Pub Date : 2023-04-28DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.229
P. Vijayalakshmi, M. K. Reddy, K. V. S. Devi, I. J. Padmaja
The three autonomous factors of public health concern are WASH, constituting water, sanitation, and hygiene. The availability of WASH facilities at schools is a little-researched aspect that might be a crucial enabler of academic success. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hygiene and sanitation practices like right-hand washing with soap (RHWWS), right tooth brushing twice a day (RTBTD), and open defecation (OD) free among the school children of Visakhapatnam of 6–11 years of age. About 110 schools were identified, which includes 56 urban, 21 semi-urban, and 33 rural schools in the Visakhapatnam district, from which 500 students were selected randomly. Only 31 (28%) schools were exposed to WASH-related involvements. In the studied schools, only 58% of them have adopted the WASH policy. The results relating to the hygiene practices among the selected schools were found to be significant but, overall, a bit low on criteria defined by the UN joint monitoring program in 2018. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use a cross-sectional trail to test the impact of school WASH facilities and practices among primary school children in Visakhapatnam. The results concluded that the proper sanitation and hygiene practices are required school children.
{"title":"Hygiene and sanitation practices in school children: an evaluation of WASH conditions in Visakhapatnam","authors":"P. Vijayalakshmi, M. K. Reddy, K. V. S. Devi, I. J. Padmaja","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.229","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The three autonomous factors of public health concern are WASH, constituting water, sanitation, and hygiene. The availability of WASH facilities at schools is a little-researched aspect that might be a crucial enabler of academic success. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hygiene and sanitation practices like right-hand washing with soap (RHWWS), right tooth brushing twice a day (RTBTD), and open defecation (OD) free among the school children of Visakhapatnam of 6–11 years of age. About 110 schools were identified, which includes 56 urban, 21 semi-urban, and 33 rural schools in the Visakhapatnam district, from which 500 students were selected randomly. Only 31 (28%) schools were exposed to WASH-related involvements. In the studied schools, only 58% of them have adopted the WASH policy. The results relating to the hygiene practices among the selected schools were found to be significant but, overall, a bit low on criteria defined by the UN joint monitoring program in 2018. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use a cross-sectional trail to test the impact of school WASH facilities and practices among primary school children in Visakhapatnam. The results concluded that the proper sanitation and hygiene practices are required school children.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43983988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-27DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.233
Brenda Wagaba, Caner Sayan, Hannah Haemmerli, J. Gill, A. Parker
Groundwater resources have the potential to meet the water demands of vulnerable communities in eastern Africa. To ensure such groundwater resources are managed sustainably, robust geological knowledge must be available and utilised by those managing groundwater. Small NGOs are one type of practitioner working on water-related projects with remote and vulnerable communities. This study aimed to understand the access to and use of geological data and expertise by small NGOs involved in water-related projects, through an online survey and key-informant interviews. The study revealed that small NGOS want to use geological data but bureaucracy makes it difficult to access free, existing government geological data sources, and that datasets are not always stored appropriately. Funding constraints hinder the ability of small NGOs to access quality geological data from other sources and to hire appropriate expertise. Donors' lack of understanding of the value of geological data affects the ability of small NGOs’ to budget for and include the time needed to collect or access geological data. There is a need to recognise these barriers to the usability and accessibility of geological data and expertise by key actors working on water challenges, such as small NGOs, and take steps to address them.
