Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.134
Emily L. Pakhtigian, Harlan Downs-Tepper, Anisha Anson, Subhrendu K. Pattanayak
Despite the importance of safe sanitation and hygiene for sustainable development and public health, approximately half of India's rural population lacks access to safely managed sanitation. Policies prioritizing improved sanitation access have accelerated coverage, yet barriers to universal access and use remain. In this paper, we investigate how personal experience with a public health shock impacts recall of public health messages and households' sanitation and hygiene practices. Using a panel survey conducted before and after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting lockdown, in Bihar, India, we compare public health messaging recall and hygiene and sanitation behaviors among households that experienced severe economic disruptions due to the COVID-19 lockdown and those that did not. We find that households that experienced economic disruptions had a higher recall of public health messaging around safe sanitation and hygiene. In addition, households that experienced these disruptions reported more social distancing, increased handwashing behavior, and reduced open defecation. A major public health shock, the COVID-19 pandemic, increased messaging around the importance of safe hygiene and sanitation for public health in India. We find that personal experience increased the salience of public health messaging, with positive returns to sanitation and hygiene practices.
{"title":"COVID-19, public health messaging, and sanitation and hygiene practices in rural India","authors":"Emily L. Pakhtigian, Harlan Downs-Tepper, Anisha Anson, Subhrendu K. Pattanayak","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2022.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.134","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite the importance of safe sanitation and hygiene for sustainable development and public health, approximately half of India's rural population lacks access to safely managed sanitation. Policies prioritizing improved sanitation access have accelerated coverage, yet barriers to universal access and use remain. In this paper, we investigate how personal experience with a public health shock impacts recall of public health messages and households' sanitation and hygiene practices. Using a panel survey conducted before and after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting lockdown, in Bihar, India, we compare public health messaging recall and hygiene and sanitation behaviors among households that experienced severe economic disruptions due to the COVID-19 lockdown and those that did not. We find that households that experienced economic disruptions had a higher recall of public health messaging around safe sanitation and hygiene. In addition, households that experienced these disruptions reported more social distancing, increased handwashing behavior, and reduced open defecation. A major public health shock, the COVID-19 pandemic, increased messaging around the importance of safe hygiene and sanitation for public health in India. We find that personal experience increased the salience of public health messaging, with positive returns to sanitation and hygiene practices.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48834460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.243
Afzaal Afzal, Muqaddas Javed, T. Jabeen
Behaviour change interventions are fundamental to achieve sustainability in communities through the identification of new practices and strengthening the existing positive practices. It is considered central to the quest for a sustainable future and solves multidimensional community problems, which require large-scale shifts in human behaviour with regard to their health, social, physical activities, and long-held habits. In this context, the study examines the role of integrated behaviour change interventions for sustainable community development (SCD) by exploring the direct and mediating impacts through knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). The primary data were collected from the district Gujrat (Pakistan) through stratified random sampling to explore the impacts of KAP of WASH and its relationship with child health (CH) and SCD. The hypotheses of the study were tested with smartPLS software. Findings of the overall sample of the study have revealed that integrated behaviour change interventions have significant impacts on KAP, WASH practices in daily life, CH, and SCD. Furthermore, the relationships among variables are positively significant and have direct and mediating impacts on SCD.
{"title":"Integrated behaviour change intervention for sustainable community development: a KAP study of WASH in district Gujrat, Pakistan","authors":"Afzaal Afzal, Muqaddas Javed, T. Jabeen","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2022.243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.243","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Behaviour change interventions are fundamental to achieve sustainability in communities through the identification of new practices and strengthening the existing positive practices. It is considered central to the quest for a sustainable future and solves multidimensional community problems, which require large-scale shifts in human behaviour with regard to their health, social, physical activities, and long-held habits. In this context, the study examines the role of integrated behaviour change interventions for sustainable community development (SCD) by exploring the direct and mediating impacts through knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). The primary data were collected from the district Gujrat (Pakistan) through stratified random sampling to explore the impacts of KAP of WASH and its relationship with child health (CH) and SCD. The hypotheses of the study were tested with smartPLS software. Findings of the overall sample of the study have revealed that integrated behaviour change interventions have significant impacts on KAP, WASH practices in daily life, CH, and SCD. Furthermore, the relationships among variables are positively significant and have direct and mediating impacts on SCD.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44728111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.041
Celestin Banamwana, D. Musoke, Théoneste Ntakirutimana, E. Buregyeya, J. Ssempebwa, Gakenia W. Maina, N. Tumwesigye
Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) technology was introduced to improve sanitation through the reuse of excreta resources, particularly in developing countries. However, the adoption of Ecosan technology is low which makes its diffusion complex, especially in diverse spatial and socio-cultural contexts. This review of literature aimed to use the innovation theory to identify the issues that make the process of adoption of Ecosan technology complex. A total of 105 published studies were reviewed. Of these, only 34 studies were analyzed and grouped according to the complexity of the diffusion of Ecological sanitation technology using the five stages of innovation diffusion conceptual model identified by Everett Rogers (2003) namely: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. The studies revealed the existence of diverse complexities of adoption, such as lack of sanitation policy, phobia against the use of Ecosan by-products, lack of technical support, and safety issues. In addition, poor practical knowledge, illiteracy, high capital cost, disgust with human excreta, religious taboos, and cultural boundaries were also found to hinder the smooth diffusion of Ecosan technology in various geographical settings. The scale-up of Ecosan technology, therefore, needs to focus on addressing these barriers and adopting implementation best practices.
