Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.111
G. Mekonnen, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, G. S. Gebrie, H. Kloos, Worku Mulat Legesse
Background: Diarrheal illnesses are mainly linked with poverty, and hygiene promotion programs can significantly reduce childhood diarrhea when interventions are tested in stable communities. However, there is no sufficient evidence in emergency context. Methods: A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in Teirkidi and Pugnido refugee camps. Intention to treat was applied in analyses of the results of this trial. Logistic, poison regression and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to evaluate changes in cluster-level hygiene behaviors and period prevalence and incidence of diarrhea with its confidence intervals (95% CI) and p < 0.05 significant cutoff point. Results: The reported diarrhea episodes were 1,307 (15.6 episodes per 100 person-weeks observation) among the intervention households and 1,619 (18.9 episodes per 100 person-weeks observation) in the control households. Under-five children living in households that received hygiene promotion had a 15% [p < 0.001; adjusted IRR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79 0.92] and a lower incidence of diarrhea compared with children living in control households. Conclusion: The study confirms that hygiene promotion intervention can significantly reduce the incidence rate of childhood diarrhea in refugee camps. Hence, gains in the reduction of childhood diarrhea can be achieved in refugee camps through an enhanced hygiene promotion program.
{"title":"Impact of hygiene promotion on acute childhood diarrhea: evidence from a cluster-randomized trial in refugee communities in Gambella Region, Ethiopia","authors":"G. Mekonnen, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, G. S. Gebrie, H. Kloos, Worku Mulat Legesse","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.111","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background: Diarrheal illnesses are mainly linked with poverty, and hygiene promotion programs can significantly reduce childhood diarrhea when interventions are tested in stable communities. However, there is no sufficient evidence in emergency context. Methods: A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in Teirkidi and Pugnido refugee camps. Intention to treat was applied in analyses of the results of this trial. Logistic, poison regression and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to evaluate changes in cluster-level hygiene behaviors and period prevalence and incidence of diarrhea with its confidence intervals (95% CI) and p < 0.05 significant cutoff point. Results: The reported diarrhea episodes were 1,307 (15.6 episodes per 100 person-weeks observation) among the intervention households and 1,619 (18.9 episodes per 100 person-weeks observation) in the control households. Under-five children living in households that received hygiene promotion had a 15% [p < 0.001; adjusted IRR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79 0.92] and a lower incidence of diarrhea compared with children living in control households. Conclusion: The study confirms that hygiene promotion intervention can significantly reduce the incidence rate of childhood diarrhea in refugee camps. Hence, gains in the reduction of childhood diarrhea can be achieved in refugee camps through an enhanced hygiene promotion program.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44877388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.252
A. A. Zewde, Zifu Li, Xiaoqin Zhou
Basic sanitation is still lacking in many developing countries, resulting in significant environmental health risks. The efficient disposal of food waste with potential resource recovery has recently gained much attention. Food waste is considered to be a favourable substrate for the anaerobic digestion (AD) because it has easy biodegradability, rich nutrient availability, and high water content. Waste disposal as well as energy recovery can be achieved through AD of food waste. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are among the essential intermediates produced when organic waste is treated in the AD process. They are produced during the acidogenesis and acetogenesis stages of AD. VFA is an important substrate for the microorganisms that are involved in the production of biodegradable plastics, bioenergy, nutrient removal processes, and the inactivation of pathogens. Since the degree of acidification and the key metabolic pathways during fermentation are influenced by the characteristics of the substrate, the amount and composition of VFAs obtained during the AD process may vary depending on the substrate used. This article reviews the achievements and applications of VFAs to inactivate pathogens.
