Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.066
W. Joe, R. Alambusha, B. Vijayan, M. Sabarisakthi, Sandip Surwade, Abhishek Kumar, S. Mojumdar, Koushiki Banerjee
An important component of the Swachh Bharat Mission is the construction of community sanitary complexes (CSCs) to address the unmet need for sanitation for households. The success, however, critically hinges on the operational management of CSCs. We examine the functioning status of CSCs in rural areas of five Indian states. Furthermore, we study the association between alternative management arrangements with the functioning and maintenance status of the CSCs. A principal component analysis-based CSC functioning index is created based on the maintenance indicators and sanitary items to identify better-performing CSCs. The mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the association between management arrangement for maintenance and CSC functioning index. Four in every five CSCs were directly managed by the Gram Panchayat. Over 90% of the CSCs have running water supply but electricity connection and lighting arrangement were available in 66.1 and 55.1% CSCs, respectively. The econometric analysis finds that CSCs managed by worship area groups or those managed by village CSC user-groups have better CSC maintenance status. The cleaning frequency of the CSC has a significant association with CSC functioning status. The operational management of CSCs is an area for further policy attention for sustained community sanitation efforts.
{"title":"Functioning of community sanitary complexes in rural India: Insights into selected states","authors":"W. Joe, R. Alambusha, B. Vijayan, M. Sabarisakthi, Sandip Surwade, Abhishek Kumar, S. Mojumdar, Koushiki Banerjee","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.066","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An important component of the Swachh Bharat Mission is the construction of community sanitary complexes (CSCs) to address the unmet need for sanitation for households. The success, however, critically hinges on the operational management of CSCs. We examine the functioning status of CSCs in rural areas of five Indian states. Furthermore, we study the association between alternative management arrangements with the functioning and maintenance status of the CSCs. A principal component analysis-based CSC functioning index is created based on the maintenance indicators and sanitary items to identify better-performing CSCs. The mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the association between management arrangement for maintenance and CSC functioning index. Four in every five CSCs were directly managed by the Gram Panchayat. Over 90% of the CSCs have running water supply but electricity connection and lighting arrangement were available in 66.1 and 55.1% CSCs, respectively. The econometric analysis finds that CSCs managed by worship area groups or those managed by village CSC user-groups have better CSC maintenance status. The cleaning frequency of the CSC has a significant association with CSC functioning status. The operational management of CSCs is an area for further policy attention for sustained community sanitation efforts.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45986218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.248
Kopal Khare
In the context of recent degeneration in manual scavengers in Uttar Pradesh, India, where women are forced to undergo uterus removal surgery to perform efficiently at work, this article investigates what precisely realisation of the right to sanitation in India entails. It reviews the existing literature and finds that there is a narrow conception of sanitation as an infrastructure provision that influences the conceptualisation of sanitation as a right in India. The limited understanding of sanitation impacts the livability outcomes of the individuals, specifically the Dalit manual scavengers who are subjected to insufferable circumstances. The paper argues that the evaluation of the realisation of sanitation as a right is comprehensively achieved by deploying Amartya Sen's conception of justice, given its compatibility with the human rights framework. It concerns with the reduction of human suffering. It assesses individual well-being by focusing on expanding people's freedoms and opportunities to live a life of dignity.