{"title":"Complexity of adoption and diffusion of ecological sanitation technology: a review of literature","authors":"Celestin Banamwana, D. Musoke, Théoneste Ntakirutimana, E. Buregyeya, J. Ssempebwa, Gakenia W. Maina, N. Tumwesigye","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2022.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) technology was introduced to improve sanitation through the reuse of excreta resources, particularly in developing countries. However, the adoption of Ecosan technology is low which makes its diffusion complex, especially in diverse spatial and socio-cultural contexts. This review of literature aimed to use the innovation theory to identify the issues that make the process of adoption of Ecosan technology complex. A total of 105 published studies were reviewed. Of these, only 34 studies were analyzed and grouped according to the complexity of the diffusion of Ecological sanitation technology using the five stages of innovation diffusion conceptual model identified by Everett Rogers (2003) namely: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. The studies revealed the existence of diverse complexities of adoption, such as lack of sanitation policy, phobia against the use of Ecosan by-products, lack of technical support, and safety issues. In addition, poor practical knowledge, illiteracy, high capital cost, disgust with human excreta, religious taboos, and cultural boundaries were also found to hinder the smooth diffusion of Ecosan technology in various geographical settings. The scale-up of Ecosan technology, therefore, needs to focus on addressing these barriers and adopting implementation best practices.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45703598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.120
Camila Nascimento de Oliveira, Viviane Trevisan, E. Skoronski
This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a tannin-based coagulant in clarifying drinking water from a high-range turbidity river and characterizing the sludge. Tanfloc MTH product was selected for this investigation. The study site was surface water located in southern Brazil (Caveiras River, Brazil). Samples were collected just before the Parshall flume in the municipal water treatment plant in Lages (Brazil) for nine months, at least once a week. Jar testing evaluated turbidity removal, alkalinity consumption, optimal coagulant dosage, and settling velocity. After flocculation and settling, the sludge generated from the jar test was submitted to metal and thermogravimetric analyses. The use of tannin reduced the average water turbidity from 26.1 ± 56.1 to 0.94 ± 0.26 NTU, apparent color from 145 ± 190 to 3 ± 3 Pt-Co, and there was no variation in the pH. Additionally, the settling velocity of the flocs reached a maximum turbidity removal at 3.5 cm·min−1. Furthermore, the metal concentrations in the sludge showed a majority of aluminum and iron, and thermogravimetric analysis revealed 64% weight loss. In conclusion, Tanfloc presented the potential to be used in surface water clarification from the Caveiras river, and the extensive turbidity range observed during this study did not affect the operational stability.