{"title":"A review on the use and applications of volatile fatty acids on faecal sludge sanitization","authors":"A. A. Zewde, Zifu Li, Xiaoqin Zhou","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.252","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Basic sanitation is still lacking in many developing countries, resulting in significant environmental health risks. The efficient disposal of food waste with potential resource recovery has recently gained much attention. Food waste is considered to be a favourable substrate for the anaerobic digestion (AD) because it has easy biodegradability, rich nutrient availability, and high water content. Waste disposal as well as energy recovery can be achieved through AD of food waste. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are among the essential intermediates produced when organic waste is treated in the AD process. They are produced during the acidogenesis and acetogenesis stages of AD. VFA is an important substrate for the microorganisms that are involved in the production of biodegradable plastics, bioenergy, nutrient removal processes, and the inactivation of pathogens. Since the degree of acidification and the key metabolic pathways during fermentation are influenced by the characteristics of the substrate, the amount and composition of VFAs obtained during the AD process may vary depending on the substrate used. This article reviews the achievements and applications of VFAs to inactivate pathogens.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43307449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.209
Thanushree M S, Mahadevaswamy Mahadevappa, M. Shivaswamy, S. Mahesh, Chiranth Premanandasagar
Real cotton fabric industry wastewater (CFIWW) was treated using the novel electrochemical coagulation (ECC) technology by stainless steel (SS) and copper (Cu) electrodes for applied cell current 1.5 and 4.4 A for a maximum electrolysis time of 30 min. Pre-characterization of CFIWW before ECC showed higher values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, chloride, alkalinity and other quality parameters. Removal of COD and total dissolved solids (TDS) were 97 and 94% for 30.2 V and 4.4 A while using a Cu electrode. The ECC obtained sludge produced 3.13 g/L for Cu and 11.2 g/L for SS for 4.4 A, and 0.43 and 3.98 g/L for 1.5 A. The analysis of ECC sludge was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The SEM images of ECC sludge showed unstructured, irregular morphology with uneven edges and rough surfaces. The elemental composition of sludge was studied using EDS showing the presence of copper, oxygen, sodium, sulphur and iron. The FT-IR spectra of ECC sludge for Cu- and SS-mediated ECC-generated sludge showed the presence of alcohol and carboxyl groups at several wave numbers. The specific energy consumption (SEC) for Cu was lower than SS.
{"title":"Electrochemical treatment of real cotton fabric industry wastewater using copper and stainless steel electrodes","authors":"Thanushree M S, Mahadevaswamy Mahadevappa, M. Shivaswamy, S. Mahesh, Chiranth Premanandasagar","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.209","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Real cotton fabric industry wastewater (CFIWW) was treated using the novel electrochemical coagulation (ECC) technology by stainless steel (SS) and copper (Cu) electrodes for applied cell current 1.5 and 4.4 A for a maximum electrolysis time of 30 min. Pre-characterization of CFIWW before ECC showed higher values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour, chloride, alkalinity and other quality parameters. Removal of COD and total dissolved solids (TDS) were 97 and 94% for 30.2 V and 4.4 A while using a Cu electrode. The ECC obtained sludge produced 3.13 g/L for Cu and 11.2 g/L for SS for 4.4 A, and 0.43 and 3.98 g/L for 1.5 A. The analysis of ECC sludge was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The SEM images of ECC sludge showed unstructured, irregular morphology with uneven edges and rough surfaces. The elemental composition of sludge was studied using EDS showing the presence of copper, oxygen, sodium, sulphur and iron. The FT-IR spectra of ECC sludge for Cu- and SS-mediated ECC-generated sludge showed the presence of alcohol and carboxyl groups at several wave numbers. The specific energy consumption (SEC) for Cu was lower than SS.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42852119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-22DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.168
Pierre-Gilles Duvernay, Renata Campos Nogueira, Lucas Pittet, Stanislas Razafimahatratra, Michel Poulet, J. Veuthey, Anatole Dadare, Alfred Boutouhely
Schools from Sainte-Marie Island, off the east coast of Madagascar, participated in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs. We report an association between the program, the sustainable access to water treatment (WT) in 20 schools, and the impact on diarrhea incidence in the region. We performed a quasi-experimental longitudinal study on the program's sustainability by accessing the continuation of point-of-use (POU) water chlorination, safe water storage (SWS), and handwashing practices on the diarrhea cases of children. Patient files from 10 health centers near the schools were consulted. Sodium hypochlorite was locally produced by the students for WT and the program's sustainability was accessed between 2016 and 2021. After the intervention, 40% of water sources were entirely replaced and 60% received improvements. A student's water club, guided by teachers, was responsible for all activities related to WT. The health centers around the schools participating in the program saw diarrhea cases drop by 58% between 2018 and 2021. There appears to be an association between a decrease in diarrhea cases and the program's implementation. The strategy used can be replicated. Nevertheless, the program's success is multifactorial, depending on community engagement, adapted technology, funding, and governmental support to ensure sustainability.
