around the world with no sight to its end. Business sectors such as solar distributors, which have been instrumental in supporting the governments' ambitious universal electrification programs, have been negatively affected by the pandemic. The main aim of this paper is therefore to explore and conduct a comparative assessment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic of the key challenges of solar-based businesses in Ethiopia focusing on the distributors and installers and to provide policy recommendations. Qualitative and quantitative assessments were employed during this study. The results show that before the pandemic, finding a skilled workforce, gaining a technical knowledge of the technology, competing in the market, and lack of consumer awareness and initial investment were the key challenges. The importation of solar technologies has been halted by the arrival of the COVID-19 exacerbating existing challenges and threatening the very existence of the businesses. The impact of the pandemic on income levels of end-users of solar technologies, together with the lack of sufficient supply of technologies to the businesses, most of the businesses are forced to lay off their employees deepening the unemployment rate and, in some cases, forcing businesses to be closed. These circumstances affect economic development and dents the progress made so far in facilitating energy access to remote communities. To protect these vulnerable but very essential small businesses, necessary interventions are recommended. This article is categorized under:Photovoltaics > Economics and Policy.
{"title":"Comparative assessment of the challenges faced by the solar energy industry in Ethiopia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Mulualem G Gebreslassie","doi":"10.1002/wene.418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic is having an unprecedented impact on social, economic, and political situations of all countries around the world with no sight to its end. Business sectors such as solar distributors, which have been instrumental in supporting the governments' ambitious universal electrification programs, have been negatively affected by the pandemic. The main aim of this paper is therefore to explore and conduct a comparative assessment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic of the key challenges of solar-based businesses in Ethiopia focusing on the distributors and installers and to provide policy recommendations. Qualitative and quantitative assessments were employed during this study. The results show that before the pandemic, finding a skilled workforce, gaining a technical knowledge of the technology, competing in the market, and lack of consumer awareness and initial investment were the key challenges. The importation of solar technologies has been halted by the arrival of the COVID-19 exacerbating existing challenges and threatening the very existence of the businesses. The impact of the pandemic on income levels of end-users of solar technologies, together with the lack of sufficient supply of technologies to the businesses, most of the businesses are forced to lay off their employees deepening the unemployment rate and, in some cases, forcing businesses to be closed. These circumstances affect economic development and dents the progress made so far in facilitating energy access to remote communities. To protect these vulnerable but very essential small businesses, necessary interventions are recommended. This article is categorized under:Photovoltaics > Economics and Policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":"11 2","pages":"e418"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wene.418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39409944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Byrne, P. Lund, M. Asghar, Damian Flynn, L. Greco, Reinhard Haas, M. Röder, Bo Shen, Jae Ho Yun, G. Berndes, H. Bindslev, T. Johansson, H. Kuwano, P. Morthorst, Lars J. Nilsson, David Serrano, I. Vasalos, Young-Doo Wang, Alexander Wokaun
{"title":"Issue Information","authors":"J. Byrne, P. Lund, M. Asghar, Damian Flynn, L. Greco, Reinhard Haas, M. Röder, Bo Shen, Jae Ho Yun, G. Berndes, H. Bindslev, T. Johansson, H. Kuwano, P. Morthorst, Lars J. Nilsson, David Serrano, I. Vasalos, Young-Doo Wang, Alexander Wokaun","doi":"10.1002/wene.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48972427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The electrification of road freight vehicles is an important approach to reduce air pollution and carbon emissions from the trucking industry. In its current stage, electric truck adoption in China is concentrated in a few cities that provide strong support for the technology. This article reviews the promotion policies adopted by ten major Chinese cities pioneering electric logistics vehicle (ELV) adoption. These policies include operational subsidies, road access privileges, subsidies for charger installation and operation, and other incentives for ELV charging and parking. As local purchasing subsidies for ELVs have been phased down, the operational subsidies and road access privileges provide the main impetus for urban ELV adoption. In addition, a holistic regional assessment identifying high‐potential provinces for future electric truck deployment in the country is described. The assessment takes into account eight indicators under three relevant categories of considerations (i.e., the unique attributes of the technology, where it is most needed, and where it has the most support) and shows that provinces favorable for electric truck deployments are concentrated in the east and south of China. Fleet operators, policymakers, and other industry stakeholders should consider prioritizing electric truck deployments in these regions. Some of these eight indicators are difficult or impossible to change, and policymakers looking to encourage more logistics vehicle electrification must therefore focus on those policy factors that can be changed. Policy recommendations are then formulated in light of the city‐level policy analysis as well as the regional assessment, which is expected to help inform future policymaking and speed ELV adoption in cities across the high‐potential regions and even nationwide.