{"title":"Application of tannin-based coagulant for high-range turbidity surface water clarification","authors":"Camila Nascimento de Oliveira, Viviane Trevisan, E. Skoronski","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2022.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.120","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a tannin-based coagulant in clarifying drinking water from a high-range turbidity river and characterizing the sludge. Tanfloc MTH product was selected for this investigation. The study site was surface water located in southern Brazil (Caveiras River, Brazil). Samples were collected just before the Parshall flume in the municipal water treatment plant in Lages (Brazil) for nine months, at least once a week. Jar testing evaluated turbidity removal, alkalinity consumption, optimal coagulant dosage, and settling velocity. After flocculation and settling, the sludge generated from the jar test was submitted to metal and thermogravimetric analyses. The use of tannin reduced the average water turbidity from 26.1 ± 56.1 to 0.94 ± 0.26 NTU, apparent color from 145 ± 190 to 3 ± 3 Pt-Co, and there was no variation in the pH. Additionally, the settling velocity of the flocs reached a maximum turbidity removal at 3.5 cm·min−1. Furthermore, the metal concentrations in the sludge showed a majority of aluminum and iron, and thermogravimetric analysis revealed 64% weight loss. In conclusion, Tanfloc presented the potential to be used in surface water clarification from the Caveiras river, and the extensive turbidity range observed during this study did not affect the operational stability.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42758560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.023
I. Ray
Reliable access to safe sanitation is a cornerstone of human health and gender equality. Over the last 10 years, the risks of sexual violence and sexual harassment (SVSH) associated with inadequate access to household latrines have received considerable attention. This is especially true of studies on seeking sanitation under cover of darkness. Here I examine the evidentiary basis of claims that incidences of SVSH can be reduced with better access to latrines. I focus on SVSH towards women and girls, though all genders can face sexual violence. I argue that promoting household (or on premises) latrines as a protection against sexual violence cements entrenched biases about ‘good’ girls, ‘true’ rape, and the place of women in public spaces. Thus, arguments claiming that latrine construction is an important tool against SVSH, while gender-sensitive in intent, can be misogynistic in impact.
{"title":"Reducing sexual violence through safe sanitation?","authors":"I. Ray","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2022.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.023","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable access to safe sanitation is a cornerstone of human health and gender equality. Over the last 10 years, the risks of sexual violence and sexual harassment (SVSH) associated with inadequate access to household latrines have received considerable attention. This is especially true of studies on seeking sanitation under cover of darkness. Here I examine the evidentiary basis of claims that incidences of SVSH can be reduced with better access to latrines. I focus on SVSH towards women and girls, though all genders can face sexual violence. I argue that promoting household (or on premises) latrines as a protection against sexual violence cements entrenched biases about ‘good’ girls, ‘true’ rape, and the place of women in public spaces. Thus, arguments claiming that latrine construction is an important tool against SVSH, while gender-sensitive in intent, can be misogynistic in impact.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42241864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.049
C. Priadi, G. L. Putri, Q. N. Jannah, S. Maryati, A. Afriana, M. A. Pratama, T. Foster, J. Willetts
Limited piped water services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are likely to increase the use of multiple water sources, impacting access to safely managed water. The aim of this study was to analyze monthly variations of households' water source preferences in three subdistricts in Bekasi, adjacent to the capital city of Indonesia, through a monthly telephone survey of 87 households during 12 months. Households with 1, 2, and 3–4 drinking water sources formed 70, 27, and 3% of the 755 total responses, respectively. Of the 53 households that completed at least 11 of the 12 monthly surveys, around 32% of households resorted to other water sources as an alternative for drinking water and other domestic purposes. Households switched from borehole water to bottled water for their primary drinking water in the wet season but still used borehole water as their complementary source. Unimproved source use as primary drinking water also increased during the wet season from 6 to 8%. Monitoring and risk assessment of water sources need to consider the use of multiple water sources while balancing out the limited resources to protect the population, especially the vulnerable, from unacceptable health risks.
{"title":"A longitudinal study of multiple water source use in Bekasi, Indonesia: implications for monitoring safely-managed services","authors":"C. Priadi, G. L. Putri, Q. N. Jannah, S. Maryati, A. Afriana, M. A. Pratama, T. Foster, J. Willetts","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2022.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.049","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Limited piped water services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are likely to increase the use of multiple water sources, impacting access to safely managed water. The aim of this study was to analyze monthly variations of households' water source preferences in three subdistricts in Bekasi, adjacent to the capital city of Indonesia, through a monthly telephone survey of 87 households during 12 months. Households with 1, 2, and 3–4 drinking water sources formed 70, 27, and 3% of the 755 total responses, respectively. Of the 53 households that completed at least 11 of the 12 monthly surveys, around 32% of households resorted to other water sources as an alternative for drinking water and other domestic purposes. Households switched from borehole water to bottled water for their primary drinking water in the wet season but still used borehole water as their complementary source. Unimproved source use as primary drinking water also increased during the wet season from 6 to 8%. Monitoring and risk assessment of water sources need to consider the use of multiple water sources while balancing out the limited resources to protect the population, especially the vulnerable, from unacceptable health risks.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48347174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-13DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.060
Md. Arif Chowdhury, Sara Nowreen, Nusrat Jahan Tarin, M. Hasan, Rashed Uz Zzaman, Nazaha Izdihar Amatullah
The rapid expansion of slums with increasing population density are the main barriers to scaling-up sustainable Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) facilities in the megalopolis of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The improper arrangement of ‘Cheap WASH’ (i.e., water access, sanitation access, and hygiene practices) and unmanaged disposal of non-biodegradable menstrual hygiene wastes, single-use medical, and plastic usage at slums are making the environment of city surroundings unfavourable and vulnerable posing a great threat to public health. Among the slum-dwellers, particularly, females with a disability are mostly the worst affected and vulnerable due to unfavourable conditions and lack of necessary support. Following the backdrops, this study purposively selected two Dhaka slums, with and without disabled-friendly facilities, to investigate female perspectives on different aspects related to WASH and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) for females with a disability. In total, 30 in-depth interviews, 12 focus group discussions, and 22 key informant interviews were conducted at Korail and Kalyanpur slums. Case studies from the megalopolis of Dhaka, Bangladesh, capture the economic burden added to the budgetary deficits of the family with female-disabled. Discrimination in extra care needed for toilet facilities, MHM education, and transport and overlooking the caretaker's requirement or loss in income are found as additional burdens.
