It is crucial to develop an efficient catalyst for catalytic co-pyrolysis. In this paper, the catalytic co-pyrolysis of cattle manure and rice husk over a catalyst loaded with Co using KOH-activated biochar as the support was conducted in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that the Co/KRHC catalyst displayed good performance in the catalytic pyrolysis process with a large specific surface area and a developed pore structure. Loading with Co not only improved the quality of syngas but also increased syngas yield. H2 content increased from 4.55% to 13.68%, and CO content increased from 19.78% to 32.25%, whereas CO2 content decreased from 7.32% to 5.3%, and CH4 content decreased from 8.01% to 6.07%. Syngas yield increased from 3.68 Nm3/kg to 4.58 Nm3/kg. The catalyst promoted the breaking of C–C and C–O bonds in tar, increased the content of phenols, ketones, and aldehydes, and reduced the content of oxygen in the syngas. The catalysts also maintained good performance after five catalytic cycles, with H2 and CO contents of approximately 10% and 27.5%, respectively.
{"title":"Co supported KOH activated biochar on the co-pyrolysis of cattle manure and rice husk","authors":"Wen Qiu, Ying Liu, Longjin Tian, G. Fan, Guangsen Song, Q. Cheng","doi":"10.1680/jener.23.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.23.00014","url":null,"abstract":"It is crucial to develop an efficient catalyst for catalytic co-pyrolysis. In this paper, the catalytic co-pyrolysis of cattle manure and rice husk over a catalyst loaded with Co using KOH-activated biochar as the support was conducted in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that the Co/KRHC catalyst displayed good performance in the catalytic pyrolysis process with a large specific surface area and a developed pore structure. Loading with Co not only improved the quality of syngas but also increased syngas yield. H2 content increased from 4.55% to 13.68%, and CO content increased from 19.78% to 32.25%, whereas CO2 content decreased from 7.32% to 5.3%, and CH4 content decreased from 8.01% to 6.07%. Syngas yield increased from 3.68 Nm3/kg to 4.58 Nm3/kg. The catalyst promoted the breaking of C–C and C–O bonds in tar, increased the content of phenols, ketones, and aldehydes, and reduced the content of oxygen in the syngas. The catalysts also maintained good performance after five catalytic cycles, with H2 and CO contents of approximately 10% and 27.5%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74051430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the present study is to analyse the importance of considering the variation in the discharge coefficient (Cd) of a sluice passage and the tidal current speed (i.e., the flow speed approaching the passage) in improving the estimation of power output for a tidal power plant. The simulation results, using a commercial CFD software package, Flow 3D, have shown that the Cd value of a sluice passage varies with the upstream (i.e., on the sea side of the impounded area) water level. In addition, the results of a case study carried out in the Taedong Bay (the DPR Korea), using a zero-dimensional (0-D) model, highlight the importance of considering variations in the tidal current speed as well as Cd when estimating the power output for tidal power plant. In the present study, a detailed scheme is proposed to consider the approach speed at each stage of filling, holding, generating, and holding for the mode of ebb generation. It is hoped that the results of the present study will help scientists, engineers, and decision makers to accurately evaluate the tidal power output of tidal barrages and lagoons in many regions of the world. Highlights • The tidal current speed change must be considered in tidal power output estimation. • The tidal current speed is considered in different ways during a tidal cycle. • The variation in discharge coefficient of a sluice passage must also be considered. • The discharge coefficient gradually decreases as the upstream water level increases.