{"title":"The right to sanitation in India: Realisation of what?","authors":"Kopal Khare","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.248","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the context of recent degeneration in manual scavengers in Uttar Pradesh, India, where women are forced to undergo uterus removal surgery to perform efficiently at work, this article investigates what precisely realisation of the right to sanitation in India entails. It reviews the existing literature and finds that there is a narrow conception of sanitation as an infrastructure provision that influences the conceptualisation of sanitation as a right in India. The limited understanding of sanitation impacts the livability outcomes of the individuals, specifically the Dalit manual scavengers who are subjected to insufferable circumstances. The paper argues that the evaluation of the realisation of sanitation as a right is comprehensively achieved by deploying Amartya Sen's conception of justice, given its compatibility with the human rights framework. It concerns with the reduction of human suffering. It assesses individual well-being by focusing on expanding people's freedoms and opportunities to live a life of dignity.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47933679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.230
A. M. Girmay, M. Kenea, S. D. Mengesha, Bedasa Wagari, Abel Weldetinsae, Z. A. Alemu, D. A. Dinssa, M. G. Weldegebriel, M. G. Serte, T. A. Alemayehu, K. T. Teklu, Ermias Alemayehu Adugna, W. Gobena, Getinet Fikresilassie, M. Tessema, G. Tollera
This study aimed to assess the level of JMP ladders for WASH services. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Forty-four healthcare facilities were enrolled. From each healthcare facility, water samples were collected directly from water storage facilities. In addition to the interview, an observational checklist was used. Descriptive statistics and a chi-square test were conducted to analyze the data. The coverage of advanced and basic drinking water services in healthcare facilities was 4.6 and 70.4%, respectively. However, the healthcare facilities’ access to advanced and basic sanitation services was nil. Similarly, 61.4 and 88.6% of the healthcare facilities had no hygiene and waste disposal services, respectively. While 2.6, 4.5, and 75% of healthcare facilities had advanced, basic, and limited environmental cleaning services, 18.2% lacked environmental cleaning services. Water samples of 15.9, 11.4, and 6.8% of the healthcare facilities were found positive for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli, respectively. The WASH services of the healthcare facilities were very low and not on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal target. Healthcare facilities could be sources of healthcare-associated infections. Hence, the government and other concerned bodies should take urgent action to improve WASH services.
{"title":"Level of JMP ladders for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services among healthcare facilities of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: An implication of healthcare-associated infection prevention status","authors":"A. M. Girmay, M. Kenea, S. D. Mengesha, Bedasa Wagari, Abel Weldetinsae, Z. A. Alemu, D. A. Dinssa, M. G. Weldegebriel, M. G. Serte, T. A. Alemayehu, K. T. Teklu, Ermias Alemayehu Adugna, W. Gobena, Getinet Fikresilassie, M. Tessema, G. Tollera","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.230","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study aimed to assess the level of JMP ladders for WASH services. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Forty-four healthcare facilities were enrolled. From each healthcare facility, water samples were collected directly from water storage facilities. In addition to the interview, an observational checklist was used. Descriptive statistics and a chi-square test were conducted to analyze the data. The coverage of advanced and basic drinking water services in healthcare facilities was 4.6 and 70.4%, respectively. However, the healthcare facilities’ access to advanced and basic sanitation services was nil. Similarly, 61.4 and 88.6% of the healthcare facilities had no hygiene and waste disposal services, respectively. While 2.6, 4.5, and 75% of healthcare facilities had advanced, basic, and limited environmental cleaning services, 18.2% lacked environmental cleaning services. Water samples of 15.9, 11.4, and 6.8% of the healthcare facilities were found positive for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli, respectively. The WASH services of the healthcare facilities were very low and not on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal target. Healthcare facilities could be sources of healthcare-associated infections. Hence, the government and other concerned bodies should take urgent action to improve WASH services.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44286008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.190
Lucy K. Tantum, John R. Gilstad, Lily M. Horng, Amos F. Tandanpolie, A. Styczynski, A. Letizia, S. Luby, R. Arthur
Hand hygiene is central to the prevention of healthcare-associated infection. In low-income settings, barriers to health worker hand hygiene may include inconsistent availability of hand hygiene supplies at the point of care. However, there is a lack of knowledge of interventions to improve and sustain health worker hand hygiene in these settings. This pilot study evaluates acceptability and feasibility of a personally-worn hand hygiene holster device for improving point-of-care access to alcohol-based handrub (ABHR). Holsters were distributed to clinical staff at a hospital in Liberia in July–September 2021. Data collection included 2,066 structured observations of hand hygiene behavior, six spot checks of supply availability, and focus group discussions with 13 clinical staff. The Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) provided a framework for study design and qualitative analysis. Acceptability of the intervention was high, with users reporting that holsters were comfortable, easy to use, and aligned with their professional identities. Feasibility depended on consistent ABHR availability, which may diminish sustainability of this intervention. The hand hygiene holster is a promising tool for improving health worker hand hygiene behavior, but solutions to ABHR supply chain and distribution constraints are necessary to support sustainability of this intervention.