{"title":"Decreasing diarrhea cases through on-site sodium hypochlorite production in Madagascar","authors":"Pierre-Gilles Duvernay, Renata Campos Nogueira, Lucas Pittet, Stanislas Razafimahatratra, Michel Poulet, J. Veuthey, Anatole Dadare, Alfred Boutouhely","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.168","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Schools from Sainte-Marie Island, off the east coast of Madagascar, participated in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs. We report an association between the program, the sustainable access to water treatment (WT) in 20 schools, and the impact on diarrhea incidence in the region. We performed a quasi-experimental longitudinal study on the program's sustainability by accessing the continuation of point-of-use (POU) water chlorination, safe water storage (SWS), and handwashing practices on the diarrhea cases of children. Patient files from 10 health centers near the schools were consulted. Sodium hypochlorite was locally produced by the students for WT and the program's sustainability was accessed between 2016 and 2021. After the intervention, 40% of water sources were entirely replaced and 60% received improvements. A student's water club, guided by teachers, was responsible for all activities related to WT. The health centers around the schools participating in the program saw diarrhea cases drop by 58% between 2018 and 2021. There appears to be an association between a decrease in diarrhea cases and the program's implementation. The strategy used can be replicated. Nevertheless, the program's success is multifactorial, depending on community engagement, adapted technology, funding, and governmental support to ensure sustainability.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41341254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-22DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.215
D. Daniel, Hayu Qaimamunazzala, A. Siantoro, Mita Sirait, Yohanes B. Tanaboleng, R. Padmawati
Household water treatment (HWT) is a solution for households that do not have access to a safe drinking water supply. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ende District, Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), Indonesia. A total of 425 household respondents were interviewed and observed about the HWT practice and water storage condition and 143 household drinking water samples were collected for microbial water quality analysis. Results show that even though HWT is regularly performed, not all the water they drink has been treated. The ‘level’ of psychological factors risk, attitude, norms, ability, and self-regulation (RANAS) were high, indicating that regular HWT practice goes in hand with the underlying psychological factors. Psychological factor action planning was the most influential psychological sub-factor associated related with the frequency of drinking treated water. Drinking water is mostly stored in safe storage, but placed in a less hygienic surrounding environment. Though HWT results in better water quality, water quality was not significantly associated with HWT, drinking water handling, or storage. Finally, promoting always drinking treated water and then storing it in a safe and hygienic environment are still needed in areas where HWT is commonly practiced, so people can get the maximum health impact of HWT.
{"title":"Household drinking water treatment in rural Indonesia: actual practice, determinants, and drinking water quality","authors":"D. Daniel, Hayu Qaimamunazzala, A. Siantoro, Mita Sirait, Yohanes B. Tanaboleng, R. Padmawati","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.215","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Household water treatment (HWT) is a solution for households that do not have access to a safe drinking water supply. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ende District, Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), Indonesia. A total of 425 household respondents were interviewed and observed about the HWT practice and water storage condition and 143 household drinking water samples were collected for microbial water quality analysis. Results show that even though HWT is regularly performed, not all the water they drink has been treated. The ‘level’ of psychological factors risk, attitude, norms, ability, and self-regulation (RANAS) were high, indicating that regular HWT practice goes in hand with the underlying psychological factors. Psychological factor action planning was the most influential psychological sub-factor associated related with the frequency of drinking treated water. Drinking water is mostly stored in safe storage, but placed in a less hygienic surrounding environment. Though HWT results in better water quality, water quality was not significantly associated with HWT, drinking water handling, or storage. Finally, promoting always drinking treated water and then storing it in a safe and hygienic environment are still needed in areas where HWT is commonly practiced, so people can get the maximum health impact of HWT.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43551388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.164
Issah Baddianaah, N. Ismail, N. Fielmua, Sophia Dimah Nandzo, Fauzi Rahman Salifu, Mueen Abdulai
Access to functional water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) systems is a necessity for safe health and a fundamental determinant of human well-being. As a result, constant monitoring, tracking and bridging of the gaps in access to WaSH is a global public health requirement. Developing countries are currently disadvantaged in this era of the COVID-19 outbreak, particularly in the area of school-based WaSH. This study assesses the present condition and challenges hindering access to school-based WaSH in the Wa Municipality. Primary data involving 145 health teachers were sourced using survey questionnaires and supported with ocular assessment. Results show that basic schools in the Wa Municipality currently have in place some sort of WaSH facilities, thereby meeting the availability criteria to a large extent. However, these schools do not meet the remaining standards – functionality, accessibility, maintenance and quality of services, education and practices. The major factors affecting the sustainable operationalisation of the school-based WaSH are poor maintenance and inadequate funding of WaSH infrastructure. The school-based WaSH in Ghana requires rapt policy attention if the quest to attain Sustainable Development Goal 6 by 2030 is to be achieved.