{"title":"Understanding small NGOs' access to and use of geological data and expertise in delivering SDG 6 in eastern Africa","authors":"Brenda Wagaba, Caner Sayan, Hannah Haemmerli, J. Gill, A. Parker","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.233","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Groundwater resources have the potential to meet the water demands of vulnerable communities in eastern Africa. To ensure such groundwater resources are managed sustainably, robust geological knowledge must be available and utilised by those managing groundwater. Small NGOs are one type of practitioner working on water-related projects with remote and vulnerable communities. This study aimed to understand the access to and use of geological data and expertise by small NGOs involved in water-related projects, through an online survey and key-informant interviews. The study revealed that small NGOS want to use geological data but bureaucracy makes it difficult to access free, existing government geological data sources, and that datasets are not always stored appropriately. Funding constraints hinder the ability of small NGOs to access quality geological data from other sources and to hire appropriate expertise. Donors' lack of understanding of the value of geological data affects the ability of small NGOs’ to budget for and include the time needed to collect or access geological data. There is a need to recognise these barriers to the usability and accessibility of geological data and expertise by key actors working on water challenges, such as small NGOs, and take steps to address them.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49209489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.241
Victor Dang Mvongo, Celestin Defo, Martin Tchoffo
This paper presents updated water handpump functionality estimates for eight councils in the Mvila Division, southern region of Cameroon. The methodological approach was based on a technical inspection of 647 water points (181 boreholes and 466 wells) and semi-structured interviews with 500 stakeholders, including 103 water point committee members, 389 water users, and 8 water experts. According to the findings, one out of every three hand pumps is inoperable. Based on this rate, approximately 1.3 billion CFA francs (approximately 2 million US dollars) invested by the government, communities, and development partners are immobilized and do not generate any benefit for affected rural communities. This high level of handpump non-functionality is due to the low economic viability of water point management, the poor functionality of water point committees, and the poorly structured handpump maintenance chain. The pooling of water point management at the scale of the Mvila Division appears to be an avenue to be explored to improve the functionality of the handpump.
{"title":"Assessing the functionality of water supply handpumps in a Sub-Saharan Africa rural environment: a practical application in eight councils in the Mvila Division, Southern Cameroon","authors":"Victor Dang Mvongo, Celestin Defo, Martin Tchoffo","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.241","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents updated water handpump functionality estimates for eight councils in the Mvila Division, southern region of Cameroon. The methodological approach was based on a technical inspection of 647 water points (181 boreholes and 466 wells) and semi-structured interviews with 500 stakeholders, including 103 water point committee members, 389 water users, and 8 water experts. According to the findings, one out of every three hand pumps is inoperable. Based on this rate, approximately 1.3 billion CFA francs (approximately 2 million US dollars) invested by the government, communities, and development partners are immobilized and do not generate any benefit for affected rural communities. This high level of handpump non-functionality is due to the low economic viability of water point management, the poor functionality of water point committees, and the poorly structured handpump maintenance chain. The pooling of water point management at the scale of the Mvila Division appears to be an avenue to be explored to improve the functionality of the handpump.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46949068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.004
Andri Heidler, Muhil Nesi, J. Nikiema, C. Lüthi
Multilateral development banks (MDBs) play a pivotal role in financing water and sanitation infrastructure projects and thus have a major impact on the development of basic services. Although information about the MDBs' investments is publicly available, it is dispersed and not easily comparable. A comprehensive compilation of MDBs' water and sanitation investments has long been lacking. To address this gap, we assess water and sanitation financing by the three MDBs most relevant to Africa and Asia between 1960 and 2020: the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank. We compile a new dataset by drawing on 3,639 water and sanitation projects and assess territorial trends, technology choices, distribution of financial burdens, and reforms to institutional arrangements. We find that MDBs' investments align with changing patterns of urbanization and increasingly finance sanitation infrastructures including non-sewered technologies. However, our results also suggest that institutional reforms have addressed utility efficiency through investment in equipment and skills rather than through increased commercialization and private sector participation. The leverage effect of MDB investment on private financing is negligible, whereas co-financing from local governments dominates.