{"title":"Feasibility and acceptability of a novel intervention to improve hand hygiene behavior in rural Liberian health facilities","authors":"Lucy K. Tantum, John R. Gilstad, Lily M. Horng, Amos F. Tandanpolie, A. Styczynski, A. Letizia, S. Luby, R. Arthur","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.190","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hand hygiene is central to the prevention of healthcare-associated infection. In low-income settings, barriers to health worker hand hygiene may include inconsistent availability of hand hygiene supplies at the point of care. However, there is a lack of knowledge of interventions to improve and sustain health worker hand hygiene in these settings. This pilot study evaluates acceptability and feasibility of a personally-worn hand hygiene holster device for improving point-of-care access to alcohol-based handrub (ABHR). Holsters were distributed to clinical staff at a hospital in Liberia in July–September 2021. Data collection included 2,066 structured observations of hand hygiene behavior, six spot checks of supply availability, and focus group discussions with 13 clinical staff. The Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) provided a framework for study design and qualitative analysis. Acceptability of the intervention was high, with users reporting that holsters were comfortable, easy to use, and aligned with their professional identities. Feasibility depended on consistent ABHR availability, which may diminish sustainability of this intervention. The hand hygiene holster is a promising tool for improving health worker hand hygiene behavior, but solutions to ABHR supply chain and distribution constraints are necessary to support sustainability of this intervention.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46964264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.042
Rachael Sorcher, E. Cloete, A. Salazar, Elvis Gatchalian, Juan L. Gonzales
This article considers the impact of improved sanitation beyond physical well-being. Based on the experiences of women from three community-based organisations (CBOs) in the rural Philippines, this article expands on documented non-health related outcomes of health, safety and security, cleaner surroundings, and ownership, to also include those linked to household income, livelihood, and CBOs. Drawing from the participatory and qualitative methods of Photovoice and Most Significant Change, semi-structured interviews and individual photo conversations were conducted among 13 CBO leaders and 50 sanitation project participants, respectively. Findings suggest that CBOs enable improved sanitation, and such improvements include a personal and communal change in the form of reformed sanitation and hygiene practices, enhanced independence, privacy, and security, and improved ability to reclaim spaces for personal and public use, cultivation, and economic stimulation. Findings also underscore the idea that people may be more likely to adopt and sustain improved sanitation efforts if they are made aware of the additional non-physical health advantages of doing so.
{"title":"Life has become more colourful: the social and economic outcomes of community-led sanitation initiatives in the rural Philippines","authors":"Rachael Sorcher, E. Cloete, A. Salazar, Elvis Gatchalian, Juan L. Gonzales","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This article considers the impact of improved sanitation beyond physical well-being. Based on the experiences of women from three community-based organisations (CBOs) in the rural Philippines, this article expands on documented non-health related outcomes of health, safety and security, cleaner surroundings, and ownership, to also include those linked to household income, livelihood, and CBOs. Drawing from the participatory and qualitative methods of Photovoice and Most Significant Change, semi-structured interviews and individual photo conversations were conducted among 13 CBO leaders and 50 sanitation project participants, respectively. Findings suggest that CBOs enable improved sanitation, and such improvements include a personal and communal change in the form of reformed sanitation and hygiene practices, enhanced independence, privacy, and security, and improved ability to reclaim spaces for personal and public use, cultivation, and economic stimulation. Findings also underscore the idea that people may be more likely to adopt and sustain improved sanitation efforts if they are made aware of the additional non-physical health advantages of doing so.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45922573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.029
Urbanus Wedaaba Azupogo, Ebenezer Dassah, E. Bisung
Improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in schools is crucial to providing inclusive environments for all children to thrive in school. Particularly for children with disabilities, the school environment can serve as a barrier to their access and use of WASH facilities. This study examines strategies and programmes needed to promote safe and inclusive WASH services for primary schools in Ghana. We recruited 22 stakeholders from the Upper West Region of Ghana to complete an online concept mapping exercise. Participants generated eight themes they felt were important for promoting safe and inclusive access to WASH for students with physical disabilities (PWDs). These themes included ‘building special schools,’ ‘guidance services,’ ‘ensuring non-discrimination and fair treatment,’ ‘additional programs for PWDs,’ ‘local government interventions,’ ‘public sensitization,’ ‘teacher training,’ and ‘supervision.’ Statements that do not demand large resources or financial needs are frequently easier to execute than those that do. The GO-zone was utilized to identify easy-to-implement and important strategies as the first step in addressing WASH issues for PWDs. These findings can assist stakeholders in identifying strategies and activities they should prioritize in the short run to improve WASH among students with PWDs.