{"title":"Condition of water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) in Ghana's basic schools: empirical evidence from Wa municipality","authors":"Issah Baddianaah, N. Ismail, N. Fielmua, Sophia Dimah Nandzo, Fauzi Rahman Salifu, Mueen Abdulai","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.164","url":null,"abstract":"Access to functional water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) systems is a necessity for safe health and a fundamental determinant of human well-being. As a result, constant monitoring, tracking and bridging of the gaps in access to WaSH is a global public health requirement. Developing countries are currently disadvantaged in this era of the COVID-19 outbreak, particularly in the area of school-based WaSH. This study assesses the present condition and challenges hindering access to school-based WaSH in the Wa Municipality. Primary data involving 145 health teachers were sourced using survey questionnaires and supported with ocular assessment. Results show that basic schools in the Wa Municipality currently have in place some sort of WaSH facilities, thereby meeting the availability criteria to a large extent. However, these schools do not meet the remaining standards – functionality, accessibility, maintenance and quality of services, education and practices. The major factors affecting the sustainable operationalisation of the school-based WaSH are poor maintenance and inadequate funding of WaSH infrastructure. The school-based WaSH in Ghana requires rapt policy attention if the quest to attain Sustainable Development Goal 6 by 2030 is to be achieved.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41860539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-20DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.165
H. Marcus, S. Hodgins, Raphine Muga
As climate change disrupts the global hydrological cycle, bringing extremes of flooding and drought, many communities will experience changes in water and sanitation quality and access, requiring adaptive behavior changes. This study set out to map the adaptation patterns – namely, the strategies employed to cope with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related impacts of climate change – within the Mabinju community, located along the banks of Lake Victoria in Western Kenya. Qualitative methods were employed, involving 17 semi-structured individual interviews and seven focus groups with village members. Insights derived from direct conversations with village members were deepened through qualitative interviews with an additional 13 WASH sector stakeholders working in the wider Lake Victoria Basin region. Through this study, various WASH-specific community adaptation measures were identified, with both positive and negative impacts on long-term local climate resilience. While many positive coping strategies were found to be spurred by the creative faculties of local residents, capacities for adaptation were found to be restrained by broader forces of poverty and resource access, resulting in the adoption of certain maladaptive coping mechanisms. These findings highlight the need for climate adaptation interventions in the WASH sector to simultaneously build on existing resilience-enhancing measures while addressing the root causes of maladaptation.
{"title":"Climate adaptation and WASH behavior change in the Lake Victoria Basin","authors":"H. Marcus, S. Hodgins, Raphine Muga","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.165","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As climate change disrupts the global hydrological cycle, bringing extremes of flooding and drought, many communities will experience changes in water and sanitation quality and access, requiring adaptive behavior changes. This study set out to map the adaptation patterns – namely, the strategies employed to cope with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related impacts of climate change – within the Mabinju community, located along the banks of Lake Victoria in Western Kenya. Qualitative methods were employed, involving 17 semi-structured individual interviews and seven focus groups with village members. Insights derived from direct conversations with village members were deepened through qualitative interviews with an additional 13 WASH sector stakeholders working in the wider Lake Victoria Basin region. Through this study, various WASH-specific community adaptation measures were identified, with both positive and negative impacts on long-term local climate resilience. While many positive coping strategies were found to be spurred by the creative faculties of local residents, capacities for adaptation were found to be restrained by broader forces of poverty and resource access, resulting in the adoption of certain maladaptive coping mechanisms. These findings highlight the need for climate adaptation interventions in the WASH sector to simultaneously build on existing resilience-enhancing measures while addressing the root causes of maladaptation.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45264913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-03DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.020
Jamie Hand, Christina Hwang, Wren Vogel, Christina Lopez, Sangchul Hwang
Many menstruators around the world have limited access to education about menstruation and to sanitary methods for managing menstruation. The use of sanitary products is influenced by economic status, proximity to resources, education, and cultural beliefs. Improper use of sanitary products or lack thereof can lead to major health issues. Plastic-based, commercial pads take decades to degrade and cause harm to the environment and pose health risks to menstruators. To combat the lack of education and accessibility to menstrual products, there is a need to develop inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and culturally acceptable menstrual hygiene pads. Organic sanitary pads have been developed with locally available materials, such as water hyacinth, banana stems, bamboo, papyrus, hemp, and cotton. These sanitary pads have the potential to create better health and economic outcomes for menstruators across the globe and reduce the environmental footprint.