{"title":"Improving the power output estimation for a tidal power plant: A case study","authors":"Kwang-Su Kim, Jong-Song Jo","doi":"10.1680/jener.23.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.23.00007","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study is to analyse the importance of considering the variation in the discharge coefficient (Cd) of a sluice passage and the tidal current speed (i.e., the flow speed approaching the passage) in improving the estimation of power output for a tidal power plant. The simulation results, using a commercial CFD software package, Flow 3D, have shown that the Cd value of a sluice passage varies with the upstream (i.e., on the sea side of the impounded area) water level. In addition, the results of a case study carried out in the Taedong Bay (the DPR Korea), using a zero-dimensional (0-D) model, highlight the importance of considering variations in the tidal current speed as well as Cd when estimating the power output for tidal power plant. In the present study, a detailed scheme is proposed to consider the approach speed at each stage of filling, holding, generating, and holding for the mode of ebb generation. It is hoped that the results of the present study will help scientists, engineers, and decision makers to accurately evaluate the tidal power output of tidal barrages and lagoons in many regions of the world. Highlights • The tidal current speed change must be considered in tidal power output estimation. • The tidal current speed is considered in different ways during a tidal cycle. • The variation in discharge coefficient of a sluice passage must also be considered. • The discharge coefficient gradually decreases as the upstream water level increases.","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90382459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Vandercruyssen, S. Baker, D. Howard, G. Aggidis
Financial viability and political will ultimately determine if tidal range power schemes are developed. This research aims to demonstrate a robust system to make initial estimates of capital costs for tidal range schemes that can be compared between systems and options. A levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is used to compare a tidal range barrage (Morecambe Bay) and a coastal tidal lagoon (North Wales); the schemes are set in context with other common energy sources. The results show the Morecambe Bay barrage generates marginally more electricity than the North Wales coastal lagoon and has a shorter impoundment at lower cost. However, the economic arguments for both schemes are similar; both are viable as the LCOE shows. Despite being shown to be financially viable, the sources of funding may remain a problem. Financial returns and two potential public funding mechanisms are discussed. The approach using two simple models makes a strong case for more detailed analysis and, in the current environmental, economic, and social climate serious decisions must be taken. Highlights · Initial estimation of capital cost for tidal range case studies using 5-main components · Optimisation of generator rating, number of turbines and sluices · Levelised cost of energy (LCOE). · Revenue and funding mechanisms.
{"title":"Tidal range power generation: case studies combining the Lancaster 0-D generation and cost models","authors":"David Vandercruyssen, S. Baker, D. Howard, G. Aggidis","doi":"10.1680/jener.22.00077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.22.00077","url":null,"abstract":"Financial viability and political will ultimately determine if tidal range power schemes are developed. This research aims to demonstrate a robust system to make initial estimates of capital costs for tidal range schemes that can be compared between systems and options. A levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is used to compare a tidal range barrage (Morecambe Bay) and a coastal tidal lagoon (North Wales); the schemes are set in context with other common energy sources. The results show the Morecambe Bay barrage generates marginally more electricity than the North Wales coastal lagoon and has a shorter impoundment at lower cost. However, the economic arguments for both schemes are similar; both are viable as the LCOE shows. Despite being shown to be financially viable, the sources of funding may remain a problem. Financial returns and two potential public funding mechanisms are discussed. The approach using two simple models makes a strong case for more detailed analysis and, in the current environmental, economic, and social climate serious decisions must be taken. Highlights · Initial estimation of capital cost for tidal range case studies using 5-main components · Optimisation of generator rating, number of turbines and sluices · Levelised cost of energy (LCOE). · Revenue and funding mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90000811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If, as suggested by proponents, fusion small modular reactors (SMRs) can be developed faster than envisaged by the multi-national ITER/DEMO programme, the question remains as to whether such reactors will be a viable commercial proposition. Such viability will depend on a range of factors, including capital costs, income from the sale of electricity and the cost of capital. To investigate these effects, Net Present Values (NPVs) were calculated for a range of scenarios for both First of a Kind (FOAK) and Nth of a Kind (NOAK) plants supplying electricity to the United Kingdom grid commencing in 2040. Calculations have also been carried out to delineate the “space” in which positive NPVs would be obtained. These calculations show that there are combinations of capital costs, electricity prices and costs of capital in which a fusion SMR plant would be financially viable. These calculations, being based on uncertain costs and incomes, are necessarily uncertain. The calculations show that minimisation of capital costs must be a key goal for those seeking to develop a fusion SMR as a commercial proposition.