{"title":"Electric truck deployment in Chinese cities: Promotion policies and implications for future policymaking","authors":"Yanping Qiao, R. Raufer","doi":"10.1002/wene.433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.433","url":null,"abstract":"The electrification of road freight vehicles is an important approach to reduce air pollution and carbon emissions from the trucking industry. In its current stage, electric truck adoption in China is concentrated in a few cities that provide strong support for the technology. This article reviews the promotion policies adopted by ten major Chinese cities pioneering electric logistics vehicle (ELV) adoption. These policies include operational subsidies, road access privileges, subsidies for charger installation and operation, and other incentives for ELV charging and parking. As local purchasing subsidies for ELVs have been phased down, the operational subsidies and road access privileges provide the main impetus for urban ELV adoption. In addition, a holistic regional assessment identifying high‐potential provinces for future electric truck deployment in the country is described. The assessment takes into account eight indicators under three relevant categories of considerations (i.e., the unique attributes of the technology, where it is most needed, and where it has the most support) and shows that provinces favorable for electric truck deployments are concentrated in the east and south of China. Fleet operators, policymakers, and other industry stakeholders should consider prioritizing electric truck deployments in these regions. Some of these eight indicators are difficult or impossible to change, and policymakers looking to encourage more logistics vehicle electrification must therefore focus on those policy factors that can be changed. Policy recommendations are then formulated in light of the city‐level policy analysis as well as the regional assessment, which is expected to help inform future policymaking and speed ELV adoption in cities across the high‐potential regions and even nationwide.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44417511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The business model of as‐a‐service is rapidly spreading in the energy industry. This study aims to examine how servitization in the energy sector is progressing, what sectors are in the spotlight, and what their implications are. By understanding the servitization aspect of the energy sector, it is possible to gauge the direction of change in the energy industry. This study has reviewed various as‐a‐service types in the energy sector through new articles analytics. For a total of 6 years from 2015 to 2020, news articles containing keywords related to the energy industry and the term “as a service” were extracted from Google News using the R package. As a result, well‐known as‐a‐service models such as software‐as‐a‐service and platform‐as‐a‐service are being emphasized in the energy sector. Also, new types of services such as zero‐carbon‐as‐a‐service and resilience‐as‐a‐service have been emerging recently. With the spread of as‐a‐service, the value chain structure of the energy industry is expected to shift towards various types of services and platforms. Servitization, represented by as‐a‐service, is becoming a trend in the energy industry, and policy and regulatory support to foster the data industry and expand opportunities to demonstrate innovative technologies and services is required.
{"title":"Expansion of servitization in the energy sector and its implications","authors":"Chankook Park","doi":"10.1002/wene.434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.434","url":null,"abstract":"The business model of as‐a‐service is rapidly spreading in the energy industry. This study aims to examine how servitization in the energy sector is progressing, what sectors are in the spotlight, and what their implications are. By understanding the servitization aspect of the energy sector, it is possible to gauge the direction of change in the energy industry. This study has reviewed various as‐a‐service types in the energy sector through new articles analytics. For a total of 6 years from 2015 to 2020, news articles containing keywords related to the energy industry and the term “as a service” were extracted from Google News using the R package. As a result, well‐known as‐a‐service models such as software‐as‐a‐service and platform‐as‐a‐service are being emphasized in the energy sector. Also, new types of services such as zero‐carbon‐as‐a‐service and resilience‐as‐a‐service have been emerging recently. With the spread of as‐a‐service, the value chain structure of the energy industry is expected to shift towards various types of services and platforms. Servitization, represented by as‐a‐service, is becoming a trend in the energy industry, and policy and regulatory support to foster the data industry and expand opportunities to demonstrate innovative technologies and services is required.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49279993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kalim U. Shah, Mohammed T. Awojobi, Zakia Soomauroo
Small Island States present features, such as compact road networks, low commuter distances, and often large tourism service sectors, that could make the adoption of electric vehicles for transportation which is an attractive way to reduce their costly dependence on imported fossil fuel and their greenhouse gas emissions. Through the transition theory lens, we review the national policy measures and broad clean transportation targets that small island countries are implementing to encourage electric mobility deployment. From information compiled for 18 small island countries, we find a growing trend in electric vehicle and infrastructure development incentives among broader clean transportation transformation policies and nationally determined contribution targets; and large country‐to‐country variations in enabling conditions to smoothen EV transition. Small island countries are not uniform but instead are very dispersed across the transition S‐curve. The review, therefore, finds that the mobility transition requires island‐specific approaches and solutions that will accentuate critical policy and management elements for fostering transitions.