{"title":"Promoting safe and inclusive water and sanitation services for students with physical disabilities in primary schools: a concept mapping study in Ghana","authors":"Urbanus Wedaaba Azupogo, Ebenezer Dassah, E. Bisung","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in schools is crucial to providing inclusive environments for all children to thrive in school. Particularly for children with disabilities, the school environment can serve as a barrier to their access and use of WASH facilities. This study examines strategies and programmes needed to promote safe and inclusive WASH services for primary schools in Ghana. We recruited 22 stakeholders from the Upper West Region of Ghana to complete an online concept mapping exercise. Participants generated eight themes they felt were important for promoting safe and inclusive access to WASH for students with physical disabilities (PWDs). These themes included ‘building special schools,’ ‘guidance services,’ ‘ensuring non-discrimination and fair treatment,’ ‘additional programs for PWDs,’ ‘local government interventions,’ ‘public sensitization,’ ‘teacher training,’ and ‘supervision.’ Statements that do not demand large resources or financial needs are frequently easier to execute than those that do. The GO-zone was utilized to identify easy-to-implement and important strategies as the first step in addressing WASH issues for PWDs. These findings can assist stakeholders in identifying strategies and activities they should prioritize in the short run to improve WASH among students with PWDs.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43478000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.147
Imaduddin Ahmed, Margarita Garfias Royo, Eyitayo A. Opabola, S. Nurdin, E. Meilianda, Y. Idris, I. Rusydy, H. Joffe, P. Parikh
Adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene(WASH) facilities in schools are vital, especially for girls. This study addresses a gap in assessing the adequacy of WASH facilities' repair at schools affected by natural hazards. Central Sulawesi was used as a case study where principal interviews were conducted at 26 schools, and structured observations were made at 18 schools, 3 years after the earthquake in September 2018. Of the 26 principals, 10 reported no damage to the toilets from the events of September 2018. Among those who reported damage, a third felt that the fixes insufficiently met basic needs and that they did not deliver WASH services as well as they used to. Structured observations revealed that most toilets lacked soap, open water reserves were placed next to non-flush latrines, posing a high potential for vector-breeding, and there were inadequate facilities for menstrual hygiene management, including no bins. Recommendations include ensuring a supply of soaps, adding lids to water storage containers for hygiene, and providing sanitary napkins and lidded bins. It was noted that private schools provided a better level of WASH service than state schools, and state schools in more hazardous zones did not take long to recover and offer lower-quality WASH facilities.