{"title":"An exploration of market organic sanitary products for improving menstrual health and environmental impact","authors":"Jamie Hand, Christina Hwang, Wren Vogel, Christina Lopez, Sangchul Hwang","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Many menstruators around the world have limited access to education about menstruation and to sanitary methods for managing menstruation. The use of sanitary products is influenced by economic status, proximity to resources, education, and cultural beliefs. Improper use of sanitary products or lack thereof can lead to major health issues. Plastic-based, commercial pads take decades to degrade and cause harm to the environment and pose health risks to menstruators. To combat the lack of education and accessibility to menstrual products, there is a need to develop inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and culturally acceptable menstrual hygiene pads. Organic sanitary pads have been developed with locally available materials, such as water hyacinth, banana stems, bamboo, papyrus, hemp, and cotton. These sanitary pads have the potential to create better health and economic outcomes for menstruators across the globe and reduce the environmental footprint.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47999721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.199
Novlloyd Celeste
The study determined the association of access to safe water and the type of toilet facilities versus household characteristics in the Philippines. A total of 39,771 respondents were included in the analysis using data from the Department of Science and Technology Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Cramer's V was used as a statistical tool to determine the association of toilet facility versus the access to safe water, water source, and whether the toilet is shared or not. Additionally, multinomial logistic regression was used to predict the type of toilet facility with other household characteristics. Meanwhile, a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) was used to classify the type of toilet facilities based on access to safe water, water sources and a wealth quintile. Statistically, the result showed that there is a high association among the variables mentioned. The study concludes that access to sanitation such as the type of toilet facility per household, is highly associated with water sources and access to safe water. Furthermore, there is a need to provide means of access to sanitation among the poorest households. To reduce the inequalities in these services, the decision rule presented in this study can be a guiding principle in providing such intervention.
{"title":"Linking poverty with water and sanitation in targeting households for achieving sustainable development","authors":"Novlloyd Celeste","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.199","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The study determined the association of access to safe water and the type of toilet facilities versus household characteristics in the Philippines. A total of 39,771 respondents were included in the analysis using data from the Department of Science and Technology Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Cramer's V was used as a statistical tool to determine the association of toilet facility versus the access to safe water, water source, and whether the toilet is shared or not. Additionally, multinomial logistic regression was used to predict the type of toilet facility with other household characteristics. Meanwhile, a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) was used to classify the type of toilet facilities based on access to safe water, water sources and a wealth quintile. Statistically, the result showed that there is a high association among the variables mentioned. The study concludes that access to sanitation such as the type of toilet facility per household, is highly associated with water sources and access to safe water. Furthermore, there is a need to provide means of access to sanitation among the poorest households. To reduce the inequalities in these services, the decision rule presented in this study can be a guiding principle in providing such intervention.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49528343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.124
Paul Hayes, B. Fawcett
Violence committed by non-State armed groups has displaced over 250,000 people in the Diffa region of Niger and crippled the regional economy. The humanitarian response included substantial investment in water infrastructure which has largely alleviated the immediate needs of displacement-affected populations. However, ongoing insecurity threatens the sustainability of these rural water services. A systems-thinking approach to explain the interaction between different sustainability factors for rural water services is advocated by a growing body of literature, but is almost exclusively focused on stable contexts. The applied research reported here adopted a qualitative assessment methodology to determine the impact of the insecurity in Diffa on these sustainability factors. Twenty-five respondents from government, water management structures, donors, and non-governmental organisations were interviewed between March and June 2021. The research demonstrated that insecurity in Diffa impacts negatively on all sustainability factors for rural water services and impedes access, coordination, and communication by and between relevant actors. The overlapping humanitarian and development contexts and the push to implement a triple nexus approach – which includes peace as its third element – raise dilemmas concerning the application of water tariffs, the durability of water infrastructure, and the suitability of a community-based approach to water management.
{"title":"Sustainability of rural water services in the humanitarian-development-peace nexus: a case study from Diffa, Niger","authors":"Paul Hayes, B. Fawcett","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.124","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Violence committed by non-State armed groups has displaced over 250,000 people in the Diffa region of Niger and crippled the regional economy. The humanitarian response included substantial investment in water infrastructure which has largely alleviated the immediate needs of displacement-affected populations. However, ongoing insecurity threatens the sustainability of these rural water services. A systems-thinking approach to explain the interaction between different sustainability factors for rural water services is advocated by a growing body of literature, but is almost exclusively focused on stable contexts. The applied research reported here adopted a qualitative assessment methodology to determine the impact of the insecurity in Diffa on these sustainability factors. Twenty-five respondents from government, water management structures, donors, and non-governmental organisations were interviewed between March and June 2021. The research demonstrated that insecurity in Diffa impacts negatively on all sustainability factors for rural water services and impedes access, coordination, and communication by and between relevant actors. The overlapping humanitarian and development contexts and the push to implement a triple nexus approach – which includes peace as its third element – raise dilemmas concerning the application of water tariffs, the durability of water infrastructure, and the suitability of a community-based approach to water management.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42806378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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