{"title":"Electric vehicle adoption in small island economies: Review from a technology transition perspective","authors":"Kalim U. Shah, Mohammed T. Awojobi, Zakia Soomauroo","doi":"10.1002/wene.432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.432","url":null,"abstract":"Small Island States present features, such as compact road networks, low commuter distances, and often large tourism service sectors, that could make the adoption of electric vehicles for transportation which is an attractive way to reduce their costly dependence on imported fossil fuel and their greenhouse gas emissions. Through the transition theory lens, we review the national policy measures and broad clean transportation targets that small island countries are implementing to encourage electric mobility deployment. From information compiled for 18 small island countries, we find a growing trend in electric vehicle and infrastructure development incentives among broader clean transportation transformation policies and nationally determined contribution targets; and large country‐to‐country variations in enabling conditions to smoothen EV transition. Small island countries are not uniform but instead are very dispersed across the transition S‐curve. The review, therefore, finds that the mobility transition requires island‐specific approaches and solutions that will accentuate critical policy and management elements for fostering transitions.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49490423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Haas, C. Kemfert, H. Auer, A. Ajanovic, M. Sayer, Albert Hiesl
Since the early beginnings of the electricity system, storage has been of high relevance for balancing supply and demand. Through expanded electricity production by variable renewable technologies such as wind and photovoltaics, the discussion about new options for storage technologies is emerging. In addition, the electricity markets were subject to remarkable alterations. Some developments which describe these changes are increasing electricity generation from variable renewables and the continuing decentralization. These developments have led, among other required transformations, to demands for additional capacities of storage technologies. However, their economics will play a crucial role in their effective market penetration in the following years. The core objective of this work is to conduct a review on the relevance of storage options for electricity and its costs, economics, welfare effects, and on issues of electricity market design. In addition, based on expected Technological Learning prospects for future economics are derived. The major result is that the perspectives of electricity storage systems from an economic viewpoint are highly dependent on the storage's operation time, the nature of the overall system, availability of other flexibility options, and sector coupling. All market‐based storage technologies have to prove their performance in the large electricity markets or if applied decentralized, the (battery) systems compete with the electricity prices at the final customers level when the battery costs are also taken into consideration. Yet, new storage capacities should only be added when it is clear that electricity generation from variable renewables will also be expanded in a way that excess generation is expected.
{"title":"On the economics of storage for electricity: Current state and future market design prospects","authors":"R. Haas, C. Kemfert, H. Auer, A. Ajanovic, M. Sayer, Albert Hiesl","doi":"10.1002/wene.431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.431","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early beginnings of the electricity system, storage has been of high relevance for balancing supply and demand. Through expanded electricity production by variable renewable technologies such as wind and photovoltaics, the discussion about new options for storage technologies is emerging. In addition, the electricity markets were subject to remarkable alterations. Some developments which describe these changes are increasing electricity generation from variable renewables and the continuing decentralization. These developments have led, among other required transformations, to demands for additional capacities of storage technologies. However, their economics will play a crucial role in their effective market penetration in the following years. The core objective of this work is to conduct a review on the relevance of storage options for electricity and its costs, economics, welfare effects, and on issues of electricity market design. In addition, based on expected Technological Learning prospects for future economics are derived. The major result is that the perspectives of electricity storage systems from an economic viewpoint are highly dependent on the storage's operation time, the nature of the overall system, availability of other flexibility options, and sector coupling. All market‐based storage technologies have to prove their performance in the large electricity markets or if applied decentralized, the (battery) systems compete with the electricity prices at the final customers level when the battery costs are also taken into consideration. Yet, new storage capacities should only be added when it is clear that electricity generation from variable renewables will also be expanded in a way that excess generation is expected.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42776240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nuclear power plant construction has historically been challenged by problems of high cost, cost escalation, and construction delays. The newest set of large reactor projects have also been overbudget and overtime. This has prompted interest in new reactor technologies that proponents claim would not suffer these problems, specifically small modular reactors (SMRs), a class that encompasses a wide range of technologies. This article examines national efforts in three countries, Canada, the UK, and the United States, which are pursuing SMRs vigorously and where the government has funded their development generously. We compare the different strategies and foci of these national strategies, analyzing the various forms of support offered by the separate agencies of the government, and the private companies that are trying to develop SMRs. We also offer an overview of the different types of reactor technologies being pursued in these different countries. Following these, we outline the main challenge confronting SMR technologies: their ability to generate electricity in an economically competitive manner, highlighting the problems resulting from economies of scale being lost. By examining the experience so far, we find that even designs based on well‐tested technology cannot be deployed till after 2030 and the more radical designs might never be.
{"title":"A hopeless pursuit? National efforts to promote small modular nuclear reactors and revive nuclear power","authors":"Stephen D. Thomas, M. Ramana","doi":"10.1002/wene.429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.429","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear power plant construction has historically been challenged by problems of high cost, cost escalation, and construction delays. The newest set of large reactor projects have also been overbudget and overtime. This has prompted interest in new reactor technologies that proponents claim would not suffer these problems, specifically small modular reactors (SMRs), a class that encompasses a wide range of technologies. This article examines national efforts in three countries, Canada, the UK, and the United States, which are pursuing SMRs vigorously and where the government has funded their development generously. We compare the different strategies and foci of these national strategies, analyzing the various forms of support offered by the separate agencies of the government, and the private companies that are trying to develop SMRs. We also offer an overview of the different types of reactor technologies being pursued in these different countries. Following these, we outline the main challenge confronting SMR technologies: their ability to generate electricity in an economically competitive manner, highlighting the problems resulting from economies of scale being lost. By examining the experience so far, we find that even designs based on well‐tested technology cannot be deployed till after 2030 and the more radical designs might never be.","PeriodicalId":48766,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Energy and Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42567997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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