{"title":"Multilateral development banks investment behaviour in water and sanitation: findings and lessons from 60 years of investment projects in Africa and Asia","authors":"Andri Heidler, Muhil Nesi, J. Nikiema, C. Lüthi","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Multilateral development banks (MDBs) play a pivotal role in financing water and sanitation infrastructure projects and thus have a major impact on the development of basic services. Although information about the MDBs' investments is publicly available, it is dispersed and not easily comparable. A comprehensive compilation of MDBs' water and sanitation investments has long been lacking. To address this gap, we assess water and sanitation financing by the three MDBs most relevant to Africa and Asia between 1960 and 2020: the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank. We compile a new dataset by drawing on 3,639 water and sanitation projects and assess territorial trends, technology choices, distribution of financial burdens, and reforms to institutional arrangements. We find that MDBs' investments align with changing patterns of urbanization and increasingly finance sanitation infrastructures including non-sewered technologies. However, our results also suggest that institutional reforms have addressed utility efficiency through investment in equipment and skills rather than through increased commercialization and private sector participation. The leverage effect of MDB investment on private financing is negligible, whereas co-financing from local governments dominates.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44922658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.244
Bethesda O'Connell, C. Olomofe, M. Quinn, Deborah Slawson, Théoneste Ntakirutimana, P. Scheuerman
Waterborne diseases remain a significant public health problem, and biosand filters (BSFs) are a common household water filtration method for improving drinking water quality to prevent diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of BSFs over time in a rural Rwandan community. Sixteen BSFs were installed – eight in 2015 and eight in 2018. Influent and effluent samples were tested with Colilert Presence/Absence kits in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2022. About 92.9% of filters were still in use in July 2022, but only 64.3% were functioning well, and 50% of effluent samples tested positive for fecal coliforms. A Kruskal–Wallis H test showed no statistically significant difference in effluent percent positive for fecal coliforms by filter age [χ2 (1) = 4.00, p = 0.41]. Recorded observations about each filter, such as rusted diffuser plates, may be useful for understanding the need for maintenance over time.
{"title":"Seven-year performance of biosand filters in rural Rwanda","authors":"Bethesda O'Connell, C. Olomofe, M. Quinn, Deborah Slawson, Théoneste Ntakirutimana, P. Scheuerman","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.244","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Waterborne diseases remain a significant public health problem, and biosand filters (BSFs) are a common household water filtration method for improving drinking water quality to prevent diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of BSFs over time in a rural Rwandan community. Sixteen BSFs were installed – eight in 2015 and eight in 2018. Influent and effluent samples were tested with Colilert Presence/Absence kits in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2022. About 92.9% of filters were still in use in July 2022, but only 64.3% were functioning well, and 50% of effluent samples tested positive for fecal coliforms. A Kruskal–Wallis H test showed no statistically significant difference in effluent percent positive for fecal coliforms by filter age [χ2 (1) = 4.00, p = 0.41]. Recorded observations about each filter, such as rusted diffuser plates, may be useful for understanding the need for maintenance over time.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42181153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.236
Zachary Burt, Susan Leal, J. Workman, M. McElroy, H. Bouhia
In a 500-household pilot, we tested an innovative approach to water demand management, implemented in collaboration with a water utility in a large city in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We provided a novel intervention, called a Water Savings Credit (WSC), which granted participants volumetric rebates on their water bills for their reductions in water consumption. WSCs were effective at encouraging conservation in our pilot in Marrakech. Our approach has the benefits of a price incentive, without the political risk of a tariff increase. For urban water utilities that provide highly subsidized services, this approach could ultimately pay for itself, or potentially result in net financial savings. Our approach may be especially effective in the countries of the MENA region, as the region has a high rate of subsidization for water services, and because it is facing increasing water scarcity from economic growth, urbanization, and climate change.
{"title":"The design of climate-adaptive water subsidies: financial incentives for urban water conservation in Morocco","authors":"Zachary Burt, Susan Leal, J. Workman, M. McElroy, H. Bouhia","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.236","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In a 500-household pilot, we tested an innovative approach to water demand management, implemented in collaboration with a water utility in a large city in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We provided a novel intervention, called a Water Savings Credit (WSC), which granted participants volumetric rebates on their water bills for their reductions in water consumption. WSCs were effective at encouraging conservation in our pilot in Marrakech. Our approach has the benefits of a price incentive, without the political risk of a tariff increase. For urban water utilities that provide highly subsidized services, this approach could ultimately pay for itself, or potentially result in net financial savings. Our approach may be especially effective in the countries of the MENA region, as the region has a high rate of subsidization for water services, and because it is facing increasing water scarcity from economic growth, urbanization, and climate change.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47909272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.158
Chaeka Semango Mwesongo, Augustino E. Mwakipesile
Although sanitation is a fundamental human right, over 26,500 people die annually due to inadequate sanitation in Tanzania. This situation involves a loss of approximately 301 billion TZS (US$ 206 million). Administrative challenges are part of inadequate sanitation contributors as government actors who took over power after colonization were trained by and emulated the former rulers. Although researchers have researched sanitation practices, few have examined Tanzania's history of sanitation. The paucity of studies on the history of sanitation hinders efforts to address sanitation issues resulting from historical flaws. This review examines the history of sanitation practices in Tanzania especially the provision of sanitation facilities from colonial times to the present time. In this study, Dar es Salaam received more attention because it was Tanganyika's major urbanized area during colonialism. Thus, it attracted more pressure on sanitation infrastructure. The findings indicate that inequity characterized colonial sanitation provision. After independence, the government's role to improve sanitation was strengthened. However, the emphasis was put on interventions which were top-down, prioritizing latrine construction of any form while disregarding the history of sanitation practices. Further progress could be achieved by considering home-grown solutions and equality in the provision of sanitation services.