{"title":"Assessment of WASH infrastructure in schools in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia using structured observations and principal interviews","authors":"Imaduddin Ahmed, Margarita Garfias Royo, Eyitayo A. Opabola, S. Nurdin, E. Meilianda, Y. Idris, I. Rusydy, H. Joffe, P. Parikh","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.147","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene(WASH) facilities in schools are vital, especially for girls. This study addresses a gap in assessing the adequacy of WASH facilities' repair at schools affected by natural hazards. Central Sulawesi was used as a case study where principal interviews were conducted at 26 schools, and structured observations were made at 18 schools, 3 years after the earthquake in September 2018. Of the 26 principals, 10 reported no damage to the toilets from the events of September 2018. Among those who reported damage, a third felt that the fixes insufficiently met basic needs and that they did not deliver WASH services as well as they used to. Structured observations revealed that most toilets lacked soap, open water reserves were placed next to non-flush latrines, posing a high potential for vector-breeding, and there were inadequate facilities for menstrual hygiene management, including no bins. Recommendations include ensuring a supply of soaps, adding lids to water storage containers for hygiene, and providing sanitary napkins and lidded bins. It was noted that private schools provided a better level of WASH service than state schools, and state schools in more hazardous zones did not take long to recover and offer lower-quality WASH facilities.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47044741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.010
Valary Oyoo, J. Riungu, Prasanta Dey, J. Kirimi, Rosemary M. Matheka
Sustainable management of faecal matter is a prevailing global challenge. In this study, we assessed black soldier fly (BSF) process performance during co-treatment of faecal matter using kitchen waste (FM:KW) to formulate five feeding substrates. About 1 kg of each feed substrate was treated utilizing 5 g of 5-day-old BSF larvae after which 100 larvae were randomly picked at 3-day intervals from each treatment to monitor the larval weight gain across the treatment process. Larval days to 50% pupation, mean pupal yield, waste reduction rate (WR), bioconversion rates (BRs), and feed conversion rates (FCRs) were monitored for the process performance. Study results showed that the substrate 1:1 attained the best measures of high WR, waste reduction index (WRI), BR, FCR, and overall pre-pupal yield within a shorter development time. Further, we modelled the BSF larval weight gain using the modified Gompertz model to assess the least time for optimal biomass conversion for animal feed processing. The BSF larvae exhibited an S-shaped growth curve and the modified Gompertz model adequately quantified the BSF larval growth performance. In the future, our methodology will pave the way for effective treatment and valorization of faecal matter from onsite sanitation facilities, manage organic municipal wastes and provide alternative animal feed and bio-fertilizer.
{"title":"Process performance evaluation of faecal matter treatment via black soldier fly","authors":"Valary Oyoo, J. Riungu, Prasanta Dey, J. Kirimi, Rosemary M. Matheka","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Sustainable management of faecal matter is a prevailing global challenge. In this study, we assessed black soldier fly (BSF) process performance during co-treatment of faecal matter using kitchen waste (FM:KW) to formulate five feeding substrates. About 1 kg of each feed substrate was treated utilizing 5 g of 5-day-old BSF larvae after which 100 larvae were randomly picked at 3-day intervals from each treatment to monitor the larval weight gain across the treatment process. Larval days to 50% pupation, mean pupal yield, waste reduction rate (WR), bioconversion rates (BRs), and feed conversion rates (FCRs) were monitored for the process performance. Study results showed that the substrate 1:1 attained the best measures of high WR, waste reduction index (WRI), BR, FCR, and overall pre-pupal yield within a shorter development time. Further, we modelled the BSF larval weight gain using the modified Gompertz model to assess the least time for optimal biomass conversion for animal feed processing. The BSF larvae exhibited an S-shaped growth curve and the modified Gompertz model adequately quantified the BSF larval growth performance. In the future, our methodology will pave the way for effective treatment and valorization of faecal matter from onsite sanitation facilities, manage organic municipal wastes and provide alternative animal feed and bio-fertilizer.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45429392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-10DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.258
Baruc Goussanou, A. V. O. Akowanou, H. E. J. Deguenon, M. Daouda, M. Djihouessi, M. Aina, J. Labanowski
In low-income countries, the discharge of untreated fecal sludge directly into the environment is a common practice that poses a threat to both environmental and public health. Planted drying beds (PDBs) are a promising and low-cost option for treating fecal sludge. Therefore, in Africa, the use of PDBs for treating fecal sludge is increasingly valuable due to the technology's high efficiency, especially in tropical climates. This paper presents a literature review on the use of PDBs for treating fecal sludge in Africa, focusing on current research requirements and directions. This review shows that Echinochloa pyramidalis appears to be the most effective indigenous species used for this purpose, while also highlighting the lack of stability in the design and implementation models of PDBs. Standardizing and generalizing implementation methodologies for PDBs in Africa, researching new native and efficient species, and testing combinations of different species in the beds would all be beneficial.