{"title":"WASH and MHM experiences of disabled females living in Dhaka slums of Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Arif Chowdhury, Sara Nowreen, Nusrat Jahan Tarin, M. Hasan, Rashed Uz Zzaman, Nazaha Izdihar Amatullah","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2022.060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The rapid expansion of slums with increasing population density are the main barriers to scaling-up sustainable Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) facilities in the megalopolis of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The improper arrangement of ‘Cheap WASH’ (i.e., water access, sanitation access, and hygiene practices) and unmanaged disposal of non-biodegradable menstrual hygiene wastes, single-use medical, and plastic usage at slums are making the environment of city surroundings unfavourable and vulnerable posing a great threat to public health. Among the slum-dwellers, particularly, females with a disability are mostly the worst affected and vulnerable due to unfavourable conditions and lack of necessary support. Following the backdrops, this study purposively selected two Dhaka slums, with and without disabled-friendly facilities, to investigate female perspectives on different aspects related to WASH and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) for females with a disability. In total, 30 in-depth interviews, 12 focus group discussions, and 22 key informant interviews were conducted at Korail and Kalyanpur slums. Case studies from the megalopolis of Dhaka, Bangladesh, capture the economic burden added to the budgetary deficits of the family with female-disabled. Discrimination in extra care needed for toilet facilities, MHM education, and transport and overlooking the caretaker's requirement or loss in income are found as additional burdens.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46670383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.071
Afsaneh Farjami, Shiva Eradati, H. Hamishehkar, M. Siahi-Shadbad, F. Lotfipour
In the pharmaceutical industry, the microbiological quality of water is vital. This research investigated how combining peracetic acid (0.1% V/V) and UV light (>150 mJ/cm2) as wide-spectrum disinfectants affect microbial and endotoxin levels in a pharmaceutical water system. Water samples were taken aseptically from 12 points across the system. The pour plate technique and membrane filtration were used for microbial counts. The presence of endotoxin in distilled water samples was investigated by the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test gel-clot method. After peracetic acid–UV combination treatment, microbial counts of samples significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with UV treatment alone, and they were lower than the action limits specified by the European Pharmacopeia (100 CFU/ml for purified water and 10 CFU/100 ml for water for injection). In addition, water samples were mainly LAL-negative (10 negative weekly reports out of 12 total reports). It is concluded that disinfection of all stages of the water system with peracetic acid–UV combination remarkably improved the microbial quality of the water system. Therefore, rotation between more than one disinfectant policy and periodic disinfection of the water system by peracetic acid–UV combination is recommended to minimize contamination of the water system and pharmaceutical products as well as bacterial infections in product consumers.