{"title":"Calculations of net present value for a small modular fusion power plant under a range of scenarios","authors":"D. Webbe-Wood, W. Nuttall","doi":"10.1680/jener.21.00103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.21.00103","url":null,"abstract":"If, as suggested by proponents, fusion small modular reactors (SMRs) can be developed faster than envisaged by the multi-national ITER/DEMO programme, the question remains as to whether such reactors will be a viable commercial proposition. Such viability will depend on a range of factors, including capital costs, income from the sale of electricity and the cost of capital. To investigate these effects, Net Present Values (NPVs) were calculated for a range of scenarios for both First of a Kind (FOAK) and Nth of a Kind (NOAK) plants supplying electricity to the United Kingdom grid commencing in 2040. Calculations have also been carried out to delineate the “space” in which positive NPVs would be obtained. These calculations show that there are combinations of capital costs, electricity prices and costs of capital in which a fusion SMR plant would be financially viable. These calculations, being based on uncertain costs and incomes, are necessarily uncertain. The calculations show that minimisation of capital costs must be a key goal for those seeking to develop a fusion SMR as a commercial proposition.","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76937714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1680/jener.2023.176.2.51
J. Cooper
{"title":"Editorial: Innovating for energy sustainability","authors":"J. Cooper","doi":"10.1680/jener.2023.176.2.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.2023.176.2.51","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82233809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries is very important for the safe and reliable operation of the battery pack. In the industry, the ampere-hour integration plus open-circuit voltage strategy is usually used to estimate the state of charge. However, the use of open-circuit voltage is very demanding, requiring several hours. In this paper, a new estimation strategy is proposed, which can calibrate state of charge during battery operation to eliminate the accumulated error of ampere-hour integration. Specifically, when the current of the battery is constant current for a period, or the change is small while charging or discharging, the state of charge can be corrected according to its voltage. The detailed theoretical analysis is given in this paper and an experimental platform is built for testing.
{"title":"Lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation strategy for industrial applications","authors":"Zilong Chen, Wenjun Liao, Pingfei Li, Jinhui Tan, Yuping Chen","doi":"10.1680/jener.22.00056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.22.00056","url":null,"abstract":"The state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries is very important for the safe and reliable operation of the battery pack. In the industry, the ampere-hour integration plus open-circuit voltage strategy is usually used to estimate the state of charge. However, the use of open-circuit voltage is very demanding, requiring several hours. In this paper, a new estimation strategy is proposed, which can calibrate state of charge during battery operation to eliminate the accumulated error of ampere-hour integration. Specifically, when the current of the battery is constant current for a period, or the change is small while charging or discharging, the state of charge can be corrected according to its voltage. The detailed theoretical analysis is given in this paper and an experimental platform is built for testing.","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74392708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Xu, Yimin Deng, Long Gao, Yuying Zhang, J. Li, Long Zhang, Xiang Ji
In this study, the seasonal solar thermal storage and heating system in the Jilin region of China is considered, and a system model is established by using the TRNSYS software under the heat storage and heating modes. The operating characteristics of the system are analyzed during the complete heat storage and heating seasons, and the economic cost of the system is minimized by optimizing the ratio of the collector area to the water tank volume. The results show that most of the heat is stored in the system in May, and the maximum heat loss from the tank occurs in October. The maximum solar fraction is 47.85%, maximum heat loss rate of the water tank is 29.82%, and energy efficiency ratio of the system is 1.70. The optimized ratio of the heat storage tank volume to solar collector area is 4.5, energy efficiency ratio of the system is 1.67, and the annual cost is ¥441500.