{"title":"Trends for sanitation practices in Tanzania: the history from colonial to current times","authors":"Chaeka Semango Mwesongo, Augustino E. Mwakipesile","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.158","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although sanitation is a fundamental human right, over 26,500 people die annually due to inadequate sanitation in Tanzania. This situation involves a loss of approximately 301 billion TZS (US$ 206 million). Administrative challenges are part of inadequate sanitation contributors as government actors who took over power after colonization were trained by and emulated the former rulers. Although researchers have researched sanitation practices, few have examined Tanzania's history of sanitation. The paucity of studies on the history of sanitation hinders efforts to address sanitation issues resulting from historical flaws. This review examines the history of sanitation practices in Tanzania especially the provision of sanitation facilities from colonial times to the present time. In this study, Dar es Salaam received more attention because it was Tanganyika's major urbanized area during colonialism. Thus, it attracted more pressure on sanitation infrastructure. The findings indicate that inequity characterized colonial sanitation provision. After independence, the government's role to improve sanitation was strengthened. However, the emphasis was put on interventions which were top-down, prioritizing latrine construction of any form while disregarding the history of sanitation practices. Further progress could be achieved by considering home-grown solutions and equality in the provision of sanitation services.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44099274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-23DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.157
Andinet Kebede Tekile, Yezina Shiferaw Legesse
Urban water utilities in Ethiopia, including Debre Tabor Town, commonly suffer from an intermittent water supply, water quality issues, poor service delivery, and other problems. Thus, the main focus of this study was to evaluate the actual performance level of the water supply system of the town based on hydraulic efficiency, quality, cost recovery and customer satisfaction. The water distribution system status was measured by using reliability, resilience, and vulnerability as performance indicators. Weightage Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) and household-based questionnaires were used to evaluate the water quality and customer satisfaction, respectively. Pressure and velocity-based sustainability index of 0.614 and 0.132 showed acceptable and unacceptable water supply status, respectively, and overall moderate sustainability. Results of the WAWQI revealed that more than half of the sampled tap waters were either poor or unfit for drinking purposes. The comparison of income collected from customers and the water production costs of the utility showed that only 34.31% of production cost is covered by customers. Generally, 62.6% of the society confirmed that they are unsatisfied with the existing water supply system. Thus, to improve the performance, it is recommended to address all the major social, economic, environmental and technical problems.