{"title":"Effect of peracetic acid–ultraviolet combination treatment on microbial and endotoxin levels in a pharmaceutical water system","authors":"Afsaneh Farjami, Shiva Eradati, H. Hamishehkar, M. Siahi-Shadbad, F. Lotfipour","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2022.071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.071","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the pharmaceutical industry, the microbiological quality of water is vital. This research investigated how combining peracetic acid (0.1% V/V) and UV light (>150 mJ/cm2) as wide-spectrum disinfectants affect microbial and endotoxin levels in a pharmaceutical water system. Water samples were taken aseptically from 12 points across the system. The pour plate technique and membrane filtration were used for microbial counts. The presence of endotoxin in distilled water samples was investigated by the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test gel-clot method. After peracetic acid–UV combination treatment, microbial counts of samples significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with UV treatment alone, and they were lower than the action limits specified by the European Pharmacopeia (100 CFU/ml for purified water and 10 CFU/100 ml for water for injection). In addition, water samples were mainly LAL-negative (10 negative weekly reports out of 12 total reports). It is concluded that disinfection of all stages of the water system with peracetic acid–UV combination remarkably improved the microbial quality of the water system. Therefore, rotation between more than one disinfectant policy and periodic disinfection of the water system by peracetic acid–UV combination is recommended to minimize contamination of the water system and pharmaceutical products as well as bacterial infections in product consumers.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41554351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.098
S. Godfrey, M. Wambugu, P. Parikh, Farai Tunhuma
The UN High Level Panel on Water notes that a total annual capital expenditure (CAPEX) of $114 billion and operation and maintenance expenditure (OPEX) of $129 billion is required globally to meet the safe drinking water and sanitation targets 1 and 2 of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). In Sub-Saharan Africa, $36 billion is required and UNICEF estimates $15 billion is required to meet these targets in 21 countries in East and Southern Africa. Currently, only 15% of the financial investments in the sector are accounted for, which falls significantly short of delivering SDG 6. Consequently, innovative finance tools that maximise taxes, tariffs and transfers (3ts) are required to mobilise finances for the region's sector. This paper presents a diagnostic methodology for identifying bankable and blended finance projects in East and Southern Africa's water and sanitation sector. Potential projects were identified in Malawi, Mozambique and Ethiopia. Findings from applying the AHP (analytical hierarchy process) analysis recommend the use of the decision-making tool for prioritisation and selection of water and sanitation projects in the context of multiple projects requiring blended finance. The methods are applicable to other parts of Sub-Saharan Africa to enhance project pipelines whose collective cost and revenue mitigate investment risk.
{"title":"Validation of the UNICEF fiscal diagnostic tool for SDGs 6.1 and 6.2 in East and Southern Africa using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP)","authors":"S. Godfrey, M. Wambugu, P. Parikh, Farai Tunhuma","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2022.098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2022.098","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The UN High Level Panel on Water notes that a total annual capital expenditure (CAPEX) of $114 billion and operation and maintenance expenditure (OPEX) of $129 billion is required globally to meet the safe drinking water and sanitation targets 1 and 2 of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). In Sub-Saharan Africa, $36 billion is required and UNICEF estimates $15 billion is required to meet these targets in 21 countries in East and Southern Africa. Currently, only 15% of the financial investments in the sector are accounted for, which falls significantly short of delivering SDG 6. Consequently, innovative finance tools that maximise taxes, tariffs and transfers (3ts) are required to mobilise finances for the region's sector. This paper presents a diagnostic methodology for identifying bankable and blended finance projects in East and Southern Africa's water and sanitation sector. Potential projects were identified in Malawi, Mozambique and Ethiopia. Findings from applying the AHP (analytical hierarchy process) analysis recommend the use of the decision-making tool for prioritisation and selection of water and sanitation projects in the context of multiple projects requiring blended finance. The methods are applicable to other parts of Sub-Saharan Africa to enhance project pipelines whose collective cost and revenue mitigate investment risk.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45201582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-26DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2022.167
K. Rahaman, Sílvia Ramos, M. Harter, H. Mosler
This study sought to identify the psychosocial factors that influence handwashing behaviour and to design behaviour change techniques applying the risk, attitude, norm, ability, and self-regulation (RANAS) behaviour change approach in Rohingya camps in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in four Rohingya camps located in Ukhiya and Teknaf sub-districts. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Analysis of variance testing (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant predicting variables. A total of 1,358 individuals participated in the interview. The mean age was 31.11 ranging from 13 to 75 years. The majority were female (84.9%). Around 75% of participants reported practising handwashing. Several psychosocial predictors were identified for handwashing behaviour with medium to large effect size such as health knowledge, beliefs about costs and benefits, feelings, social norms, abilities, and self-regulation factors. Significant predictors were additionally identified in individual camps. The behaviour change techniques included providing information, demonstration of handwashing, providing rewards, evoking emotions, and public commitments amongst others proposed in this study. Identified psychosocial determinants should be considered while promoting sustainable handwashing behaviour along with adequate supplies and infrastructure. This study also suggests to evaluate the proposed behaviour change interventions considering the contextual factors related to handwashing.
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