{"title":"Characteristic analysis and parameter optimization of seasonal solar thermal storage heating system","authors":"Lei Xu, Yimin Deng, Long Gao, Yuying Zhang, J. Li, Long Zhang, Xiang Ji","doi":"10.1680/jener.22.00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.22.00051","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the seasonal solar thermal storage and heating system in the Jilin region of China is considered, and a system model is established by using the TRNSYS software under the heat storage and heating modes. The operating characteristics of the system are analyzed during the complete heat storage and heating seasons, and the economic cost of the system is minimized by optimizing the ratio of the collector area to the water tank volume. The results show that most of the heat is stored in the system in May, and the maximum heat loss from the tank occurs in October. The maximum solar fraction is 47.85%, maximum heat loss rate of the water tank is 29.82%, and energy efficiency ratio of the system is 1.70. The optimized ratio of the heat storage tank volume to solar collector area is 4.5, energy efficiency ratio of the system is 1.67, and the annual cost is ¥441500.","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77702043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To effectively improve the absorption capacity of the integrated energy system to clean energy, reduce the carbon emissions of the system, and improve the economic benefits of the system, this paper constructs a comprehensive energy system model that includes electricity to hydrogen and hydrogen to gas and introduces the carbon trading mechanism, the green certificate trading mechanism, and the response mechanism to the load demand. Set different scenarios for example analysis, and solve the model through the CPLEX solver. The results show that the operation strategy of the integrated energy system considering demand response under the carbon green certificate joint trading mechanism performs best, reducing the total cost of the system by 65.8% and the carbon emissions by 23.1%, which can provide a strong reference and guidance for the low-carbon economy operation of the integrated energy system.
{"title":"Operation optimization of comprehensive energy system under carbon green card trading mechanism","authors":"Sun Jian, Qin Yun","doi":"10.1680/jener.22.00073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.22.00073","url":null,"abstract":"To effectively improve the absorption capacity of the integrated energy system to clean energy, reduce the carbon emissions of the system, and improve the economic benefits of the system, this paper constructs a comprehensive energy system model that includes electricity to hydrogen and hydrogen to gas and introduces the carbon trading mechanism, the green certificate trading mechanism, and the response mechanism to the load demand. Set different scenarios for example analysis, and solve the model through the CPLEX solver. The results show that the operation strategy of the integrated energy system considering demand response under the carbon green certificate joint trading mechanism performs best, reducing the total cost of the system by 65.8% and the carbon emissions by 23.1%, which can provide a strong reference and guidance for the low-carbon economy operation of the integrated energy system.","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90330939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a growing interest in the United States to have a more significant role in the development of offshore wind power. In the recent years, the country has begun to shift and drive towards a green economy, investing in clean renewables and technology that will be able to reduce carbon emissions. It is expected that offshore wind has the potential to become a primary source to supply energy to millions of Americans. In the next 10 years, the Biden administration has set a target to achieve close to 30 GW of offshore wind potential. With the existing offshore wind projects in place, many developers are continuing to make progress, but there are many limiting factors that could decide whether that goal will be achieved. A detailed analysis in the U.S. Atlantic Coast, was deemed necessary and light was shed to the licencing process towards the goal of 30 GW by 2030.
{"title":"The offshore wind acceleration in the U.S. Atlantic Coast and the 30GW by 2030 offshore wind target","authors":"Katie Jost, G. Xydis","doi":"10.1680/jener.22.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.22.00045","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing interest in the United States to have a more significant role in the development of offshore wind power. In the recent years, the country has begun to shift and drive towards a green economy, investing in clean renewables and technology that will be able to reduce carbon emissions. It is expected that offshore wind has the potential to become a primary source to supply energy to millions of Americans. In the next 10 years, the Biden administration has set a target to achieve close to 30 GW of offshore wind potential. With the existing offshore wind projects in place, many developers are continuing to make progress, but there are many limiting factors that could decide whether that goal will be achieved. A detailed analysis in the U.S. Atlantic Coast, was deemed necessary and light was shed to the licencing process towards the goal of 30 GW by 2030.","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75183953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1680/jener.2023.176.1.49
{"title":"Energy: Referees 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jener.2023.176.1.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jener.2023.176.1.49","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48776,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83740797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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