{"title":"Overall performance evaluation of an urban water supply system: a case study of Debre Tabor Town in Ethiopia","authors":"Andinet Kebede Tekile, Yezina Shiferaw Legesse","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.157","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Urban water utilities in Ethiopia, including Debre Tabor Town, commonly suffer from an intermittent water supply, water quality issues, poor service delivery, and other problems. Thus, the main focus of this study was to evaluate the actual performance level of the water supply system of the town based on hydraulic efficiency, quality, cost recovery and customer satisfaction. The water distribution system status was measured by using reliability, resilience, and vulnerability as performance indicators. Weightage Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) and household-based questionnaires were used to evaluate the water quality and customer satisfaction, respectively. Pressure and velocity-based sustainability index of 0.614 and 0.132 showed acceptable and unacceptable water supply status, respectively, and overall moderate sustainability. Results of the WAWQI revealed that more than half of the sampled tap waters were either poor or unfit for drinking purposes. The comparison of income collected from customers and the water production costs of the utility showed that only 34.31% of production cost is covered by customers. Generally, 62.6% of the society confirmed that they are unsatisfied with the existing water supply system. Thus, to improve the performance, it is recommended to address all the major social, economic, environmental and technical problems.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48466600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-21DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.221
A. Nijhawan, S. Budge, O. Reddy, J. Bartram, G. Howard
Outdoor food markets represent important locations where foodborne illnesses and other infectious diseases can spread. Countries in Africa face particular challenges given the importance of these markets in food supply and low rates of access to safely managed water and sanitation. We undertook a scoping review of evidence related to disease transmission in food markets in sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and identified 46 papers for data extraction and synthesis. Vendor behaviour or awareness was reported in the majority of papers and about half reported on market infrastructure. Fewer studies have been reported on regulatory environments or food contamination. Studies on water supply, sanitation and handwashing facilities focused on the presence of services and did not evaluate quality, thus conclusions cannot be drawn on service adequacy. Studies of vendor behaviour were primarily based on self-reporting and subject to bias. Most studies reported high levels of vendor awareness of the need for hygiene, but where observations were also conducted, these showed lower levels of behaviours in practice. Our findings suggest that there are limited studies on environmental hygiene in outdoor food markets and this is an area warranting further research, including into the quality of services and addressing methodological weaknesses.
{"title":"Environmental hygiene in outdoor food markets in Africa: a scoping review","authors":"A. Nijhawan, S. Budge, O. Reddy, J. Bartram, G. Howard","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.221","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Outdoor food markets represent important locations where foodborne illnesses and other infectious diseases can spread. Countries in Africa face particular challenges given the importance of these markets in food supply and low rates of access to safely managed water and sanitation. We undertook a scoping review of evidence related to disease transmission in food markets in sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and identified 46 papers for data extraction and synthesis. Vendor behaviour or awareness was reported in the majority of papers and about half reported on market infrastructure. Fewer studies have been reported on regulatory environments or food contamination. Studies on water supply, sanitation and handwashing facilities focused on the presence of services and did not evaluate quality, thus conclusions cannot be drawn on service adequacy. Studies of vendor behaviour were primarily based on self-reporting and subject to bias. Most studies reported high levels of vendor awareness of the need for hygiene, but where observations were also conducted, these showed lower levels of behaviours in practice. Our findings suggest that there are limited studies on environmental hygiene in outdoor food markets and this is an area warranting further research, including into the quality of services and addressing methodological weaknesses.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48414585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.227
Sufia Sultana, T. Waine, Niamul Bari, S. Tyrrel
Spatial representation of sanitation infrastructure and service coverage is essential for management planning and prioritising services. The provision of sanitation services in developing countries is inherently unequal because the sanitation infrastructure is lacking, and onsite sanitation is managed individually. Here, we developed a prototype method for creating a spatial representation of faecal sources and movement in a small area in Rajshahi city in northwest Bangladesh, which is representative of 60 other such secondary cities. We demonstrate an approach to estimate spatial variability in faecal production at the building scale by combining widely accessible buildings, ground elevation, and population data. We also demonstrate an approach to attribute potential faecal movement pathways by integrating drainage data, and faecal production at the building scale. We made use of free and open-source data and provide answers to the broader topic of spatial representation of faecal mobility in unsewered urban settings which has implications in a similar setting in developing countries.
{"title":"Towards a new spatial representation of faecal sources and pathways in unsewered urban catchments using open-source data","authors":"Sufia Sultana, T. Waine, Niamul Bari, S. Tyrrel","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.227","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Spatial representation of sanitation infrastructure and service coverage is essential for management planning and prioritising services. The provision of sanitation services in developing countries is inherently unequal because the sanitation infrastructure is lacking, and onsite sanitation is managed individually. Here, we developed a prototype method for creating a spatial representation of faecal sources and movement in a small area in Rajshahi city in northwest Bangladesh, which is representative of 60 other such secondary cities. We demonstrate an approach to estimate spatial variability in faecal production at the building scale by combining widely accessible buildings, ground elevation, and population data. We also demonstrate an approach to attribute potential faecal movement pathways by integrating drainage data, and faecal production at the building scale. We made use of free and open-source data and provide answers to the broader topic of spatial representation of faecal mobility in unsewered urban settings which has implications in a similar setting in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47852559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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