{"title":"Planted drying beds in the African context: state of knowledge and prospects","authors":"Baruc Goussanou, A. V. O. Akowanou, H. E. J. Deguenon, M. Daouda, M. Djihouessi, M. Aina, J. Labanowski","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.258","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In low-income countries, the discharge of untreated fecal sludge directly into the environment is a common practice that poses a threat to both environmental and public health. Planted drying beds (PDBs) are a promising and low-cost option for treating fecal sludge. Therefore, in Africa, the use of PDBs for treating fecal sludge is increasingly valuable due to the technology's high efficiency, especially in tropical climates. This paper presents a literature review on the use of PDBs for treating fecal sludge in Africa, focusing on current research requirements and directions. This review shows that Echinochloa pyramidalis appears to be the most effective indigenous species used for this purpose, while also highlighting the lack of stability in the design and implementation models of PDBs. Standardizing and generalizing implementation methodologies for PDBs in Africa, researching new native and efficient species, and testing combinations of different species in the beds would all be beneficial.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42702049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-02DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2023.257
Biruk Getachew Mamo, J. Novotný, Amha Admasie
Ethiopia recorded the worldwide fastest increase in latrine coverage over the past two decades, but it was largely achieved by the adoption of latrines that do not meet basic hygienic standards. Therefore, this study aims to examine the quality of latrines and their upgrading at household level through a case study from the Loka Abaya district, South Ethiopia. Of the initially sampled 549 households, 422 (77%) had private latrines, and a survey was administered among them. The data were characterized descriptively, and correlates of the latrine quality and willingness to improve were analysed. The average latrine quality score in the sample was only 2.8 of the maximum six quality dimensions. Despite the low quality of latrines, 63% of respondents were satisfied with their sanitation situation. Both past improvements and plans to improve latrines were frequently reported. However, these changes mostly involved regular maintenance or reconstructions of collapsed latrines. No substantial upgrading of the functionality was identified. We identified inadequate awareness about the means of hygienic sanitation implying the importance of community education. Demand for as well as supply of hygienic sanitation products are further constrained by the low purchasing power of households implying a need for sanitation subsidies.
{"title":"Quality of latrines and willingness to improve them in rural Ethiopia","authors":"Biruk Getachew Mamo, J. Novotný, Amha Admasie","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.257","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ethiopia recorded the worldwide fastest increase in latrine coverage over the past two decades, but it was largely achieved by the adoption of latrines that do not meet basic hygienic standards. Therefore, this study aims to examine the quality of latrines and their upgrading at household level through a case study from the Loka Abaya district, South Ethiopia. Of the initially sampled 549 households, 422 (77%) had private latrines, and a survey was administered among them. The data were characterized descriptively, and correlates of the latrine quality and willingness to improve were analysed. The average latrine quality score in the sample was only 2.8 of the maximum six quality dimensions. Despite the low quality of latrines, 63% of respondents were satisfied with their sanitation situation. Both past improvements and plans to improve latrines were frequently reported. However, these changes mostly involved regular maintenance or reconstructions of collapsed latrines. No substantial upgrading of the functionality was identified. We identified inadequate awareness about the means of hygienic sanitation implying the importance of community education. Demand for as well as supply of hygienic sanitation products are further constrained by the low purchasing power of households implying a need for sanitation subsidies.","PeriodicalId":48893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48272807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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